Negative Motives Research Articles

Dlaczego rodzice edukują dzieci w domu? Motywy podjęcia edukacji domowej w świetle badań własnych

W artykule zostały zaprezentowane wyniki ilościowych badań własnych przeprowadzonych techniką ankiety internetowej wśród 393 rodziców edukujących dzieci w domu. Artykuł obejmuje zarówno krótką charakterystykę społeczno-demograficzną rodziców, jak i analizę motywów przenoszenia dzieci ze szkół systemowych na nauczanie domowe. Motywy wskazane przez badanych rodziców zostały poddane analizie zgodnie z przyjętą w literaturze przedmiotu klasyfikacją na motywacje pozytywne (czynniki przyciągające – pull factors) i negatywne (czynniki odpychające – push factors). Warto zaznaczyć, że wśród pięciu najczęściej wskazywanych motywów dominowały czynniki odpychające od szkół systemowych – brak indywidualnego podejścia do dziecka w szkole, zbytnie przeciążenie nauką oraz pogoń za ocenami i rywalizacja między uczniami w szkole.

Revenge buying: The role of negative emotions caused by lockdowns

With the stabilizing of COVID-19 and the lessening of isolation measures, the consumption market is gradually recovering. Consumers exhibit a tendency to compensate for the previous pent-up demand, triggering the phenomenon of revenge spending. Nevertheless, research on revenge buying during the pandemic has been limited thus far. Moreover, the role of negative emotions and retail therapy has not been well explored. Therefore, drawing from retail therapy theory and the stimulus-organism-response framework, this study aims to investigate how negative emotions, physiological motivations, and self-seeking stimulate consumers to form positive perceptions that revenge buying can provide therapeutic utilities, and consequently choose revenge buying. Empirical data were collected from China. The structural equation modelling results reveal that anxiety, boredom, self-seeking, and psychological motivation have a positive influence on therapeutic shopping motivation, therapeutic shopping value and therapeutic shopping outcome, which subsequently influence revenge buying behavior. The theoretical model provides a novel perspective to research revenge buying. Additionally, the results provide managerial implications for consumer, retailers, and policymakers to make preparedness for revenge buying in future health crises.

Преференции мотивов при выборе профессии студентами КрасГМУ им. проф. В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого

Choosing a profession is one of the most important and critical moments in personal development. The purpose of the study was to determine the leading type of motive in choosing a profession among second-year students of the KrasSMU. We found that 60% of respondents preferred to make a choice of profession based on internal socially significant motives. In decreasing order of preference indicators, the following sequence was observed: internal individually significant motives, external positive and external negative. Internal individually significant motives in terms of high significance for the respondents took the second place — 39%. The external positive motive was preferred to be highly rated when choosing a profession — 17%, and external negative motives were preferred by 5%. The types of motives chosen by the respondents are not static. In order to maintain the correct choice of a profession associated with internal socially significant motives, as well as changing preferences for external positive and negative motives, we suggest that teachers actively use incentives and motivations, such as: regular monitoring of knowledge in the form of an oral answer at each lesson; solving situational problems from clinical practices in theoretical departments; performing creative tasks (layouts, posters, diagrams, creating videos on the topic under study) to develop existing abilities and acquire new skills, participation in research activities of departments, presentations at scientific and practical conferences with the results of research, i.e. using existing and development of new skills for the formation of an active, developing personality of a professional doctor.

What explains the link between romantic conflict with gambling problems? Testing a serial mediational model.

While individuals have many motives to gamble, one particularly risky motive for gambling is to cope with negative affect. Conflict with one's romantic partner is a strong predictor of negative affect, which may elicit coping motives for gambling and, in turn, gambling-related problems. Support for this mediational model was demonstrated in relation to drinking-related problems. We extended this model to gambling. Using a cross-sectional design, we examined links between romantic conflict (Partner-Specific Rejecting Behaviors Scale), negative affect (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales-21), coping gambling motives (Gambling Motives Questionnaire, coping subscale), and gambling-related problems [Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI)] in 206 regular gamblers (64% men; mean age = 44.7 years; mean PGSI = 8.7) who were in a romantic relationship and recruited through Qualtrics Panels in July 2021. Results supported our hypothesis that the association between romantic conflict and gambling-related problems would be sequentially mediated through negative affect and coping gambling motives, β = 0.38, 95% CI [0.27, 0.39], and also showed a strong single mediation pathway through negative affect alone, β = 0.27, 95% CI [0.17, 0.38]. Negative affect and coping gambling motives partially explain the link between romantic conflict and gambling-related problems. Interventions should target both negative affect and coping gambling motives in response to romantic conflict to reduce gambling-related problems in partnered gamblers.

Long-Term Relationships Between Negative Life Events and Suicidal Ideation Specifying Agnew's General Theory of Crime and Delinquency: A 7-Year Longitudinal Mediation Analysis.

The purpose of this study was to examine the longitudinal mediationa(l pathways on the link between various straining experiences and suicidal ideation and to test whether its relationship was mediated by the role of negative emotions, constraints, and motivations. Data for this study were collected as part of the Korean Welfare Panel Study, which was a longitudinal study conducted among 7,027 Korean households, surveyed annually from 2006 to 2012. The results indicated that bullying victimization had important effects on negative emotions, although bullying victimization was not significant for later suicidal ideation. Peer delinquency was significantly correlated with negative emotions and positively predicted later suicidal ideation. Also, the significant impact of bullying victimization was transmitted to suicidal ideation through negative emotions. It implies that individuals' negative life events predicted strain or stressors generating negative emotions that, in turn, led to a high risk of suicidal ideation as a possible coping skill.

What Does it Take to Love a Bug? Knowledge, Emotional Valence, and Politics in Attitudes toward Insect Conservation.

Domain knowledge is often considered a minor contributor to environmental attitudes, with social and motivational factors dominating. Yet, domains may differ. Declining insect populations are a critical conservation concern but are not prominent in public discourse, potentially reducing the impact of social and motivational variables. We present data on the relations of insect knowledge (both propositional and causal), associated emotional valences, and political orientation to concern for insect conservation, for samples of American college students and U.S. and U.K. Prolific workers. We asked whether concern for insect conservation is more associated with knowledge than emotional valence or political orientation, and whether this is especially so for U.K. residents, who have a reputation for a love of nature that is not linked to political identity. We found that U.K. participants did show greater overall concern, consistent with the national reputation. Causal knowledge mattered, but political orientation was the strongest predictor of concern for insect conservation for both U.S. and U.K. participants. Valence contributed for U.S. participants but not for U.K. participants. Our results suggest that politicized public discourse penetrates attitudes toward insects even when it does not explicitly concern insects, and knowledge variation has less impact. However, the emotional reaction has a reduced influence where relevant discourse is less polarized. Insects may often evoke negative emotions and motivations, but it is not impossible to love a bug.

Blame-validation: Beyond rationality? Effect of causal link on the relationship between evaluation and causal judgment

ABSTRACT The Culpable Control Model assumes that causal judgments are irrational: a negative evaluative reaction to an agent would lead individuals to overestimate his causal contribution to a harm. However, the extent to which these judgments deviate from criteria of rationality remains unclear. The two present studies aimed at investigating conditions under which this effect occurs. Participants red a vignette in which the evaluative reaction was operationalized through the agent’s motives (blameworthy, laudable). We also varied the causal link between the agent’s action and the outcome (strong, weak, preempted). In both studies, we found that negative motives influenced causal judgments when a strong action-outcome link could be established. In Study 2, we replicated the effect of motives on causal judgment in the weak link condition. However, participants consistently judged the agent as less causal when the link was weak (vs. strong), regardless of the agent’s motives. These findings show that both the presence and the strength of the actual causal link between the action and the outcome moderate the detrimental effect of negative evaluative reactions on causal judgments. Thus, common sense causal judgments seem to deviate relatively little from the criteria of rationality.

Considerations and recommendations for mHealth interventions for substance use among Sexual and Gender Minority (SGM) individuals: A narrative review of the past 5years.

The prevalence of problematic substance use is disproportionately higher among sexual and gender minority (SGM) adults compared to adults in the general population. mHealth as a treatment modality could reduce barriers to accessing substance use treatments among SGM populations. Through a qualitative literature search, the current narrative review aimed to understand the lived experiences of SGM individuals who use substances and to synthesize recommendations made in the literature to inform future mHealth interventions. Positive and negative reinforcement motives were prominent reasons for substance use, which included SGM identity expression and conformity motives. Individual- and system-level treatment barriers included a lack of safe and nonjudgmental environment, shame and stigma, and limited knowledge about treatment options. Barriers were directly linked to the reported substance use treatment needs in this population. On-demand app features, real-time intervention and assessment, and anonymity should be considered in future mHealth trials. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40429-023-00497-0.

Intolerance of Uncertainty, Negative Reinforcement Alcohol Use Motives, and Hazardous Drinking in College Students with Clinically Elevated Worry

Background: Hazardous drinking has remained high for college students in recent years, and individuals who endorse drinking to cope with emotional distress or to conform socially report higher levels of alcohol use. Intolerance of uncertainty, a core process underlying generalized anxiety disorder, has been linked to negative reinforcement drinking motives; however, no research, to date, has examined the role of intolerance of uncertainty in terms of alcohol use motives and hazardous drinking among individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. Objective: The current study was designed to examine the relationships between intolerance of uncertainty, coping and conformity alcohol use motives, and hazardous drinking in an analogue generalized anxiety disorder sample. Methods: Participants were 323 college students (Mage = 19.25, SD = 2.23, Range = 18–40) who endorsed past-year alcohol use and clinically elevated levels of worry. Self-report measures were completed online for course credit. Results: Partially consistent with our hypotheses, uncertainty paralysis predicted greater levels of coping motives, but not conformity motives. Desire for predictability did not predict either drinking motive. Mediation analyses revealed that there was a significant indirect effect of uncertainty paralysis on more hazardous drinking through greater coping motives. Conclusion: Overall, these findings highlight the potential utility of targeting behavioral inhibition due to uncertainty to reduce unhealthy coping via alcohol use and subsequent hazardous alcohol use.

Отрицательные мотивы должника в контексте правового регулирования долговых отношений. Криминологические последствия неудовлетворительного разрешения долговых отношений

<p style="text-align: justify;">The article shows what place in the Russian legal system is occupied by the regulation of debt relations and ensuring the repayment of debts. The thesis on expediency of identification and accounting of motives of the debtor by participants of civil turnover and law enforcers is substantiated. The author’s concept of the psychological mechanism of effective collection of problem debts by economic entities and other creditors is presented. This concept is based on the analysis and consideration of the motivational sphere of the non-performing debtor, and, in particular, its negative motives. Typical negative motives of debtors are described and systematized, recommendations for their weakening or liquidation are given. The legal and actual limits of efforts to recover problem debts, as well as the criminological consequences of the ineffectiveness of legal methods of debt collection are shown. The empirical basis of the study was the materials of pre-investigation checks, criminal and civil cases related to the debtors’ failure to fulfill their obligations, the results of surveys of employees of commercial organizations (from units for working with bad debts, legal units and economic security services), law enforcement officers. The information obtained as a result of the included observation and self-observation, field experiments and other sources are also used.</p>

Survivors’ Paths Toward Forgiveness in Restorative Justice Following Sexual Violence

Sexual violence (SV) yields complex justice and therapeutic needs among its survivors. Restorative justice (RJ), conducted in addition to or instead of the criminal justice process following SV, provides a platform to address these needs and repair the harm. This study describes the dynamics of RJ processes following SV, leading to the emergence of dialogic forgiveness. Dialogic forgiveness refers to a reduction in negative thoughts, feelings, and motivations toward the responsible person (RP), and the emergence of positive ones within a process of mutual communication between the survivor, RP, and supporters. Focusing on survivors’ experiences, this study, conducted in Israel, is based on 16 semi-structured in-depth interviews with SV survivors who participated in RJ encounters, their five supporters, and five RJ facilitators. Gestures of accountability, humanization, and gratitude were identified as crucial elements of implicit and explicit dialogic forgiveness, demonstrating the healing power of RJ following SV.

Changes in affect: patterns in Grade 4 and Grade 8 students’ expressed emotional directions

This paper targets patterns of expressed emotional directions towards mathematics. By using TIMSS data and recoding two of the instruments, we compared responses from the same student cohort in Grade 4 (11 years old) and Grade 8 (15 years old) in Sweden. Two hypotheses were tested: negative emotions including negative motivations increase with age, and there will be gender differences. By using statistical analyses, including Cramer’s V, the two hypotheses were confirmed. The results also illuminated patterns within the responses, such that boys and girls in Grade 4 differ in expressed intrinsic motivation but not extrinsic motivation. There are also indications that girls might be more likely to form negative emotional directions between grades 4 and 8 than boys, and some implications of this is discussed.

How Attributes of Place Threaten Community Trust in the American South: Opportunities for Improving Pandemic-Related Communication

Trust and mistrust influence the utilization of health services, the quality of overall healthcare, and the prevalence of health disparities. Trust has significant bearing on how communities, and the individuals within them, perceive health information and recommendations. The People and Places Framework is utilized to answer what attributes of place threaten community trust in public health and medical recommendations. Augusta-Richmond County is ranked among the least healthy counties in Georgia despite being home to the best healthcare-to-residence ratios and a vast array of healthcare services. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 31 neighborhood residents. Data were analyzed using the Sort & Sift, Think & Shift method. Threats to community trust were identified within four local-level attributes of place: availability of products and services, social structures, physical structures, and cultural and media messages. We found a broader web of services, policies, and institutions, beyond interactions with health care, that influence the trust placed in health officials and institutions. Participants spoke to both a potential lack of trust (e.g. needs not being met, as through lack of access to services) and mistrust (e.g. negative motives, such as profit seeking or experimentation). Across the four attributes of place, residents expressed opportunities to build trust. Our findings highlight the importance of examining trust at the community level, providing insight into an array of factors that impact trust at a local level, and extend the work on trust and its related constructs (e.g. mistrust). Implications for improving pandemic-related communication through community relationship building are presented.

Coping and Conformity Motives Mediate the Joint Effects of the Behavioral Inhibition and Approach Systems on Alcohol Problems in Young Adults

Background: Gray’s original Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) posits that an oversensitive behavioral inhibition system (BIS) may increase risk for negative-reinforcement-motivated drinking, given its role in anxiety. However, existing data provides mixed support for the BIS-alcohol use association. The inconsistent evidence is not surprising, as the revised RST predicts that the behavioral approach system (BAS) should moderate the effect of the BIS on alcohol use. A strong BAS is thought to bring attention to the negatively reinforcing effects of alcohol, leading to problem drinking among those with a strong BIS. While emerging results support this interaction, we still have much to learn about the mechanisms underlying this effect on alcohol use. Accordingly, we examined motives for alcohol use as mediators of the joint associations of the BIS and the BAS on drinking behaviors. Specifically, our central hypothesis was that individuals with a strong BIS and a strong BAS would endorse increased negative reinforcement motives for drinking (coping and conformity motives), which in turn would predict heavy drinking and alcohol problems. Method: Participants (N=346; 195 women) completed study measures as part of the baseline assessment for a larger study. Results: Overall, results partially supported the hypotheses. Mediated moderation analyses showed that the indirect effect of the BIS on alcohol problems, through coping and conformity motives, was strongest at high levels of the BAS. This effect was not supported for alcohol use. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that clinical interventions should target coping and conformity reasons for drinking among anxious, reward responsive, young adults.

Predicting attributional accuracy in mother–adolescent conflictual discussions.

Attributional accuracy focuses on the extent to which one person accurately judges the reasons that another person acts the way they do. Research has shown that relationship quality, individual factors, and the overall context of a discussion, all play a role in the accuracy of attributions within adult relationships. However, little research has examined these patterns for parents and adolescents. Within the parent-adolescent literature, research on informant discrepancies has found agreement between family members' reports can highlight the overall functioning of the parent-child relationship but has not focused on perceptions of motives. This study assessed mothers' and adolescents' attributional accuracy during conflictual discussions and the extent to which such accuracy was associated with their relationship quality and individual perspective-taking abilities. One hundred twenty-three mother (MAge = 43) and adolescent (MAge = 14, 54% female, 52% White) dyads participated in a discussion about an issue commonly causing adolescent guilt and rated their own and their partner's motives during the discussion. They also self-reported on their relationship and perspective-taking abilities. Results showed that mothers and teens reported overall more positive discussion motives, when their relationship was better. There was also moderate agreement between mothers' and adolescents' attributed motives and their partners' self-reported motives. Adolescents' accuracy regarding both positive and negative maternal motives improved with better perspective-taking. Mothers' accuracy improved with better relationship quality, but only regarding negative adolescent motives. This study highlights individual factors may be more relevant for adolescent attributional accuracy whereas relational factors may be more relevant for mothers' accuracy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Female or Male Fertility Motivation? Which One Determines the Number of Children? (A Comparative Study).

In the last three decades, childbearing in Iran has decreased more than many countries in the world. The aim of this study was to explore the fertility motivation of Working women and their husbands and discover which one determines the number of children. This correlational study was conducted on 540 employed, married women and their husbands (270 couples) living in Mashhad, Iran, during 2017-2018. The participants were selected through multistage cluster sampling. Then, a random number table was used. Subsequently, questionnaires were distributed and completed at home, and collected after 24 h. Data were collected using a demographic characteristics form and the Childbearing Questionnaire (CBQ). The mean(SD) positive motivation scores of men and women differed significantly [92.77 (13.04) Vs. 92.22 (13.51) df = 4; p = 0.001;]. The mean (SD) negative motivation scores of men and women also differed significantly 55.42 (10.94) Vs. 56.78 (10.57) df = 4; p = 0.001;]. According to the scores obtained for the positive and negative fertility motivations of working women and their husbands, women were more in favor of having children and had an ambivalent motivation to bear children. Moreover, the working women's spouses were more indifferent to fertility. The results of this study can help reproductive health policymakers in childbearing.

Opioid and cannabis co-use: The role of opioid use to cope with negative affect

IntroductionThe opioid epidemic is a significant public health concern, particularly among adults with chronic pain. There are high rates of cannabis co-use among these individuals and co-use is related to worse opioid-related outcomes. Yet, little work has examined mechanisms underlying this relationship. In line with affective processing models of substance use, it is possible that those who use multiple substances do so in a maladaptive attempt to cope with psychological distress. MethodWe tested whether, among adults with chronic lower back pain (CLBP), the relation between co-use and more severe opioid-related problems would occur via the serial effects of negative affect (anxiety, depression) and more coping motivated opioid use. ResultsAfter controlling for pain severity and relevant demographics, co-use remained related to more anxiety, depression, and opioid-related problems (but not more opioid use). Further, co-use was indirectly related to more opioid-related problems via the serial effect of negative affect (anxiety, depression) and coping motives. Alternative model testing found co-use was not indirectly related to anxiety or depression via serial effects of opioid problems and coping. ConclusionsResults highlight the important role negative affect may play in opioid problems among individuals with CLBP who co-use opioid and cannabis.

ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ СТУДЕНЧЕСКОЙ МОЛОДЕЖИ О МОТИВАЦИИ ТРУДА УЧЕНЫХ: ОБЩИЕ И СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ

Background. Th e research relevance is determined by the increasing importance of involving talented youth in science. Revealing the ideas of student youth about the hierarchical structure of motivation for scientifi c activity will help in identifying and creating favorable conditions for young people to build a scientifi c career. Objective. Th e purpose of the study is to reveal general and special aspects of student youth conceptualization of positive and negative motives of the scientifi c activity. Sample. Th e investigation involvedthe bachelor, specialist and master degree students (N = 721) from fi ve universities, located in the Republic of Crimea, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara and Yaroslavl regions of the Russian Federation. Methods. Th e authors designed ad hoc questionnaire permitting to acquire common information about the respondents, to elicit their readiness to develop a scientifi c career, to reveal their conceptualization of positive and negative motives of the scientifi c activity. To process the data obtained a set of tools was applied: descriptive statistics, Mann — Whitney non-parametric U criterion, correlation analysis, cluster analysis. Results. In the student youth conceptualization, positive and negative motives of the scientifi c activity are formed into a motivational complex, where intrinsic work motivation prevails, extrinsic negative motivation occupies a middle position, and extrinsic positive motivation takes the third place. According to the students’ representations, the dominant positive motive of the scientists’ work is generativity (p = 0,021*), and the negative one is poor work conditions (p = 0,000**). Conclusion. In the student youth conceptualization, intrinsic motivation of scientists prevails over extrinsic negative and extrinsic positive ones; both positive and negative scientists’ work motivation contain three substructures of motives, that are conditionally nominated as the most important, important and the least important ones; the most important positive and negative motives of the scientifi c activity are determined, in the fi rst place, by the needs for growth (self-realization, recognition, and esteem). Th e students, who are ready and not ready to follow a scientifi c career, imagine motivation of scientifi c activity in diff erent ways.

ТОЛКОВАНИЕ ОЦЕНОЧНЫХ ПОНЯТИЙ ПРИ КВАЛИФИКАЦИИ ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЙ, СОВЕРШЕННЫХ ПО ЭКСТРЕМИСТСКИМ МОТИВАМ

The subject of the study is social relations in the protection of an individual, the basics of constitutionality, and the security of the state. The study aims to examine the legal content of extremist motives. The objectives of the study are the following: reading of act attributes in classification of crimes committed to ignite social, racial, national, or religious discord or hatred against any social group. Methods used in the article include studying academic lawyers’ opinions on the issue and selecting and analyzing case materials. At the moment, it is difficult to provide a clear legal criterion for delimitation of positive and negative motives in classifying acts of the perpetrator under regulations with extremist motives. The law enforcer is responsible for resolving this problem by determining the content and legal value of given motives in each specific case during the investigation of a criminal case and legal proceedings. The Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation has issuee the directives that propose to establish approximate criteria for distinguishing the motives of political, ideological, racial, national, or religious hatred or enmity, or hatred or enmity in relation to any social group according to a positive and/or negative orientation as applied to socially significant values. Based on the analysis of scientists’ viewpoints and judicial practice, a formalistic approach used by the law enforcer in classifying crimes with extremist motives is identified, which does not reflect the real content of acts in this category. The author substantiates that it is not recommended to classify all crimes against an individual or the security of the state for extremist reasons, despite their direct presence.

Causes and Behavioral Evolution of Negative Electronic Word-of-Mouth Communication: Considering the Mediating Role of User Involvement and the Moderating Role of User Self-Construal

The purpose of this study is to develop a framework to examine the intrinsic driving paths of negative electronic word-of-word. In this paper, the “contextual” factor—user involvement, and the “individual” factor—user self-construal were selected to consider their influence on the model path. Data were collected using online questionnaires; then, the model and hypotheses were tested using structured equation model (SEM) software. The research results showed that, firstly, negative online shopping experiences positively influence eWOM motivations, and user involvement partially mediated the relationship between negative product quality, negative online shopping platform environments and negative eWOM motivations; secondly, there was a significant correlation between negative eWOM motivations and eWOM behavior, and the personality traits of the communicators themselves influenced the path of “negative eWOM motivation-negative eWOM behavior”. In addition, the user’s self-construal has a significant moderating effect on the “eWOM motivation–immediate eWOM behavior” path under immediate eWOM behavior.