Negative Motives Research Articles

Motivations and Performance of Incentivized Interorganizational Networks

In many countries and sectors, collaboration has become a standard solution to policy problems. This study examines such top-down initiated interorganizational networks that receive incentives to collaborate. By using a comparative case study design, we explored the motivations and performance of 8 Flemish networks of schools. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with network coordinators, principals, school governors, and staff members. Our findings show that initial negative motivations can alter in a positive way during collaboration. Incentives are important, yet need to be accompanied by support and monitoring. In addition, top-down initiation mainly obstructs the collaboration in a network. Finally, our study strongly supports the framework of Provan and Milward (2001) that differentiates between three levels of network effectiveness. We found that the networks in our study are effective at the network and organizational level: the networks are viable and they are beneficial to the participating schools. However, the networks are not effective at the community level: none of the governmental objectives concerning collaboration were fulfilled.

Coping motives, negative moods, and time-to-drink: Exploring alternative analytic models of coping motives as a moderator of daily mood-drinking covariation

Affect regulation models of alcohol use posit individuals use alcohol to modify mood states. Importantly, these models hypothesize that individual differences in coping motives for drinking moderate the relation between drinking and negative moods. Despite consistently significant correlations among negative moods, coping motives, and alcohol involvement in numerous between-level studies, within-person analyses have yielded results inconsistent with theoretical models. Analytic techniques modeling time-to-drink have provided results more consistent with theory, though there remains a paucity of research using these methods. The purpose of the current study was to explore whether coping motives moderate the relation between negative moods and the immediacy of drinking using methodology outlined by Hussong (2007) and Armeli, Todd, Conner, and Tennen (2008). Overall, our study showed little evidence for hypothesized mood–motive–alcohol use relations, thus demonstrating that time-to-drink approaches may not provide more consistent support for these hypotheses.

Panic Attack History and Anxiety Sensitivity in Relation to Cognitive-Based Smoking Processes Among Treatment-Seeking Daily Smokers

Empirical research has found that panic attacks are related to increased risk of more severe nicotine withdrawal and poor cessation outcome. Anxiety sensitivity (AS; fear of anxiety and related sensations) has similarly been found to be related to an increased risk of acute nicotine withdrawal and poorer cessation outcome. However, research has yet to examine the relative contributions of panic attacks and AS in terms of cognitive-based smoking processes (e.g., negative reinforcement smoking expectancies, addictive and negative affect-based reduction smoking motives, barriers to cessation, problem symptoms experienced while quitting). Participants (n = 242; 57.4% male; M (age) = 38.1) were daily smokers recruited as a part of a larger randomized control trial for smoking cessation. It was hypothesized that both panic attacks and AS would uniquely and independently predict the studied cognitive-based smoking processes. As hypothesized, AS was uniquely and positively associated with all smoking processes after controlling for average number of cigarettes smoked per day, current Axis I diagnosis, and participant sex. However, panic attack history was only significantly related to problem symptoms experienced while quitting smoking. Although past research has demonstrated significant associations between panic attacks and certain aspects of cigarette smoking (e.g., severity of nicotine withdrawal; lower abstinence rates, and negative affect reduction motives), the present findings suggest that AS may be more relevant to understanding beliefs about and motives for smoking behavior as well as perceptions of cessation-related difficulties.

The relationship between depression level and smoking motives in college smokers.

While the link between cigarette smoking and depression symptomatology has been well established, more research is needed to determine how smoking motives are related to depression levels in smokers. Specifically, smoking motives related to the friendship-like attachment to smoking (i.e., affiliative attachment) may play an important role in individuals reporting depressive symptomatology. The present study examined the relationship between three smoking motives and depression levels in a sample of 79 mildly nicotine-dependent, college student cigarette smokers. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted with depression as the dependent variable and gender and cigarettes per day as the independent variables (Step 1), positive and negative reinforcement motives (Step 2), and affiliative attachment motives (Step 3). Results of regression analyses indicated that affiliative attachment motives explained significant variance in participant depression level above and beyond that explained by positive and negative reinforcement motives. These findings suggest that smokers with elevated depression should be assessed for social functioning and affiliative attachment smoking motives, and future research should be conducted to determine if individuals with high levels of affiliative attachment may benefit from smoking cessation treatment programs with an enhanced social support component.

Predictors of risk for smoking relapse in men and women: A prospective examination.

The current study examined whether prequit trait negative mood and smoking motives have different predictive patterns of smoking relapse in men and women. Thirty-three female (mean age±SEM: 34.9±2.5) and 38 male (mean age±SEM: 37.1±2.3) smokers interested in smoking cessation completed forms on smoking history, negative mood (i.e., depression, anxiety, and anger), stress, and smoking motives. Participants also provided samples for measurement of cotinine and carbon monoxide. Then, they set a quit date and were required to abstain from smoking at least for 24 hours. Participants were followed up for 12 months postcessation to measure their smoking status. Cox proportional hazard models revealed that motivation to reduce craving was a unique predictor of smoking relapse in men, while depressive mood, anxiety, anger, and perceived stress were predictive of time to relapse among women. These findings remained significant after statistically controlling for smoking-related variables, providing preliminary evidence that different factors may be associated with nicotine withdrawal and smoking relapse in men and women.

Do patients with bipolar disorder drink alcohol for different reasons when depressed, manic or euthymic?

Many studies report high prevalence rates for co-morbid alcohol problems in bipolar disorder (BP). Some hypothesize that individuals use alcohol to self-medicate, but few studies examine the range of possible reasons and none explicitly explores the role of mood state. We examined drinking motives in BP depression, (hypo)mania and euthymia according to Cooper's cognitive motivational model of alcohol use (Cooper, 1994). Twenty-seven participants with BP were interviewed using the Drinking Motives Questionnaire. A calendar-based measure of alcohol use--the FORM90--was used to aid recall of drink-related behaviours and estimate alcohol intake. Each participant reported drinking motives and alcohol consumption for 30 consecutive days of euthymia, plus one past depressive and one past (hypo)manic episode. Estimated alcohol intake was higher when depressed or (hypo)manic compared with euthymia. Drinking motives varied between mood states. Negative internal coping motives were specifically related to depression, whilst positive internal and external motives were more specifically related to (hypo)mania. During euthymia, the patients' motives did not differ from norms. This is the first clinical study utilising a clearly defined cognitive motivational model demonstrating that the reasons to drink alcohol in patients with BP are mood-dependent. Interventions aimed at modifying problematic drinking behaviours in this population must take into account both individual and mood state variations in reasons for alcohol consumption. Self-medication or inadequate coping is not sufficient to generally explain alcohol intake across mood states and individuals.

A mirror has no effect on giving in the dictator game

Evolutionary studies on human altruism toward strangers have proposed two motivations as proximate mechanisms for this behavior. The first involves the positive motivations inherent in expecting that actors will benefit in the long term by building a good reputation even if they accrue immediate costs for their altruistic behavior. The second involves the negative motivations inherent in avoiding identification as a norm violator. The presence of a mirror has been reported to enhance self-consciousness and evoke negative affect in response to an observer’s eyes. We conducted the dictator game with and without a mirror. Participants were asked to complete a post-experiment questionnaire designed to investigate what they were thinking when they decided the amount of money to offer the recipient and to explore their perceptions of the experimental situation. Although the negative affect elicited by an observer’s eyes was stronger under the mirror condition, the presence of the mirror did not increase the amount of money offered in the game.

Crime or Custom?

This article highlights the reasons behind the practice of dowry in rural Bangladesh. Despite being prohibited by Islam and the civil law, people do not abstain from the practice. Hypergamy, empowerment and social values underlie the theoretical framework for analysing the findings. This study finds both positive and negative motivations such as daughters’ well-being, gaining higher status in society and social values undergirding women’s subordination, women’s dependent status, etc., behind an escalating practice of dowry.

Post-emotional man and a community safety with feeling

This article focuses on the affective dimensions of crime and victimisation. Presupposing that human emotion is important generally in understanding social relations, it operates at two levels. At one level it explores potentially complementary approaches to the study of human emotion in criminological, victimological and community safety research and theory. Flowing from these ideas, I suggest that the subjective, embodied and experiential aspects of doing crime and surviving victimisation are crucial in the search for secure and compassionate communities. Examples of emotions that have the potential to stimulate both negative and positive motivations and actions are considered. At this level the article considers human emotion and feeling as a prominent policy concern. While acknowledging the difficulties in the struggle to establish compassionate communities, the importance of cultivating emotions that are likely to enhance safety and promote security, emotions based on empathy and compassion for others are explored. Arguing that gender-sensitive emotions particularly matter to crime prevention and community safety endeavours, this article contributes to a more developed criminological sociology of emotions.

Forgiving Significant Interpersonal Offenses: The Role of Victim/Offender Racial Similarity

The influence of victim/offender racial similarity on victim forgiveness was investigated in a study of interpersonal transgressions. It was hypothesized that racial similarity between victim and offender would influence forgiveness only for transgressions that were less distressing for the victim. Participants were 104 adults (45 Black and 59 White) who provided a narrative description of a significant interpersonal transgression they had experienced and completed measures of transgression-related distress and forgiveness. Forgiveness was measured as positive (benevolence) and negative (revenge, avoidance) motivations toward the offender. For negative motive- tions, revenge and avoidance, there was no effect of racial similarity: more severe distress was associated with less forgiveness for all victim/offender pairings. However, the results revealed a significant interaction of victim/offender racial similarity and distress for positive motivations: Black victims reported increased benevolence towards Black offenders after more distressing transgressions. Victims in other racial combinations reported reduced benevolence for more distressing transgressions. In group favoring of Black offenders by Black victims may be an unexplored aspect of forgiveness. Little research has addressed the potential influence of context on interpersonal forgiveness, and this study suggests that these influences may play an important role.

A Qualitative Study on Personality Traits of Negative Perfectionist

ObjectiveBy comparing the personality traits of negative perfectionist and non-negative perfectionist, the article studies the differences on cognition, emotion and motivation between the two groups. MethodsA qualitative study was conducted. Four negative perfectionists and two non-negative perfectionists were interviewed by semi-structural ways. Qualitative data was analyzed. ResultsCognition: Authority always makes the negative perfectionist oppressive. The self-evaluation of negative perfectionist is dominated by negative composition; to non-negative perfectionist, it involves both negative and positive composition. Both of the two groups are sensitive to the interpersonal environment. The former concentrates on the critics of other individuals, whereas the later converges on the acute awareness and analytical understanding of interpersonal environment. Emotion: The former is apt to be anxious and take a negative reaction, while the latter prefers to take a relatively positive reaction to cope anxious emotion. Motivation: The former pursues a comfortable life style, whereas the latter is inclined to experience various styles of life. ConclusionNegative perfectionist mostly experience negative feelings, motivations, and cognitions; on the contrary, the non-negative perfectionist is inclined to experience positive ones.

Discrimination and alcohol-related problems among college students: A prospective examination of mediating effects

Background Discrimination is a risk factor for health-risk behaviors, including alcohol abuse. Far less is known about the mechanisms through which discrimination leads to alcohol-related problems, particularly during high-risk developmental periods such as young adulthood. Methods The present study tested a mediation model using prospective data from a large, diverse sample of 1539 college students. This model hypothesized that discrimination would be associated with established cognitive (positive alcohol expectancies) and affective (negative affect and coping motives) risk factors for alcohol-related problems, which would account for the prospective association between discrimination and alcohol problems. Results Structural equation modeling indicated that discrimination was associated cross-sectionally with negative affect and more coping motives for drinking, but not with greater alcohol expectancies. Coping motives mediated the prospective relationship between discrimination and alcohol-related problems. Additionally, results indicated significant indirect effects from discrimination to alcohol-related problems through negative affect and coping motives. These associations were evident for multiple groups confronting status-based discrimination, including women, racial/ethnic minorities, and lesbian/gay/bisexual individuals. Conclusions This study identified potential affective mechanisms linking discrimination to alcohol-related problems. Results suggest several avenues for prevention and intervention efforts with individuals from socially disadvantaged groups.

Approche clinique et sociale du tabagisme chez les sujets âgés : genèse, contexte, développement et prise en charge

The frequency of smoking decreases gradually in France. But because of the ageing of the population, the number of older smokers increases. Older smokers exist, even if they spend the most often overlooked among the group often forgotten by our older citizens. They are a group of older smokers survivors that is to say that survived decades of smoking or older smokers that started smoking late because of the occurrence of negative events and stressors (bereavement, social isolation, marital separation, retirement, for example). Smoking in the elderly stays a little known and doubtless underestimated subject. This article focuses on the prevalence and health impact of smoking in elderly subjects (risk factors, complications, diseases, deaths) provides a detailed description of the smoking behavior (social context of first cigarettes, initiation, installation, maintenance and positive or negative motivations to continue smoking at an advanced age) based on clinical examples of great diversity. Smoking in the elderly is not limited to a simple dependence on tobacco (psychological and physiological dependence on tobacco) with health consequences. Smoke fills a series of symbolic functions (male virility, female empowerment, social visibility – membership in a salient social group and clearly defined…) and helps to define a social and personal identity. Smoking is the result of an itinerary that includes phases or passages and stages. Each of older smokers followed a long way with progressions, stops, backtrackings. These phases are different depending on the product and the individual. The transition from one phase to another is independent of the product itself. The discourse of older smokers reveal the many episodes in their career (early experiences and quality of experience [sympathy, excitation] or experienced physical experiments [pleasure/displeasure] and their addictive behaviors since the initiation of behavior (search for assertiveness, identification peer group…) to installation (habit, craving, loss, addictions). Among the reasons most commonly advanced to smoke and continue smoking are mentioned: pleasure, relaxation and habit (positive motivations for smoking), reducing tension, lack of benefits of weaning at an advanced age, poor health impact of light cigarettes or low number of daily cigarettes (entrenched misconceptions and ignorance of the dangers of tobacco), stress, psychological disorders and emotional mood. It also shows how can be accomplished smoking cessation in the elderly (informations, screening procedures, intervention methods and treatment programs adapted).

Bystander Sexism in the Intergroup Context: The Impact of Cat-calls on Women’s Reactions Towards Men

Despite the fact that sexism is an inherently intergroup phenomenon, women’s group-level responses to sexism have received relatively little empirical attention. We examine the intergroup reactions experienced by 114 female students at a U.S. university in New England who imagined being a bystander to a sexist cat-call remark or control greeting. Results indicate that women experienced greater negative intergroup emotions and motivations towards the outgroup of men after overhearing the cat-call remark. Further, the experience of group-based anger mediated the relationship between the effect of study condition on the motivation to move against, or oppose, men. Results indicate that bystanders can be affected by sexism and highlights how the collective groups of men and women can be implicated in individual instances of sexism.

Rash-impulsivity, reward-drive and motivations to use ecstasy

An increase in the recreational use of ecstasy has prompted much research focusing on the effects of repeated use. Less is known about the individual predictors of ecstasy use although a number of studies have pointed to impulsive personality traits. The current study examines this issue by drawing on a recently developed dual-factor model of impulsivity (rash-impulsivity/reward-drive; Dawe & Loxton, 2004). Two-hundred and seven participants completed questionnaires assessing rash-impulsivity, reward sensitivity, affect and motivations for use. Ecstasy users were significantly higher on rash-impulsivity and reward sensitivity compared to non-users. Furthermore, negative affect mediated the relationship between rash-impulsivity and negative reinforcement motivations. Discussion focuses on the role of rash-impulsivity and reward-drive in understanding the motivational processes underlying ecstasy use.

Perceived Physical Health and Heart-Focused Anxiety Among Daily Adult Cigarette Smokers: Associations with Affect-Relevant Smoking Motives and Outcome Expectancies

The present investigation examined heart-focused anxiety and perceived physical health in terms of affect-relevant cigarette smoking motives and outcome expectancies. Participants were a community sample of 140 adult daily smokers (81 women, mean age = 29.60 years, SD = 11.98). In terms of smoking motives, both heart-focused anxiety and perceived physical health incrementally predicted smoking for negative affect reduction motives above and beyond relevant covariates (gender, weekly alcohol consumption, daily smoking rate). Yet heart-focused anxiety, but not perceived physical health, was incrementally predictive of habitual motives, relative to the same covariates. With regard to smoking outcome expectancies, heart-focused anxiety was incrementally predictive of negative reinforcement outcome expectancies, whereas perceived physical health was not. Alternatively, perceived physical health was incrementally predictive of negative personal consequence outcome expectancies, but heart-focused anxiety was not. Findings are discussed in relation to the role of perceived health vulnerabilities in clarifying affect-oriented smoking motives and expectancies.

KEKERASAN TERHADAP PEREMPUAN DALAM AL-QUR’AN

Marital rape is the practice widely happened in various parts of countries. The main cause of the case is the perception, which regards the position of men, is higher than women. This is contrary to the principles of Islam. Islam regards all people are equal in humanity, and denounce all forms of violence and oppression, especially in a conjugal relation. Actually, from all forms of violence and oppression, al-Qur’an clearly denounces not only marital rape, but also all kind of oppression and violence, especially those related to women. Therefore, all that lead to the disadvantage of women is forbidden. Polygamy, divorce, revocation (ruju`) with negative motives, prostitution, raping, and all that humiliate holistic values are denounced by God.<br /><br />Keywords: Islam, marital rape.

Prevalence and Opinions of Hormone Therapy Prior to the Women's Health Initiative: A Multinational Survey on Four Continents

Hormone therapy (HT) is a well-established form of treatment for menopausal symptoms worldwide. Since 2002 when the initial findings of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) were published, the use of HT has decreased dramatically. This investigation was conducted immediately prior to the initial publication of the WHI and Million Women's Study results and quantifies menopausal women's prevalence of symptoms across nine countries on four continents. In addition, it investigates women's positive and negative motivations for HT use as well as their acceptance of various forms and routes of administration. Using national representative population panels and quota samples in nine countries on four continents, 10,297 women aged 40-70 years were recruited between April and June 2002. A validated survey was administered to determine which symptoms women suffered from the most and what their desires were regarding the use and effects of HT. Self-reported symptoms did not differ significantly among menopausal women in Europe, North America, Latin America, and Indonesia. However, the prevalence of HT ever-use ranged from a high of 50% in France to a low of 1.8% in Indonesia (U.S. rate 43%). Oral pills had the highest acceptance rate in all countries. Women in all parts of the world suffer from symptoms associated with menopause, and many desire treatment. This study was conducted prior to the publication of the initial WHI and Million Women Study results, thereby providing a benchmark of patient attitudes about menopausal symptoms and the acceptability of different types and delivery modes of HT.

The Forgiveness Processes of Very Dissatisfied Customers

In this paper, we draw on forgiveness theory to explain the long-term reactions of customers to service failures. We find that service failures trigger significant avoidance and revenge. Over time, however, these negative motivations gradually decrease. Time has complex effects. Even though avoidance and revenge decrease with time, probing the time interactions demonstrates that time has a 'hardening' effect. That is, over time, the link between a given level of avoidance and revenge and customer revenues strengthens. As a result, we demonstrate a 'forgiveness window of opportunity.' Early on, avoidant and vengeful customers will not likely be amenable to extended service recovery or winback efforts. If these negative motivations are not resolved, however, they will harden to have signficant effects on customer revenues.

A further investigation of the relations of anxiety sensitivity to smoking motives

Prior research has shown that anxiety sensitivity (AS) is associated with smoking to reduce negative affect (e.g., [Comeau, N., Stewart, S.H., & Loba, P., (2001). The relations of trait anxiety, anxiety sensitivity and sensation seeking to adolescents' motivations for alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use. Addictive Behaviors, 26, 803–825.]). However, given limitations in the measurement of smoking motives in previous AS studies, it has yet to be definitively established that AS is specifically related to negative reinforcement smoking motives. Moreover, the overall AS construct is comprised of three lower-order components: physical, psychological, and social concerns (e.g., [Stewart, S.H., Taylor, S., & Baker, J.M., (1997). Gender differences in dimensions of anxiety sensitivity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 179–200.]). Previous investigations generally have not examined the relative contributions of each of these three AS components to smoking for negative reinforcement motives. The present study attempted to address each of these gaps in the literature. A sample of 119 smokers attending a tobacco intervention program (see [Mullane, J.C., Stewart, S.H., Rhyno, E., Steeves, D., Watt, M., & Eisner, A., (2008). Anxiety sensitivity and difficulties with smoking cessation. In A.M. Columbus (Ed.), Advances in Psychological Research (vol. 54A, pp. 141–155). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.]) completed the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI; [Peterson, R.A., & Reiss, S., (1992). The Anxiety Sensitivity Index manual (2nd ed.). Worthington, OH: International Diagnostic Services.]) and the Reasons For Smoking scale (RFS; [Ikard, F.F., Green, D.E., & Horn, D., (1969). A scale to differentiate between types of smoking as related to the management of affect. International Journal of the Addictions, 4, 649–659.]) at pre-treatment. In a principal components analysis (PCA) of the RFS items, stringent parallel analysis supported a two-factor solution (negative and positive reinforcement smoking motives) as opposed to the intended six factors ([Ikard, F.F., Green, D.E., & Horn, D., (1969). A scale to differentiate between types of smoking as related to the management of affect. International Journal of the Addictions, 4, 649–659.]). ASI total scores were significantly positively correlated with both RFS factors in bivariate correlational analyses. In partial correlations, the relation between the ASI and the RFS negative reinforcement factor remained significant when controlling for RFS positive reinforcement smoking motives, but the correlation of ASI with RFS positive reinforcement motives was not significant after controlling for RFS negative reinforcement motives. At the level of AS components, AS psychological concerns were related to both negative and positive reinforcement motives, while AS physical concerns were more strongly related to negative reinforcement motives. Implications for designing targeted tobacco interventions for high AS smokers are discussed.