Negative Emotional States Research Articles

The projection from dorsal medial prefrontal cortex to basolateral amygdala promotes behaviors of negative emotion in rats.

Brain circuits between medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and amygdala have been implicated in cortical control of emotion, especially anxiety. Studies in recent years focus on differential roles of subregions of mPFC and amygdala, and reciprocal pathways between mPFC and amygdala in regulation of emotional behaviors. It has been shown that, while the projection from ventral mPFC to basomedial amygdala has an anxiolytic effect, the reciprocal projections between dorsal mPFC (dmPFC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) are generally involved in an anxiogenic effect in various conditions with increased anxiety. However, the function of the projection from dmPFC to BLA in regulation of general emotional behaviors under normal conditions remains unclear. In this study, we used optogenetic analysis to identify how this dmPFC-BLA pathway regulates various emotional behaviors in normal rats. We found that optogenetic stimulation of the dmPFC-BLA pathway promoted a behavioral state of negative emotion, increasing anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors and producing aversive behavior of place avoidance. Conversely, optogenetic inhibition of this pathway produced opposite effects, reducing anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors, and inducing behaviors of place preference of reward. These findings suggest that activity of the dmPFC-BLA pathway is sufficient to drive a negative emotion state and the mPFC-amygdala circuit is tonically active in cortical regulation of emotional behaviors.

Teachers as first responders: classroom experiences and mental health training needs of Australian schoolteachers

BackgroundSchoolteachers are often the first to respond when a student presents with a mental health issue in the classroom. This places a burden on schools that impacts school staff, healthcare workers and teachers. More broadly, it places a responsibility on the education system to address students’ mental health. This study examines Australian teachers’ classroom experiences and the training areas identified by teachers as necessary to manage these issues.MethodInterviews were undertaken with 18 in-service teachers between 2020 and 2021 from Catholic, Independent and Public schools. Data were gathered via multiple interviews and analysed using thematic content analysis.ResultsThe major mental health issues identified by teachers related to mental disorders, depression, anxiety, and a complex range of negative emotional states. Teachers requested training in child and adolescent mental health, counselling skills, early detection and intervention, and training skills to manage the complex relationship with parents and external health and community personnel. Teachers also reported the need to access mental health resources, support and training, which were differentially accessed along socioeconomic status and postcodes.ConclusionThe data show that teachers are often placed as first responders when a student has a mental health issue but feel inadequately trained to manage these issues in the classroom. We identified mental health issues presenting in Australian classrooms and documented critical features of mental-health training asked for by teachers in order to address those issues. Given the increasing demands on teachers to address the mental health of children and adolescents, we argue that an urgent review of mental health training for teachers is needed.

A preliminary investigation of the mediating roles of self-compassion and emotion dysregulation in the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive behaviors.

Recent research has highlighted an association between maladaptive perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are not well understood. The primary aim of this preliminary study was to investigate whether self-compassion and emotion dysregulation independently mediated this relationship. The secondary aim was to determine whether serial mediation existed between these factors. Whether these relations held for overall obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms, versus distinct dimensions of OCD, was also of interest. Three hundred and ninety-two university students (Mage = 21.81, SD = 8.01), predominantly female (79.18%), participated in an online questionnaire that included a dimensional measure of OCD. Scales assessing maladaptive perfectionism, self-compassion, emotion dysregulation, and negative emotion states were also included. Greater maladaptive perfectionism was related to more severe OCD. Emotion dysregulation, but not self-compassion, independently mediated this relationship. A serial mediation relationship was found, in that greater maladaptive perfectionism was associated with lower self-compassion, which was linked to greater emotion dysregulation, and in turn related to more severe OC behaviors. In addition, distinct patterns emerged for separate OC dimensions. These findings highlight emotion regulation and self-compassion as potential targets for OCD prevention, especially in individuals with symptoms in the symmetry and unacceptable thoughts dimensions.

Innovative Preservation and Training Utility of Chemically Preserved Swine Viscera for Veterinary Surgical Education

The use of live animals during surgical practical classes exposes students to stressful situations that are often common in the operating room. However, this practice can generate a negative emotional state and hinder the student's cognitive mechanisms, causing different degrees of dissatisfaction and being detrimental to the learning process. Research involving alternative methods for diaeresis and synthesis training has already been carried out with promising outcomes, providing low-cost preserved anatomical pieces. Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze the anatomical viability of chemically preserved swine viscera for operative techniques training and to evaluate the acceptance of students facing this educational approach, using viscera subjected to plastic bag vacuum conditioning in two different ways of storage: room temperature (20 to 25ºC) and refrigerated (0 to 6ºC). Thirty-six jejunum segments and 36 urinary bladders from swine were fixed in absolute ethanol (AE) for 30 days and subsequently preserved in sodium chloride hypersaturated solution (SCHS) for seven days. At the end of the fixation and preservation periods, the samples were placed in vacuum plastic bags and divided into two groups containing 18 urinary bladders and 18 jejunum segments each. After 60 days of storage, the samples were used for surgical technique classes. The results showed good acceptance by the participating students; the technique proved to be safe, has low cost, and has an easy implementation in terms of both preservation solutions and storage.

The temporal association between social isolation, distress, and psychotic experiences in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis.

Psychotic experiences (PEs) and social isolation (SI) seem related during early stages of psychosis, but the temporal dynamics between the two are not clear. Literature so far suggests a self-perpetuating cycle wherein momentary increases in PEs lead to social withdrawal, which, subsequently, triggers PEs at a next point in time, especially when SI is associated with increased distress. The current study investigated the daily-life temporal associations between SI and PEs, as well as the role of SI-related and general affective distress in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis. We used experience sampling methodology in a sample of 137 CHR participants. We analyzed the association between SI, PEs, and distress using time-lagged linear mixed-effects models. SI did not predict next-moment fluctuations in PEs, or vice versa. Furthermore, although SI-related distress was not predictive of subsequent PEs, general affective distress during SI was a robust predictor of next-moment PEs. Our results suggest that SI and PEs are not directly related on a moment-to-moment level, but a negative emotional state when alone does contribute to the risk of PEs. These findings highlight the role of affective wellbeing during early-stage psychosis development.

Daily dosing of cannabidiol (CBD) demonstrates a positive effect on measures of stress in dogs during repeated exposure to car travel.

Dogs are routinely exposed to events that may elicit stress and result in negative emotional states which can impact pet dog welfare. One event many dogs living with people are routinely exposed to is car travel, with many dogs displaying behaviors, along with corresponding physiological responses, that are indicative of stress and anxiety. There are a range of management and treatment options that exist from behavior modification, drug therapy, and supplements, often with varying results. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether multiple doses of a tetrahydrocannabinol-free cannabidiol (CBD) distillate over a period of 6mo could positively influence measures of stress in dogs. In a blinded, parallel design study, dogs (n = 19) underwent a series of short car journeys (test) where a range of physiological and behavioral measures were collected pre, during, and post-test. The car journeys elicited stress in this population of dogs, as indicated by significant changes (P < 0.05) in several stress-related measures (serum cortisol, heart rate, heart rate variability, whining, lip licking, yawning, and qualitative behavioral ratings) observed from baseline to test, which persisted over repeated car travel events. The mitigating effect of CBD treatment varied by measure, with cortisol, whining, lip licking, and qualitative behavioral ratings indicating a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in canine stress compared to the placebo group for at least one time point. Additional research investigating a range of dog populations and stressors is required to fully understand the complex effect of CBD on canine emotional wellbeing.

Behavioral change of eating habits and physical activity in overweight Mexican women: barriers and facilitators/Cambio conductual de hábitos alimentarios y actividad física en mujeres mexicanas con sobrepeso: barreras y facilitadores

Overweight and obesity are risk factors for the development of chronic diseases, mostly attributed to physical inactivity and unhealthy eating habits. The aim of this study was to identify the barriers and facilitators for behavioral change in physical activity, and the regulation of eating habits in a group of overweight Mexican women to design a behavior modification intervention based on the Capacity, Opportunity, Motivation and Behavior (COM-B) model. A qualitative study was carried out using an action-research design; Through a focus group, data was collected from six women with a semi-structured interview. A deductive content analysis was carried out, and we could identify that the main barriers to behavioral changes in health were information deficit, negative emotional states, environmental interactions, and lack of social support; likewise, the main facilitators include the consequences of behavior at an aesthetic and health level and having the support of family and friends. Based on what was found, a group of intervention procedures are suggested that correspond to the COM-B model and that can be applied to design and test the effects of interventions on health behaviors and thus prevent the development of chronic diseases.

Investigating suicidal behavior among prisoners in the light of the behavioral addiction approach: results of a multicenter cross-sectional study.

The behavioral addiction model posits that repetitive suicidal behaviors can serve as maladaptive strategies for managing stress and negative emotional states, akin to substance addiction. Both behaviors involve negative emotions, offer temporary psychological relief, and persist, indicating shared neurobiological mechanisms. This study explored psychometric differences among major repeaters, occasional attempters, and non-suicidal prisoners. A multi-centre cross-sectional survey of 363 inmates across four prisons assessed depression, cognitive-emotional regulation, impulsivity, perceived stress, lifetime non-suicidal self-injury and suicide attempts. Mild depression, moderate suicidal ideation, and moderate impulsivity were common, with nearly half of the participants having attempted suicide at least once. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that repeated suicidal behavior in the past increases susceptibility to future suicidal thoughts, with suicide attempts serving as a maladaptive emotion regulation strategy among repeated attempters. The results reveal differences in emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, and stress coping strategies among the studied groups, reinforcing the idea of suicidality as a form of behavioral addiction. The addiction approach helps explain the sensitivity to later suicidal thoughts in former attempters and self-harmers, offering valuable insights for tailored interventions within correctional settings.

Два поэтических парадокса ХХ века: Гертруда Стайн в диалоге с Алексеем Крученых

In this article, we will begin with two almost simultaneously written paradoxes of modernism / avant-garde. The first paradox is Gertrude Stein’s miniature “Sacred Emily”, a one-line poem that reads “Rose is a rose is a rose”. The second paradox is Alexey Kruchenykh’s abstract poem “Dyr byl schyl”. Both texts suggest a transition from a negative emotional state to a positive one, creating a complex aesthetic experience. At the heart of this experience is a re-evaluation of the poetic code as a meaningful and symbolic system, a source of meaning and knowledge. The reader interacts with this code as a collaborator and co-creator, adapting it to their own reality and giving it new meaning. These texts reflect the global artistic trends of the era, which were characterized by a shift towards a different type of representation, one that emphasizes the transmission of feelings and impressions. This vector is inherent in the creative works of both Gertrude Stein and Aleksey Kruchenykh. The artist's task is to induce a complex range of reactions in the recipient, which form a cognitive and creative experience, resulting in an epistemological reconfiguration. Focusing on a new approach to imitation (imitating an experience of reality, not reality itself), both Stein and Kruchenykh sought to accomplish a cognitive recalibration of the reader's mind through experimentation with language. Both Gertrude Stein and Alexey Kruchenykh identify peripheral and associative aspects of experience, create a complex of experiences based on these elements, and recreate them through language. This process is made possible by the suggestive, associative, and connotative power of language and artistic form.

Behavioral responses to artificial insemination and the effect of positive reinforcement training.

Dairy cattle experience a variety of stressors associated with routine farm practices, including injections, pen movements, regrouping, and artificial insemination. The primary objective of this study was to assess ear position (categorized according to 5 positions) and body movement responses of heifers during their first experience of artificial insemination, in comparison with responses during baseline observations before and after this procedure. A secondary objective was to test whether heifers exposed to positive reinforcement training (PRT) responded differently to this procedure. We tested 12 heifers (13 ± 0.7 mo. old); 7 were trained using PRT (as part of another study) and 5 had no experience with PRT. Ear axial and ear forward positions were more frequent during observations before and after artificial insemination relative to during artificial insemination (4.57 ± 0.82 vs. 0.31 ± 0.82 times/period, and 3.45 ± 0.51 vs. 0.50 ± 0.51 times/period, respectively). Backward pinned ear position was observed less frequently before and after versus during artificial insemination (0.12 ± 0.76 vs. 3.76 ± 0.76 times/period). We found no effect of period relative to artificial insemination on any of the 4 body movements assessed (leaning forward, backward, and steps taken with front legs and back legs).We found an effect of PRT on forward ear position (1.00 ± 0.51 times/PRT group vs. 2.95 ± 0.60 times/control group), and found that control heifers leaned forward and took more steps with their front legs than did PRT heifers (0.93 ± 0.57 times/PRT group vs. 3.55 ± 0.67 times/control group and 1.29 ± 0.68 times/PRT group vs. 3.85 ± 0.81 times/control group). We conclude that heifers experiencing artificial insemination for the first time express distinct ear positions that are consistent with responses to a negative emotional state. Further work is required to validate these responses and to determine the extent that they can be used to assess affective responses to this and other procedures.

Target engagement of the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex with transcranial temporal interference stimulation in major depressive disorder: a protocol for a randomized sham-controlled trial.

Transcranial temporal interference stimulation (tTIS) is a new, emerging neurostimulation technology that utilizes two or more electric fields at specific frequencies to modulate the oscillations of neurons at a desired spatial location in the brain. The physics of tTIS offers the advantage of modulating deep brain structures in a non-invasive fashion and with minimal stimulation of the overlying cortex outside of a selected target. As such, tTIS can be effectively employed in the context of therapeutics for the psychiatric disease of disrupted brain connectivity, such as major depressive disorder (MDD). The subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC), a key brain center that regulates human emotions and influences negative emotional states, is a plausible target for tTIS in MDD based on reports of its successful neuromodulation with invasive deep brain stimulation. This pilot, single-site, double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled interventional clinical trial will be conducted at St. Michael's Hospital - Unity Health Toronto in Toronto, ON, Canada. The primary objective is to demonstrate target engagement of the sgACC with 130 Hz tTIS using resting-state magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. The secondary objective is to estimate the therapeutic potential of tTIS for MDD by evaluating the change in clinical characteristics of participants and electrophysiological outcomes and providing feasibility and tolerability estimates for a large-scale efficacy trial. Thirty participants (18-65 years) with unipolar, non-psychotic MDD will be recruited and randomized to receive 10 sessions of 130 Hz tTIS or sham stimulation (n = 15 per arm). The trial includes a pre- vs. post-treatment 3T MRI scan of the brain, clinical evaluation, and electroencephalography (EEG) acquisition at rest and during the auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) paradigm. This study is one of the first-ever clinical trials among patients with psychiatric disorders examining the therapeutic potential of repetitive tTIS and its neurobiological mechanisms. Data obtained from this trial will be used to optimize the tTIS approach and design a large-scale efficacy trial. Research in this area has the potential to provide a novel treatment option for individuals with MDD and circuitry-related disorders and may contribute to the process of obtaining regulatory approval for therapeutic applications of tTIS. ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT05295888.

Cognition and Psychomotor Performance in Premenstrual Syndrome with Negative Emotions

Background: Women with premenstrual syndrome are known to experience high negative emotions which is known to drastically affect cognition and psychomotor performance thereby impairing their executive function. Objective: To assess the relationship between cognition and psychomotor skill with self-reported symptoms of negative emotions like depression, anxiety and stress in women with different grades of premenstrual syndrome. Methodology: Study was conducted among 100 female nursing students in the age group 18 -20 years. Data collection tool included a questionnaire of demographic and menstruation characteristics, Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ), and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale Questionnaire (DASS). Cognition and psychomotor performance were assessed based on reaction time (both visual &amp; auditory) using PC1000Hz Reaction timer. The study received ethical approval from the Institutional Ethical Committee. Every participant gave their informed written consent before participating in the study. Results: Among the 100 female students, 50 each belonged to mild and moderate PMS category. Independent t test revealed a significantly high DASS scores and reaction time scores (both visual &amp; auditory) in mild when compared to moderate PMS category. A favourable association between the severity of PMS and depression, anxiety and stress scores (DASS), and reaction time (RT) scores was discovered using the Pearson correlation test, with p significant at 0.01. Additionally, there was a substantial positive association between DASS scores and RT duration. This suggests that, as there is an increase in the severity of PMS, there was an increase in the negative emotional states scores and increase in the RT duration (both visual and auditory) thereby proving a decline in cognition and psychomotor execution. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that, woman with PMS had high negative emotion effects leading to decline in cognition and psychomotor execution which is a need of the hour to look into their lifestyle modification and treatment modality so as enhance the executive performance.

Ingliz va o'zbek tillarida qo'rquv maydoni

The phenomenon of fear is one of the most pressing issues facing scientists, because as long as a person exists, fear is always with him. It is impossible to find someone who has never experienced a sense of fear. Anxiety, worry, joy, amazement, anger, sadness, etc. are the same emotionally inseparable manifestations of our spiritual life. Fear is a familiar feeling for everyone. It affects us more than it seems. It is an emotion that has a significant impact on sensory-cognitive processes, a person’s behavior. Strong fearcreates a "cognitive tunnel" effect, ie, a person's cognition, moral norms, thinking, and freedom of choice are severely limited. In addition, fear restricts a person's freedom of behavior. The article seeks to elaborate on the origins of fear and the individual feelings that arise as aresult of the onset or expectation of real or imagined insurmountable situations. From the perspective of modern psychology, fear is not always a negative emotional state, although while most experienced situations are provided with a negative color, its positive aspects have also been considered.

Unpacking the Effects of Livestream Viewing in the Relationship Between Loneliness and Well-Being: An Evolutionary Theory of Loneliness Perspective

ABSTRACT Livestream content has been gaining popularity in recent years. Although it has been known that livestream viewing can mitigate the adverse effects of loneliness on individuals’ well-being, the specific cognitive-affective processes involved are not given due attention. Situated in the Evolutionary Theory of Loneliness, the current study draws upon a national survey data (n = 911) to demonstrate that one’s hypervigilance and their negative emotional state serially mediate the relationship between their feelings of loneliness and their perceived well-being. The frequency of livestream views was also found to be moderating the serial mediation paths and the direct effect between feelings of loneliness on perceived well-being.

The Role of Gender, Age and Education in the Emotional Responses of Parents of Children with Developmental Challenges

This research endeavor sought to explore how demographic factors such as gender, age, and parental education influence the emotional experiences of parents’ of children with developmental challenges. Utilizing a cross-sectional research design and purposive sampling, data were gathered from various regions in KP (Peshawar) and Punjab (Wah Cantt, Islamabad, and Jhelum). The study comprised a total of 150 participants, with an equal gender distribution (75 fathers and 75 mothers). Data collection tools included a consent form booklet, a demographic information sheet, and the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience. The study's findings unveiled that fathers of children with disability reported more positive experiences as compared to mothers. Additionally, it was observed that older parents exhibited a broader spectrum of both positive and negative emotions as compared to their younger counterparts. Furthermore, significant differences in negative emotions were identified based on educational levels. The results suggest that mothers may be susceptible to heightened negative emotional experiences, possibly due to their extensive caregiving responsibilities, in contrast to fathers who often participate more in social and recreational activities. These findings underscore the importance of implementing targeted supportive services for mothers by mental health professionals. Addressing negative emotional states is crucial in mitigating potential psychological, physical, and emotional challenges associated with the caregiving role. This study enhances our comprehension of emotional dynamics concerning demographics, emphasizing the necessity for tailored interventions to assist parents in navigating the distinctive challenges they encounter.

Преимущества и риски перфекционизма курсантов образовательных организаций высшего образования МВД России

Introduction. The article deals with the nature of perfectionism, the content of which reflects both its positive and negative consequences. The advantages of perfectionism involve the students' efforts to perfection, self-organisation, and adaptive behaviour. The risks of perfectionism include deep-seated feelings of a person oriented to social approval, conformity to exaggerated standards, avoidance of failures, and overrated level of demands to oneself. This determines negative emotional feelings, anxiety, and stressful states. The aim of the research is to determine the features of perfectionism of cadets with high and low levels of perfectionism and to analyse the risks of its high indicators.&#x0D; The research is based on a sample of 73 people. They were divided into two groups according to the values of perfectionism: with high (n=34) and low (n=39) level.&#x0D; Research methods. The research involved general scientific research methods aimed at data collection, analysis, systematisation and generalisation, as well as empirical methods (testing, interviews). The research was carried out with the help of psychodiagnostic methods: perfectionism questionnaire (N. G. Garanyan, A. B. Kholmogorova), method of diagnosing the level of emotional burnout (V. V. Boyko).&#x0D; Results. The results of the empirical study on the methods used are described and analysed. The results of the study showed reliable differences between the groups with high and low levels of perfectionism, reflecting the presence of significant emotional problems. In the group with a high level of perfectionism the factors of socially oriented type of perfectionist expectations, orientation to exaggerated standards of activity according to the principle "to be the most successful", fixation on failures and mistakes, categorical and polarised thinking were revealed. This type of perfectionism is destructive and its consequences, identified in the research, are reflected in the form of negative emotional experiences, reduction of subjects' professional responsibilities, development of emotional burnout and mental exhaustion.

Level of Negative Emotional States among Parents of Speech and Language Delay

Background: The prevalence and impact of delayed speech and language disorders in children have increasingly become a concern, particularly regarding the psychological well-being of their parents. Prior research has explored various factors influencing parental stress in families with children suffering from different developmental disorders, including Down, Williams, Fragile X, and Prader-Willi syndromes. However, there is a need to understand specifically how delayed speech and language disorders in children affect the emotional states of their parents. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the levels of stress, anxiety, and depression among parents of children with primary and secondary speech and language delays. It sought to identify the predominant emotional states in these parents and understand the relationship between the child's developmental status and the parent's emotional well-being. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Multan, involving parents of 70 children with delayed speech and language disorders. Using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) Inventory, parents were assessed for levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. The study employed a non-probability convenient sampling technique, and the data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), Version 23. Results: The analysis showed significant correlations between depression, anxiety, and stress. Depression had a mean score of 6.986, anxiety had a mean score of 5.529, and stress showed the highest mean score at 7.971. These results indicate that stress is the most prevalent emotional issue among these parents, exceeding the levels of depression and anxiety. Conclusion: The study concludes that parents of children with delayed speech and language disorders in Multan experience high levels of stress, overshadowing other negative emotional states like depression and anxiety. These findings highlight the need for targeted support and interventions for these families, focusing not only on the child's development but also on the mental health and well-being of the caregivers.

Ventromedial hypothalamus relays chronic stress inputs and exerts bidirectional regulation on anxiety state and related sympathetic activity.

Chronic stress can induce negative emotion states, including anxiety and depression, leading to sympathetic overactivation and disturbed physiological homeostasis in peripheral tissues. While anxiety-related neural circuitry integrates chronic stress information and modulates sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, the critical nodes linking anxiety and sympathetic activity still need to be clarified. In our previous study, we demonstrated that the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is involved in integrating chronic stress inputs and exerting influence on sympathetic activity. However, the underlying synaptic and electrophysiological mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we combined in vitro electrophysiological recordings, behavioral tests, optogenetic manipulations, and SNS activity analyses to explore the role of VMH in linking anxiety emotion and peripheral SNS activity. Results showed that the VMH played an important role in bidirectionally regulating anxiety-like behavior and peripheral sympathetic excitation. Chronic stress enhanced excitatory inputs into VMH neurons by strengthening the connection with the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVN), hence promoting anxiety and sympathetic tone outflow, an important factor contributing to the development of metabolic imbalance in peripheral tissues and cardiovascular diseases.

Emotional Status and Psychological Well-Being in the Educational Opposition Process

The process to become a public teacher in Spain involves a very strict examination. In order to pass this exam, a high level of emotional competence is required. During the preparation for this test, symptoms related to anxiety, depression and stress are experienced. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of negative emotional state on emotional intelligence and psychological wellbeing as a function of the number of sittings in the competitive examination process. The research design was quantitative and exploratory. The sample consisted of 3578 candidates. The results show an increase in the effect of negative emotional states on emotional intelligence and psychological well-being in candidates who have taken part in the selection process more than twice. It is concluded that negative emotional states increase in their effect on emotional and psychological well-being as the number of exams taken increases.

Mothers' depressive symptoms and children's behavioral adjustment: The role of negative parental emotional states.

The contribution of fathers and family dynamics to the deleterious effects of mothers' depressive symptoms on children's behavioral adjustment has been evaluated in this study. Using longitudinal data spanning from toddlerhood to grade school (N = 1,311), this study examined whether negative emotional states in both parents related to mothers' cumulative depressive symptoms during the early years of children were associated with children's later internalizing and externalizing problems in grade school. A random intercept cross-lagged panel model was used to segregate between- and within-individual effects. The results demonstrated that, independent of fathers' depressive symptoms, high levels of maternal cumulative depressive symptoms were positively associated with negative emotional states in both parents over time, which then independently mediated the longitudinal associations between mothers' depressive symptoms and children's subsequent behavioral maladjustment, particularly internalizing problems, at the between-individual trait level. The findings highlight the interdependence of family members from a longitudinal perspective and support the unique contributions of both parents' negative emotional states to better understand children's behavioral adjustment in the context of maternal depressive symptoms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).