Negative Effects Of Smoking Research Articles

Smoking Products Suppress Type I IFN During SARS-Cov-2 Infection

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which can lead to the development severe pneumonia. While some hospital data shows a positive correlation between smoking and severe pneumonia, more molecular-level mechanisms need to be determined. The previous study investigates the mechanism of the negative effect of smoking on anti-viral infection on Type I interferons (IFNs). Research has shown that Type I IFNs play an important role in defending against SARS-Cov-2. Here, we want to investigate smoking components’ effects on SARS-CoV-2 at the molecular level in vitro and give some ideas on the correlation between smoking and syndrome.

A case of successful implant treatment of a patient with alcohol and tobacco addiction

The negative effects of smoking and poor oral hygiene on the outcome of implant placement can be related to many factors, and their mechanism can be mediated by both local and systemic biological pathways. The effects of smoking on the survival and success of implants are more pronounced in areas of poor trabecular bone quality. In this report, we present a case of a 64-year-old patient with low oral hygiene and multiple upper jaw gangrenous roots. Relatives reported that the patient suffers from chronic alcoholism and tobacco abuse. The patient insisted on implant treatment, which he was subsequently subjected to, although he is warned about the risks. The oral cavity was rehabilitated and the existing gangrenous roots were extracted under antibiotic therapy including penicillin. In the postoperative period, extremely good wound healing of the patient was observed, with no early or late bleeding..

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with coronary heart disease of elderly age groups

Background. Among the combinations of comorbid conditions, a special role belongs to the combination of coronary heart disease (CHD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Because COPD is often associated with CHD, most authors believe that there is a direct link between COPD, progression of bronchial obstruction, and pathological conditions of the cardiovascular system, including mortality from myocardial infarction. In elderly patients, according to some researchers, the link between COPD and CHD is most pronounced.
 Objective. To establish the frequency of COPD in patients with CHD in older age groups.
 Materials and methods. The studies are based on the results of a comprehensive survey of 635 patients with CHD aged 60-89 years, who were observed for a long time of the State Institution “Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”.
 Results and discussion. The share of patients with CHD in whom COPD was detected in the group of elderly people is 19.4 %. This is much more than the average population. The frequency of COPD in patients with CHD decreases significantly with further aging. The prevalence of COPD among elderly patients is much lower than among elderly patients. This can most likely be explained by the fact that a significant proportion of patients with CHD with COPD do not live to old age. The analysis revealed that in elderly patients there is bronchial obstruction of more severe stages. This is due to the fact that CHD patients with COPD who live to old age have worsening bronchial patency due to the longer duration of the disease. It has been established that the majority of patients with CHD with COPD, both elderly and senile, are male. This can be explained by the negative effects of smoking.
 Conclusions. The incidence of COPD in patients with CHD in the elderly is much higher than in the population. At the same time, the incidence of COPD among patients with CHD in the elderly is much lower than among the elderly. In patients of advanced age bronchial obstruction is more expressed.

Drug-induced headache in young people of reproductive age with tobacco addiction

Drug-induced headache (DIH) is one of the most common forms of chronic headache (CH). Management of patients with DIH remains a pressing problem of modern medicine. This condition is characterized by headache over 15 days a month for more than 3 months. On the basis of the BSMU Clinic, we assessed the health status of young people with DIH and nicotine addiction. Patients with nicotine addiction were evaluated for the degree of negative effect of smoking on respiratory function.
 It was found that the majority of patients took monocomponent analgesics, and the minority of patients took combined analgesics and triptans; compared with young men, young women were less likely to seek medical advice if the episodes of headache became more frequent; however, uncontrolled use of painkillers was observed more often in males. In the absence of an analgesic effect 30 h after medication intake, young men repeated the medication in 60% of cases.
 Educational programs about DIH and the development of CHs with associated nicotine addiction may play an important in preventing the development of the condition.

Argumentation Study of College Students Who Are Smokers

This study aims to examine the arguments of college students who are smokers at Universitas Tidar (Tidar University). The research method used in this study is a survey method with two instruments which are interview and questionnaire conducted in December 2019. The data is analyzed by using descriptive qualitative method. The respondents in this study are 15 college students from some faculties in Universitas Tidar. Based on the result of interview and questionnaire, it shows that in the campus environment, there are some students who know the rules about the prohibition of smoking in the campus environment especially Universitas Tidar. In fact, a research about the argumentation study of college students who are smokers shows that there are still some students who smoke in the campus environment. Moreover, 67% of the college students are not ashamed when the lecturers see them smoking. In addition, the results obtained as much as 100% of respondents know about the negative effects of smoking. However, there are only 67% of respondents who just have the desire to stop smoking and it even has not been realized. They are still smoking with the reason that they still feel the advantages or positive effects of smoking for them. As the example, smoking can increase their morale and reduce stress. They also have not felt the negative effects on their health conditions such as breathless and current finances.

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ МЕТОДА ЭКСПРЕСС-ДИАГНОСТИКИ НЕГАТИВНОГО ВЛИЯНИЯ КУРЕНИЯ КАК УПРАВЛЯЕМОГО ПРОЦЕССА В ПРАКТИКЕ ВРАЧА-СТОМАТОЛОГА

Subject. Tobacco smoking is a common bad habit in the world. The problem of smoking affects not only social, but also medical, including dental, aspects. The irritating effect of nicotine on the oral mucosa and salivary glands leads to the development of stomatitis, xerostomia and halitosis. Prevention of diseases of the oral cavity of smokers has its own characteristics in connection with changes in plaque and oral fluid. The article presents the experience of rapid diagnostics of the negative effects of smoking as a controlled process in the practice of a dentist.
 The aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of rapid diagnosis in chronic smokers based on a statistical analysis of the type of microcrystallization of mixed saliva (CC).
 Methodology. A clinical examination of the oral cavity of 120 volunteers (58 women and 62 men) aged 18 to 44 years (average age — 22.50 ± 2.59 years) was conducted. The main group of smokers included 75 people, the comparison group (non-smoking volunteers) — 45. SS sampling and statistical analysis of microcrystallization types in smokers and non-smokers were performed twice: before and 15 minutes after smoking.
 Results. The appearance of pathological morphotypes of microcrystallization SS indicates the negative effect of tobacco smoking on oral fluid. Data were obtained on the deterioration of the function of saliva in smokers, which creates the conditions for enhancing pathological processes in the oral cavity.
 Conclusions. Smoking negatively affects the morphological picture — the microcrystalline structure of the SS. Structural changes in crystallized SS can serve as diagnostic signs of diseases and can be used in the diagnosis and prevention of diseases of the oral organs during smoking.

Health Promotion for Tobacco Control

Tobacco consumption is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and has been correlated with negative health consequences. Tobacco use also burdens the global economy This paper is an overview of health promotions for tobacco control in the Louisiana. This paper is not intended to provide an exhaustive literature review but to highlight health on the basis for discussing future research directions. An increase in health promotion efforts about the detrimental health effects of tobacco use may result in higher levels of knowledge about the negative effects of smoking. Awareness of populations through health promotion strategies is a primary tool for tobacco prevention and cessation. An education of the public is an important part of the efforts to prevent the initiation of smoking use and encourage smoking cessation. Keywords : Health promotion, tobacco, tobacco control DOI : 10.7176/PPAR/10-1-07 Publication date: January 31 st 2020

An assessment of compliance with the provisions of Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act 2003: Is Shimla a smoke-free city?

. Tobacco consumption in any form is a major contributor to non-communicable diseases, and it is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide. Secondhand smoke is also harmful. To halt the smoking epidemic and protect people from second-hand smoke, the Government of India enacted the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) in 2003. . We ascertained compliance with the provisions of COTPA 2003 at 183 public places and 41 transport facilities of Shimla city from August 2017 to July 2018. . Only 48% of public places had good compliance with the provisions of COTPA 2003. On average, a public place was found to be compliant with 7 of 10 key indicators of Section 4. Educational institutes and government offices had a higher rate of compliance compared to other places. Active smoking and signages signalling ban on smoking were observed in 17% and 95.6% of public places, respectively. Smoking aids (e.g. ashtrays) were observed at <10% of places. A designated smoking area was not seen at any public place. . Overall compliance of the Act was low with less than half the places having satisfactory compliance with Section 4. There is a need to raise awareness about the negative effects of smoking on health and environment and ensure strict adherence to the provisions of COTPA 2003.

Workshop: To regulate or not to regulate: that is still the question

Abstract Public health has always had a close relation with regulation. In the middle ages, the spread of infectious diseases was regulated by imposing a quarantine on travellers, this measure is still the first step to containment of an infectious disease. In the last century, public health regulation was also aimed at smoking, for instance implementing laws to ban smoking in public places (e.g restaurants). These regulations are very often combined with public health information campaigns on how to quit, the negative effects of smoking and passive smoking. In recent years, public health still calls for regulations now aiming at food, such as the fat tax, soda tax and sugar tax. Regulating for public health is a complex and sensitive issue. Sometimes it is used to solve public health’s failings at promoting a healthy lifestyle. For instance, the information campaigns to overcome obesity and invite people to eat healthily and exercise were not as successful as planned and the obesity epidemic remains an increasing problem. So, law kicked in and taxation policies to change dietary behaviours were introduced. Taxation policies, however, are controversial and widely discussed. The term ‘Nanny-State’ where the government is regarded as overprotective or as interfering unduly with personal choice, comes to mind and this has a negative impact on public health. The question remains: should we regulate for healthier behaviour or not. In this workshop, we are going to try answer this question. After two general presentations, we have 3 country examples of the relation between law/regulations and public health, followed by a discussion with the audience. Key messages Regulation can be one of the tools to promote public health. Careful consideration should be given before regulating for public health.

RESPON REMAJA TERHADAP PERINGATAN BAHAYA MEROKOK DALAM BENTUK TEKS DAN GAMBAR PADA KEMASAN ROKOK

Health warning in the images Pictorial Health Warning on cigarette packs could actually preventincreasing number of victims of novice smokers. Because of the figures packs of smokingcigarettes, smokers beginners will think again about resume the smoking habits. The research goalis to find response to the warning of the dangers of smoking adolescents in the form of text andpictures on cigarette packs. This research method is qualitative research wich descriptiveexploratory design. Selection participant in this study using a snowball sampling technique. Datawere collected by interview. Data analysis is done manually, where the first researcher to make atranscript of the interview obtained from listen to repeated recording and remarks interview flew(filed notes). Results showed that all the informant knows about the contents of a messagewarning of the dangers of smoking on cigarette packs. No teenagers can name correctly and cleartext content and image are printed on cigarette packs. Teens are afraid of the warning bud didnot make teens stop smoking. This can be caused by the delivery of information is not frequentlyand continuously get by teenagers per day according to the needs and purchasing power of theyouth. It can also because by teens fear whens buying cigarette with the packaging and store itwill likely be examined and acknowledged by parents and supervisors orphanage. It is hoped allparties contribute to preventing and addressing smoking behavior in the adolescent. The approachto preventing and addressing smoking approaches such as providing information about thedangers or negative effects of smoking, but touches affectional necessary.

Vaporized vs Combusted Nicotine: A Biomechanical Comparison of Achilles Tendon Healing in a Rat Model

Category:Basic Sciences/BiologicsIntroduction/Purpose:The negative effects of smoking have been well documented following orthopedic injury. Though nicotine has been shown to be detrimental to musculoskeletal tissue healing, nicotine in the form of “Vaping” is being increasingly used as a perceived healthier alternative to actual smoking and may theoretically obviate many of the harmful volatiles and chemicals contained within combusted tobacco that are additionally harmful to musculoskeletal healing. Our objective was to evaluate the biomechanical and histological effects on Achilles tendon repair between rats that inhaled combusted tobacco, versus those with isolated nicotine exposure via vaping, versus a control group.Methods:54 Sprague Dawley rats were randomly placed in a control, vaping, or cigarette cohort. Each group contained 17 rats and exposure occurred six days per week. The smoking cohort was exposed to 2 unfiltered University of Kentucky research cigarettes in a previously validated smoking chamber (Figure 1). The vaping group was exposed to e-cigarette vapor with equivalent nicotine exposure over ten minutes at a flow rate of 2.4 L/min. The control group was placed in the smoking chamber with room air flowing through the chamber. All rats received their respective daily exposures for 4 weeks prior to surgery when surgical transection and repair of the Achilles tendon was performed. Following surgery, the rats continued 2 additional weeks of smoking, vaping, or control exposure. After sacrifice, Achilles tendons were harvested and tested with controlled tension to failure. Histology (n = 2 per group) was performed with a standard H&E protocol.Results:Tensile load testing evaluated maximum force to rupture and tissue stiffness amongst the three cohorts. The control group demonstrated highest mean tensile strength of 41.0 N (18.3-55.1 N), with the cigarette cohort having the second highest mean tensile strength at 37.3 N (14.0-54.7 N), and finally the vaping group had the lowest at 32.28 8 N (17.8-45.1 N). One-way ANOVA with heterogeneity of variance was used for evaluation. There was a significant difference detected in load to failure when comparing controls to e-cigarettes (p=0.026). No statistical difference was seen between controls vs cigarettes (p=0.35). Histological analysis demonstrated no difference among groups.Conclusion:Our investigation demonstrates that, in a rat model, isolated nicotine exposure via ”vaping” significantly impedes biomechanical healing properties of Achilles tendon surgical repair. Though smoking resulted in a lower maximum force to failure as compared to control in these samples, this difference was not significant. While E-cigarettes are often utilized as a perceived “safer” alternative to smoking combusted tobacco, this study suggests that use of e-cigarettes may be more detrimental to tendon healing than combusted tobacco in a rat Achilles model.

Nicotine-free, nontransgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum l.) edited by CRISPR-Cas9.

Nicotine-free, nontransgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum l.) edited by CRISPR-Cas9.

Comparison of Achilles Tendon Healing After Exposure to Combusted Tobacco, Vaping, and Control in a Rat Model

Objectives: The negative effects of smoking have been well documented following orthopedic injury. Though nicotine has been shown to be detrimental to musculoskeletal tissue healing, nicotine in the form of “Vaping” is being increasingly used as a perceived healthier alternative to actual smoking. It may theoretically obviate many of the harmful volatiles and chemicals contained within combusted tobacco that are additionally harmful to musculoskeletal healing, beyond just nicotine. The literature has yet to establish the benefits, or lack thereof, to exposure of e-cigarettes and their effect on tendon healing when compared to traditional combusted tobacco. Our objective was to evaluate the biomechanical and histological effects on Achilles tendon repair between inhaled combusted tobacco versus isolated nicotine exposure via vaping versus a control group in a small animal (Sprague Dawley Rat) model. Methods: 54 Sprague Dawley rats were randomly placed in a control, vaping, or cigarette cohort. Each group contained 17 rats for exposure and they were exposed six days per week. The smoking cohort was exposed to 2 unfiltered University of Kentucky research cigarettes in a smoking chamber (Image 1). The vaping group was exposed to e-cigarette vapor with equivalent nicotine exposure as compared to the cigarette group, over ten minutes at a flow rate of 2.4 L/min. The control group was placed in the smoking chamber with room air flowing through the chamber. All rats received their respective daily exposures for 4 weeks prior to surgery where transection and repair of the Achilles tendon was performed. Following surgery, the rats received 2 additional weeks of smoking vs vaping vs control exposure. After sacrifice, Achilles tendons were harvested and tested with tensile and a load to failure model (Image 2). Histological samples were sent for analysis. Results: Tensile load testing evaluated maximum force to rupture and tissue stiffness amongst the three cohorts. The control group demonstrated highest mean tensile strength of 41.0 N (18.3-55.1 N), with the cigarette cohort having the second highest mean tensile strength at 37.3 N (14.0-54.7 N), and finally the vaping group had the lowest at 32.28 N (17.8-45.1 N). One-way ANOVA with heterogeneous of variance was used for evaluation. There was a significant difference noted in load to failure when comparing controls to e-cigarettes (p=0.026). No statistical difference was seen between controls vs cigarettes (p=0.35). Histological analysis is in progress. Conclusion: Our investigation demonstrates that in a rat model, isolated nicotine exposure via ”vaping” significantly impedes biomechanical healing properties of Achilles tendon surgical repair. Though smoking resulted in a lower maximum force to failure as compared to control, this difference was not significant. While E-cigarettes are often utilized as a perceived “safer” alternative to smoking combusted tobacco, this study suggests that use of e-cigarettes may be more detrimental to tendon healing than combusted tobacco in a rat Achilles model.

The moderating effect of childhood disadvantage on the associations between smoking and occupational exposure and lung function; a cross sectional analysis of the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS)

BackgroundLung function is lower in people with disadvantaged socio-economic position (SEP) and is associated with hazardous health behaviours and exposures. The associations are likely to be interactive, for example, exposure to socially patterned environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in childhood is associated with an increased effect of smoking in adulthood. We hypothesise that disadvantaged childhood SEP increases susceptibility to the effects of hazards in adulthood for lung function. We test whether disadvantaged childhood SEP moderates smoking, physical activity, obesity, occupational exposures, ETS and air pollution’s associations with lung function.MethodsData are from the Nurse Health Assessment (NHA) in waves two and three of the United Kingdom Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS). Analysis is restricted to English residents aged at least 20 for women and 25 for men, producing a study population of 16,339. Lung function is measured with forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and standardised to the percentage of expected FEV1 for a healthy non-smoker of equivalent age, gender, height and ethnicity (FEV1%). Using STATA 14, a mixed linear model was fitted with interaction terms between childhood SEP and health behaviours and occupational exposures. Cross level interactions tested whether childhood SEP moderated household ETS and neighbourhood air pollution’s associations with FEV1%.ResultsSEP, smoking, physical activity, obesity, occupational exposures and air pollution were associated with lung function. Interaction terms indicated a significantly stronger negative association between disadvantaged childhood SEP and currently smoking (coefficient -6.47 %, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 9.51 %, 3.42 %) as well as with formerly smoking and occupational exposures. Significant interactions were not found with physical activity, obesity, ETS and air pollution.ConclusionThe findings suggest that disadvantaged SEP in childhood may make people’s lung function more susceptible to the negative effects of smoking and occupational exposures in adulthood. This is important as those most likely to encounter these exposures are at greater risk to their effects. Policy to alleviate this inequality requires intervention in health behaviours through public health campaigns and in occupational health via health and safety legislation.

Smoking is Associated With 1-year Suboptimal Patient-reported Outcomes After 2-level Anterior Cervical Fusion.

Retrospective cohort study. To study the impact of smoking on patient-reported outcomes after primary 2-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). Previous studies have found suboptimal outcomes after multilevel ACDF in smoking patients. There is contrasting evidence on the negative effects of smoking in single-level ACDF, while there are no specific reports in 2-level ACDF. Adding knowledge of smoking's impact on patient-reported outcomes (PRO) will help in tailored patient counseling and preoperative education. Patients 18 years of age or older at a single academic institution who underwent 2-level ACDF to treat cervical radiculopathy and/or myelopathy between September 2013 and September 2015 were included. PRO was studied using the neck disability index (NDI) preoperatively, and at 3, 6, 12 months. χ test for qualitative variables, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and unpaired t test for quantitative variables were used for statistical analysis. A total of 61 patients, of which 23 (37.7%) were classified as smokers were included. Demographic and clinical profile of patients was similar both groups. Preoperatively, smokers had a mean NDI of 62.8±12.7 with a 17.5%, 18.7%, and 27.7% decrease at 3, 6, and 12-months, respectively. Nonsmokers had a mean preoperative NDI of 45.9±15.3, with a 36.4%, 61.2% and 65.4% decrease at 3, 6, and 12-months, respectively. Despite higher baseline NDI in smokers, improvement in NDI reached significance at 3-months in nonsmokers. In smokers, the improvement in NDI was slower and reached significance at 12-months. The radiographic fusion status at latest follow-up was similar in smokers and nonsmokers (P=0.67). Smokers had lower improvements in NDI scores compared to nonsmokers after a 2-level ACDF. Preoperative counseling before 2-level ACDF should include education about risks of inferior clinical outcomes in smokers independent of fusion status.

SMOKING PREVALENCE AND AWARENESS OF THE DETRIMENT OF TOBACCO SMOKING AMONG STUDENTS IN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

Introduction. A high level of tobacco use among medical workers is registered in Russia. The adherence to this bad habit can undermine the medical professionals’ authority and reduce the effectiveness of the preventive work with the population. The goal of this research was to determine the smoking prevalence among medical students, their level of awareness of health risks, and attitudes of smokers to this bad habit. Material and methods. The survey concerning the prevalence and attitudes towards smoking was conducted among the students of the medical faculty of the Sechenov University. Students were asked about biographical data, health status at the time of the survey, attitudes towards healthy lifestyles and smoking, the respondents’ awareness of the detriment of tobacco smoking, attitudes to the anti-smoking campaign. A separate block of questions was addressed to smokers (smoking experience, smoking intensity, reasons for initiation). Results. Of the 531 respondents, 18.0% were smokers at the time of the survey, 9.4% were former smokers, 72.5% never smoked. 59.6% of smokers had low smoking intensity. 3.2% of smokers had high smoking intensity. Smoking experience in both sex groups averaged 4.56 years. The main reasons for students’ initiation to smoking were curiosity (27.8%), the influence of the closest active smoking environment (21.5%), as well as existing problems in the family and the educational process (16.7%). Most of the students were informed about the negative effects of smoking and 82.7% of current smokers planned to give up smoking. 94% of smokers believed they to need professional help to stop smoking. Discussion. The prevalence of smoking among students at Sechenov University is comparable to the data of the Global Survey of Medical Students. Conclusions. Smoking is still common among medical students. The training of future health care workers in knowledge and skills to stop smoking should be carried out within an additional curriculum in a medical university.

Widespread pain and pain intensity in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. A cross-sectional comparison between smokers and non-smokers.

AimThe aim was to investigate if smoking status at time for diagnoses of rheumatoid arthritis was associated with pain intensity or pain spread.DesignA cross‐sectional study conducted in 2012–2013.MethodsSeventy‐eight patients, of whom 16 were current smokers and 62 never or previous smokers, with newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis were assessed as to pain intensity, widespread pain and disease activity.ResultsOf the participants, 56% had unacceptable pain, 77% had spread pain and 28% had chronic widespread pain. There were no differences in pain intensity, widespread pain or chronic widespread pain between smoking status groups. However, there was a positive association between pain intensity and disease activity, r = 0.52.ConclusionIn this study, patients with early rheumatoid arthritis had a high‐frequency unacceptable pain and wide spread pain, irrespective of smoking status. However, we cannot exclude that the inflammatory‐associated pain overshadowed a possible negative effect of smoking.

EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THE DISEASE PROGNOSIS IN CANCER PATIENTS

Smoking not only increases the risk of the development of malignant tumors (MT), but affects the disease prognosis, mortality and survivability of cancer patients. The link between the smoking of cancer patients and increased risk of death by all diseases and oncological causes has been established. Mortality increases with the growth of the smoking intensity, i.e. the number of cigarettes, smoked per day. Smoking is associated with the worst general and oncological survivability. The statistically trend-line between the smoking intensity and survivability was observed: each additional unit of cigarette consumption (pack/year) leads to the Overall Survival Reduction by 1% (p = 0.002). The link between smoking and the risk of developing second primary tumors has been confirmed. Smoking increases the likelihood of side effects of the antitumor therapy both drug therapy and radiation therapy and reduces the treatment efficacy. The smoking cessation leads to a significant improvement in the prognosis of a cancer patient. Scientific data on the negative effect of smoking on the prognosis of cancer patients have a major clinical importance. The treatment program for cancer patients should include science-based methods for the smoking cessation. The latter is fundamentally important, taking into account that the smoking frequency among cancer patients is much higher than in the population.

The Acute Impact of Hatha Yoga on Craving Among Smokers Attempting to Reduce or Quit

Despite negative effects of smoking, smokers have difficulty quitting, suggesting a need for additional strategies to help them quit. A single-session hatha yoga intervention acutely reduced craving among nicotine-deprived smokers not attempting to reduce or quit, yet it is unknown if it reduces craving among those attempting to change their smoking. Thus, this study tested the efficacy of a single-session hatha yoga intervention for acutely reducing craving among smokers attempting to reduce or quit smoking. Data presented are part of a larger dissertation project. Participants were 55 community-recruited smokers (62% male) motivated to reduce or quit smoking randomized to one session of hatha yoga (n = 25) or wellness control (ie, reading educational materials about healthy lifestyle; n = 30) on their intervention day (ie, the day on which they began to reduce or quit smoking). Participants rated, "I have a desire for a cigarette right now," on a 7-point Likert scale immediately before and after the intervention. After statistically controlling for CO in breath, participant type, age, gender, race, and ethnicity, a significant Time × Condition interaction was found, F(1, 47) = 4.72, p = .035, ηp2 = .09, suggesting craving decreased at a greater rate in the hatha yoga condition relative to the wellness condition. Results from this study add to a growing body of research demonstrating the potential clinical utility of hatha yoga as an adjunctive intervention tool for smoking cessation. This is the first known study to test the impact of a single-session hatha yoga intervention on craving among adult smokers attempting to reduce or quit smoking. We found that 30 minutes of hatha yoga produced a greater reduction in craving compared to a 30-minute wellness control condition. This relationship was evident even after statistically accounting for other important variables (eg, gender). Results of this study add to a growing body of literature demonstrating the potential clinical utility of hatha yoga as an adjunctive intervention strategy for smoking cessation.

Patient perceptions and willingness to stop smoking prior to foot and ankle surgery

Background: Much attention has been focused on the effects of cigarette smoking on surgical outcomes and bone healing. There has been a recent push to educate patients on the negative effects of smoking on orthopaedic injuries and surgery and to provide support to patients during the smoking cessation process. The goal of this study was to determine whether patients are aware of the orthopaedic effects of smoking and to determine their level of interest in a supervised smoking cessation program. Methods: A five-question survey was given to patients who were admitted smokers, along with a short explanation of the deleterious effects of smoking on bones, soft tissue, and wound healing. In addition to questions on how long and how much patients smoked, the survey included questions assessing the patient’s knowledge of the deleterious effects of smoking and their willingness to stop smoking. Results: Two hundred thirty-seven patients completed the survey. Of these patients, 104 (44%) indicated that they were unaware of the effects that smoking had on bone and wound healing. Eighty-two percent (195/237) indicated that with this knowledge they would be interested in a smoking cessation program, with 188 (96%) indicating they would stop smoking if their surgery were delayed until they did. Eighteen percent (42/237) were not interested in a smoking cessation program. Conclusions: This study indicates that a short discussion of smoking cessation after injury or before elective foot and ankle surgery and referral to a smoking cessation program could positively affect outcomes in smokers undergoing foot and ankle procedures.