Negative Deviations Research Articles

Implementation of Fuzzy C-Means in Clustering Stunting Prone Areas

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem that occurs in toddlers, defined based on height for age (TB/U) which is less than two negative standard deviations or a toddler's height is shorter than it should be. Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem in toddlers, characterized by a shorter height than the height of children his age. Bulungan Regency is one of 160 urban regencies in Indonesia that is intervened to focus on reducing stunting. Based on these problems, this study aims to determine the cluster of stunting vulnerabilities in Bulungan Regency. The method used is Fuzzy C-Means (FCM). The results of this study are that the area in cluster 1 has a high level of vulnerability because it has the lowest level of adequacy of posyandu (active) and high incidence of LBW in infants, cluster 2 has a moderate level of vulnerability because it has an adequate level of puskesmas, adequacy of posyandu (active), the adequacy of doctors, the adequacy of nutritionists, the adequacy of midwives, the percentage of moderate LBW, and cluster 3 have a low level of vulnerability because they have a low average percentage of LBW and a high level of adequacy of posyandu (active) in the area.

Mixing Enthalpies of Liquid Ag-Mg-Pb Alloys: Experiment vs. Thermodynamic Modeling.

A drop calorimetric method was used to measure liquid Ag–Mg–Pb alloys. The partial and integral mixing enthalpies of the investigated alloys were determined at a temperature of 1116 K. The experiments were performed for four separate series starting from binary alloys with a constant xMg/xPb ratio of 1/3, 1, 3 ((Mg0.25Pb0.75)1−xAgx, (Mg0.50Pb0.50)1−xAgx, (Mg0.75Pb0.25)1−xAgx) and xAg/xMg ratio of 1/3 (Ag0.25Mg0.75)1−xPbx. Next, the ternary interaction parameters were determined using the Muggianu model, the thermodynamic properties of binary systems in the form of the Redlich-Kister equations and the values of the mixing enthalpy changes, which were determined in this study. The partial mixing enthalpies of Ag, Mg, and Pb were calculated based on the binary and elaborated ternary interaction parameters for the same intersections in which the measurements were conducted. It was found that the ternary Ag-Mg-Pb liquid solutions are characterized by negative deviations from the ideal solutions, with a maximal value slightly lower than –13 kJ/mol for alloys with the ratio (Mg0.75Pb0.25) and xAg = 0.4166.

Mean-Semivariance Policy Optimization via Risk-Averse Reinforcement Learning

Keeping risk under control is often more crucial than maximizing expected reward in real-world decision-making situations, such as finance, robotics, autonomous driving, etc. The most natural choice of risk measures is variance, while it penalizes the upside volatility as much as the downside part. Instead, the (downside) semivariance, which captures the negative deviation of a random variable under its mean, is more suitable for risk-averse proposes. This paper aims at optimizing the mean-semivariance (MSV) criterion in reinforcement learning w.r.t. steady rewards. Since semivariance is time-inconsistent and does not satisfy the standard Bellman equation, the traditional dynamic programming methods are inapplicable to MSV problems directly. To tackle this challenge, we resort to the Perturbation Analysis (PA) theory and establish the performance difference formula for MSV. We reveal that the MSV problem can be solved by iteratively solving a sequence of RL problems with a policy-dependent reward function. Further, we propose two on-policy algorithms based on the policy gradient theory and the trust region method. Finally, we conduct diverse experiments from simple bandit problems to continuous control tasks in MuJoCo, which demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed methods.

Nonideality and cocrystal formation in l-menthol/xylenol eutectic systems

Nonideality and cocrystal formation affect the solid–liquid equilibria (SLE) in eutectic systems. This study investigates the influence of the molecular structure of xylenol (dimethylphenol) isomers on the nonideality and cocrystal formation in eutectic systems containing l-menthol and five different xylenol isomers. Differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction analyses were employed to comprehend the SLE phase diagram of the studied systems. l-Menthol did not form cocrystals with xylenol isomers having a methyl group at position 2. In contrast, two cocrystals were observed in the l-menthol/3,4-xylenol systems at 1:2 and 2:1 ratios, and one cocrystal was observed in the 1:1 l-menthol/3,5-xylenol system. The liquid phase of all systems showed a strong negative deviation from ideality, except the l-menthol/2,6-xylenol eutectic system, which exhibited a near-ideal behavior. The nonideality of the liquid phase was modeled using the conductor-like screening model for realistic solvation (COSMO-RS) using TZVP and TZVPD_FINE parameterizations, finding that COSMO-RS can reasonably describe the liquid phase nonideality and predict the SLE phase diagram of simple eutectic systems and systems with cocrystal formation.

Impact of technological and operational deviations of the thread flank angle on the fatigue life of the tool joint

The total effect of technological and operational factors can lead to various types of deviations of the flank angle of the tool joint thread profile, which are uneven along the axis. It is shown that uneven deviations of the flank angle appear when tapered threading with a lathe tool with a non-zero rake angle. To analyse the effect of these deviations on the fatigue strength of the joint, a parametric axisymmetric finite element model of the ZN-80 tool joint was developed in Abaqus/CAE. In the fe-safe program, dependences of the fatigue life in the thread roots on the deviations of the flank angle of the pin thread were obtained. The box thread has not been changed. To increase the fatigue strength of the pin, in most of the cases considered, negative deviations of the flank angle of the short flank of the pin thread should be avoided, and preference should be given to positive ones. Negative relative deviations of both flanks usually worsen the fatigue strength of the pin due to the "wedge" effect. Types of deviations have been found that significantly increase fatigue strength and have an “anti-wedge” effect or equalize the load in the thread. They need detailed studies and can be the basis for optimizing the values of flank angle deviations on each turn.

Factor analysis of gas wells’ operating parameters

The paper discusses methodological approaches to the use of deterministic factor analysis for identifying the sources of changes in gas wells’ parameters under steady-state gas inflow obeying linear and non-linear filtration laws. Factor analysis methods make it possible to quantify the degree of influence of individual factors on the deviation of the indicator under study. In accordance with the methodology of factor analysis, mathematical models of the factor system were substantiated for linear and non-linear gas filtration, a set of factors of influence was determined, and ready-made solutions for factor analysis of gas wells’ operating parameters were obtained. In the paper, the method of weighted finite differences was substantiated and investigated with the aim of factor analyzing gas wells’ mode of operation and obtaining formulas to calculate the increment in gas production caused by changes in factors. Approbation of working formulas for assessing the degree of influence of factors on either positive or negative deviations in the gas flow rate was carried out with respect to the parameters of the wells of underground gas storages in the cycles of withdrawal and injection. The obtained formulas for factor analysis of gas wells make it possible to quantify the influence of such factors as reservoir and bottomhole pressures, filtration resistance coefficients, on the deviation of gas flow rate. Further ranking of wells by factors constitutes the basis for managing gas withdrawal (injection) processes and for well interventions planning.

Validation, analysis, and comparison of MISR V23 aerosol optical depth products with MODIS and AERONET observations

The latest Multi-angle Imaging Spectro Radiometer (MISR) Version (V) 23 aerosol optical depth (AOD) products were released, with an improved spatial resolution of 4.4 km, providing an unprecedented opportunity for the refined regional application. To ensure the reliability of their applications and build a scientific reference for the further optimization, it is imperative to conduct a comprehensive evaluation, especially for the unique size-resolved AOD products: small-size AOD (AODS, representing the contribution of fine-mode aerosols), medium-size AOD (AODM), and large-size AOD (AODL), and AODM+L represents the AOD part of coarse-mode aerosols. AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) and MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Collection (C) 6.1 aerosol products from 2001 to 2020 are utilized for the validation, analysis, and inter-comparison, considering three spatial scales and four key factors. In general, MISR V23 aerosol products show a good accuracy compared with AERONET. The best performance for all AOD products appears in forest units (the highest R ~ 0.93, data percentage within Expected Error bounds, %EE > 93), related to the inactive human activity and dark underlying surface. Dependences of retrieval deviations illustrate that the performance of MISR AOD deteriorates as aerosol loading increases. Namely, with the increase of aerosols, total AOD (AODT) and AODS show increasing negative deviations, while increasing positive deviations are observed for AODM+L. This suggests that the Empirical Orthogonal Functions do not perform well in this situation, since numerous aerosol particles can obstruct the underlying reflection and reduce the surface spectral contrast. In addition, AODT and AODS often exhibit anomalous positive deviations in areas with low vegetation cover, such as deserts, revealing that MISR will overestimate aerosol content over bright surfaces and in environments dominated by coarse-mode particles. The above findings not only deepen the understanding of MISR aerosols products from multiple perspectives, but also provide useful information for the product improvement.

Streamflow data availability in Europe: a detailed dataset of interpolated flow-duration curves

Abstract. For about 24 000 river basins across Europe, we provide a continuous representation of the streamflow regime in terms of empirical flow-duration curves (FDCs), which are key signatures of the hydrological behaviour of a catchment and are widely used for supporting decisions on water resource management as well as for assessing hydrologic change. In this study, FDCs are estimated by means of the geostatistical procedure termed total negative deviation top-kriging (TNDTK), starting from the empirical FDCs made available by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (DG-JRC) for about 3000 discharge measurement stations across Europe. Consistent with previous studies, TNDTK is shown to provide high accuracy for the entire study area, even with different degrees of reliability, which varies significantly over the study area. In order to provide this kind of information site by site, together with the estimated FDCs, for each catchment we provide indicators of the accuracy and reliability of the performed large-scale geostatistical prediction. The dataset is freely available at the PANGAEA open-access library (Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science) at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.938975 (Persiano et al., 2021b).

Cost and Quality Comparison of Hernia Surgery in Stationary, Day-Patient and Outpatient Care.

Background: Medical progress is increasingly enabling more and more stationary treatment to be provided in the outpatient sector. This development should be welcomed, as healthcare costs have been rising for years. The design of efficient processes and a needs-based infrastructure enable further savings. According to international recommendations (EHS/IEHS), outpatient treatment of unilateral inguinal hernias is recommended. Method: Data from patients in GZO Hospital Wetzikon/Zurich between 2019 and 2021 for unilateral inguinal hernia repair was included in this study (n = 234). Any over- or under-coverage correlated with one of the three treatment groups: stationary, partially stationary and patients treated in outpatients clinic. Complications and 30-day readmissions were also monitored. Results: Final revenue for all patients is −95.36 CHF. For stationary treatments, the mean shifts down to −575.01 CHF, for partially stationary treatments the mean shifts up to −24.73 CHF, and for patients in outpatient clinic final revenue is 793.12 CHF. This result is also consistent with the operation times, which are lowest in the outpatient clinic with a mean of 36 min, significantly longer in the partially stationary setting with 58 min, and longest in the stationary setting with 76 min. The same applies to the anesthesia times and the relevant care times by the nurses as the most important cost factors in addition to the supply and allocation costs. Conclusions: We show that cost-effective elective unilateral inguinal hernia care in the outpatient clinic with profit (mean 793.12 CHF) is possible. Stationary unilateral hernia care (mean −575.01 CHF) is loss-making. Crucial factors for cost efficiency are optimized processes in the operating room (anesthesia, surgical technique and quality, operating time), as well as optimized care processes with minimal preoperative services and care times for the patient. However, at the same time, these optimizations pose a challenge to surgical and anesthesiology training and structures with high levels of preoperative and Postoperative services and pay-as-you-go costs. The complication rate is 0.91% lower than in a comparable study. The readmission within 30 days post-operation results with a positive deviation of −3.53% (stationary) and with a negative deviation of +2.29% (outpatient clinic) compared to a comparative study.

Comparative analysis of intaglio surface trueness of cement-retained implant-supported prostheses generated by a cast-free digital workflow and a three-dimensionally printed cast workflow

Statement of problemComparative analysis of the accuracy of the prostheses produced by a cast-free digital workflow and 3-dimensional (3D) printing cast workflow is lacking. PurposeThe purpose of the present investigation was to compare the intaglio surface trueness of implant-supported prostheses fabricated by using 3 different digital workflows: cast-free computer-aided design (CAD), 3D printed cast CAD (direct insert), and 3D printed cast CAD (indirect insert). Material and methodsThe laboratory data of 11 partially edentulous arches for prosthetic implant treatment were obtained. Three different workflows were tested to produce the cement-retained prostheses: cast-free CAD (Group CF), 3D printed cast CAD with direct insert (Group PD), and 3D printed cast CAD with indirect insert (Group PI). The intaglio surfaces of the prosthesis CAD data from Groups CF, PD, and PI were superimposed with 3D printed prosthesis scan data from Group CF to measure 3D surface deviation. Using the prosthesis CAD data from Group CF as a reference, those from Groups PD and PI were compared by superimposition analysis. The root mean square (RMS) estimates, positive average deviations, and negative average deviations were measured. The Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn test with Bonferroni correction, and the Wilcoxon rank sum test were used for statistical analyses (α=.05). ResultsSignificant differences were found among the 3 groups when the 3D printed prosthesis scan data were referenced (P<.05). Group CF showed the lowest RMS, positive average deviation, and negative deviation values, while Group PI showed the highest values. Significant differences in the RMS, positive average deviation, and negative average deviation values were found between Groups PD and PI when the prosthesis CAD data (Group CF) were referenced (P<.05). ConclusionsAmong the 3 different workflows tested, the prostheses generated from the cast-free CAD flow showed significantly lower intaglio surface deviation than those generated from the 3D printed cast CAD flows, regardless of the insertion method of the implant replicas.

Densities and Viscosities for Binary Liquid Mixtures of n-Aldehydes + Ethanol from 283.15 to 343.15 K at 0.1 MPa

This work reports densities and viscosities of four binary mixtures of aldehydes (C7–C10) + ethanol from 283.15 to 343.15 K at 0.1 MPa. A vibrating tube densimeter is used to measure the experimental densities, while a rolling ball microviscometer measures the dynamic viscosity. Excess molar volumes and viscosity deviations are calculated from the experimental densities and viscosities, respectively. Excess molar volumes show negative deviations, while viscosity deviations are positive. The behavior of these derived properties reflects the formation of hemiacetals by the interaction of the carbonyl and the hydroxyl group as reported in the literature. The aldehyde–alcohol interaction becomes weaker as the temperature rises, reflected in the data behavior. A Redlich–Kister equation is used to correlate both the excess molar volume and the viscosity deviation, within average absolute percentage deviations of 2.738 and 5.928%, respectively. Kinematic viscosities are correlated using the three-body and four-body McAllister equations and the Nava-Ríos equation. The average absolute percentage deviations from the experimental measurements are 2.07, 0.99, and 1.22%, respectively.

Solubility analysis of 18 active pharmaceutical ingredients and intermediates in the non-polar solvents dioxane, toluene and cyclopentyl methyl ether

The temperature dependent solubility of 18 organic compounds, of which some are active pharmaceutical ingredients, was measured in 1,4-dioxane, toluene and cyclopentyl methyl ether over a temperature range between 0 and 70 °C using a turbidity method. The solubility of the studied compounds in the three solvents increases with temperature in all binary solute-solvent systems, and all compounds exhibit a higher solubility in 1,4-dioxane than in toluene and cyclopentyl methyl ether. The non-ideal behaviour of the binary systems was evaluated in terms of the activity coefficient. All the compounds in toluene presented a positive deviation from ideal solution, while both positive and negative deviations were observed for the model compounds in the other two apolar solvents. From the solubility and the activity coefficient, a number of thermodynamic models including van’t Hoff, Apelblat, λh, Margules, van Laar, Wilson, and the Non-Randomness Two Liquids (NRTL) were used for the correlation of the experimental data. The NRTL and the van’t Hoff equations present closer overall correlations, while the Margules and the λh models show deviations >5 % for several compounds in the three solvent systems. The mixing thermodynamic properties of the several solute-solvent systems were further analyzed by the van ‘t Hoff and Wilson equations for a better understanding of the solution behaviour. The analysis revealed systems with apparent ideal behaviour where counteracting non-ideality effects cancel each other’s.

Modeling of thermodynamic properties of Fe-Ni-C, Fe-Cr-C alloys using computational approach

The paper shows the thermodynamic properties of alloys Fe-Cr-C, Fe-Ni-C system using modeling and simulation approach. The thermo-calc software with databases is utilized for calculations and results. The calculation shows alloying at (1900K-2000K) temperature range. The atmospheric pressure is kept constant 106 Pascal. The active phase at 1900K is liquid phase with 1.00 mass % for C compositions. The total Gibbs energy is found decreasing in the Fe-Ni-C system, which shows the stability of the system. The solubility of Cr is found less than the solubility of Ni in the Fe-C system as investigated during activities simulations. The enthalpy and entropy of the system is found of the near linear relation with temperature raise and coupling properties of the alloying.BCC of entropy is more responsive than BCC of enthalpy during alloying. The Fe-Ni-C shows negative deviations from Raoults law and corresponding positive deviations from vegard’s and Henry law. The withstanding phase is graphite with highest thermal expansion coefficient. The highest T-zero fluctuations is noted in the Fe-Cr-C system. The alloy shows the less solubility of the carbon at low temperature, while results the great alloying at higher temperature in the Fe-Ni-C system better industrial aspects.

Does it pay off to act conscientiously, both now and later? Examining concurrent, lagged, and cumulative effects of state conscientiousness

Although previous research has shown that both trait and state conscientiousness are positively associated with a wide range of positive life and work outcomes, some studies indicate that acting in a conscientious way is effortful, and that behaving outside one’s conscientiousness related comfort zone (i.e., acting counterhabitual) may lead to cognitive or affective cost. Because these costs are not likely to be evident immediately, we examine how within-person fluctuations in conscientiousness relate to within-person fluctuations in emotional exhaustion, resource depletion, and negative affect, not only concurrently, but also in a delayed fashion and cumulated over time. In two experience sampling studies, we found that higher levels of conscientiousness are concurrently related to lower levels of emotional exhaustion, resource depletion, and negative affect. When looking at delayed effects, no conclusive evidence was found for affective or cognitive costs of (counterhabitual) conscientiousness. Finally, analyzing cumulative effects revealed that repeated negative deviations from one’s typical level of conscientiousness were positively associated to exhaustion, depletion, and negative affect, while repeated positive deviations were negatively associated with depletion and unrelated to exhaustion and negative affect. Altogether, our findings suggest that self-rated conscientious behavior is generally beneficial, even if this behavior goes against one’s typical behavior.

The Mechanism of Budget Management as an Element of Risk Control in Regulatory Authorities

The activities of economic entities of the public sector in the conditions of uncertainty are associated with many risks, which manifest themselves in negative consequences, i.e., the lower effectiveness of executing assigned powers. Many subjective and objective factors influencing managerial decisions require the knowledge of methods for assessing and managing risks in order to reduce their consequences and achieve the strategic goals of economic entities. There is a promising theory of risk management that does not have the proper theoretical and methodological support, which limits its application. Currently, most studies are concerned with the feasibility of applying and adapting control mechanisms in the public sector. However, the theory of risk control, or risk management, is not considered by modern economists. The objective is to form a budget management mechanism in the Federal Treasury (regulatory body) as an element of risk control. The study considers the optimality and efficiency of the distribution of budgetary funds in the process of exercising the assigned budgetary powers by regulatory authorities and conducting a comprehensive analysis of causes and conditions that affect negative deviations from the standard values. The results of this study contribute to the body of knowledge about risk management, and the proposed approach can be used in similar studies in the public sector.

How Close Are Leading Tropical Tropospheric Temperature Perturbations to Those under Convective Quasi Equilibrium?

Abstract In convective quasi-equilibrium theory, tropical tropospheric temperature perturbations are expected to follow vertical profiles constrained by convection, referred to as A-profiles here, often approximated by perturbations of moist adiabats. Differences between an idealized A-profile based on moist-static energy conservation and temperature perturbations derived from entraining and nonentraining parcel computations are modest under convective conditions—deep convection mostly occurs when the lower troposphere is close to saturation, thus minimizing the impact of entrainment on tropospheric temperature. Simple calculations with pseudoadiabatic perturbations about the observed profile thus provide useful baseline A-profiles. The first EOF mode of tropospheric temperature (TEOF1) from the ERA-Interim and AIRS retrievals below the level of neutral buoyancy (LNB) is compared with these A-profiles. The TEOF1 profiles with high LNB, typically above 400 hPa, yield high vertical spatial correlation (∼0.9) with A-profiles, indicating that tropospheric temperature perturbations tend to be consistent with the quasi-equilibrium assumption where the environment is favorable to deep convection. Lower correlation tends to occur in regions with low climatological LNB, less favorable to deep convection. Excluding temperature profiles with low LNB significantly increases the tropical mean vertical spatial correlation. The temperature perturbations near LNB exhibit negative deviations from the A-profiles—the convective cold-top phenomenon—with greater deviation for higher LNB. In regions with lower correlation, the deviation from A-profile shows an S-like shape beneath 600 hPa, usually accompanied by a drier lower troposphere. These findings are robust across a wide range of time scales from daily to monthly, although the vertical spatial correlation and TEOF1 explained variance tend to decrease on short time scales.

Investigation of the thermal conductivity of molten LiF-NaF-KF with experiments, theory, and equilibrium molecular dynamics

• Thermal conductivity of molten eutectic LiF-NaF-KF is measured from 834 to 1195 K with the variable gap technique. • Thermal conductivity of LiF-NaF-KF is predicted with a kinetic theory derived model and equilibrium molecular dynamics. • Temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of LiF-NaF-KF is discussed from an experimental and theoretical viewpoint. • Inconsistencies between experimental data on thermal conductivity of molten LiF-NaF-KF reported in literature are discussed. • Mapping of the thermal conductivity of LiF-NaF-KF is proposed in the entire range of temperature from 750 K to 1300 K. Molten salts are being proposed for numerous advanced energy applications, including advanced nuclear reactors, concentrating solar power plants, thermal energy storage, and fusion reactors. Accurate knowledge of the thermophysical properties of molten salts directly impact the performance of these energy systems and are essential for design and safety analyses. Thermal conductivity data for fluoride molten salt and mixtures are especially lacking. In this work, experimental measurements of thermal conductivity using the steady-state variable gap technique were performed on eutectic LiF-NaF-KF from 834 to 1195 K. The experiment accounts for radiative, convective, and conductive heat losses. In addition, theoretical and molecular dynamics models are used, from 750 K up to 1300 K, to estimate the thermal conductivity for comparison with the experimental results. The results of experiments show a weak negative deviation of thermal conductivity with temperature, unlike previous experimental results in the literature. The measured thermal conductivity magnitudes agree with the theoretical and molecular dynamics predictions, aside from the data above 1100 K, where heat losses and radiative errors are the most significant, having a 16% maximum deviation from theory. These experimental results provide new thermal conductivity data for the LiF-NaF-KF system and further validation of the predictive models. The theoretical model was used to map the composition and temperature dependent thermal conductivity of LiF-NaF-KF and the mapping’s deviation from a linear additivity estimation of thermal conductivity. This mapping showed the highest deviations from linearity for KF-LiF rich mixtures and increasing deviation with temperature. Notably, the deviation from linearity near the LiF-NaF-KF eutectic composition was around 25%.

Simulation study of neutron multiplicity of plutonium samples of different shapes

In this paper, an optimized boron-coated straw tube neutron multiplicity counter is used to simulate neutron multiplicity for six different shapes of weapons-grade plutonium samples. It was found that under the point model equation, the mass simulation results for samples of different shapes showed different degrees of negative deviations with increasing mass, and the deviations increased with increasing mass. On this basis, the reasons for the deviation are analyzed and a multilayer perceptron is introduced, and three counting rates and preset qualities of samples of different qualities under six shapes are trained. The results showed that the multi-layer perceptron could better fit the relationship between the counting rates of different shapes and the preset quality. The sparrow search algorithm was introduced to optimize the initial weights and thresholds of the multilayer perceptron, and the optimized model was used to predict another four samples of different shapes. The results show that the optimized multilayer perceptron can better fit the relationship between the counting rate and the mass of samples with different shapes. When the sample mass is less than 3 kg, the relative deviation of the three counting rates for samples with four shapes to the sample mass prediction is less than 2%, which meets the requirements of neutron multiplicity measurement.

Measurement and correlation for the electrical conductivity of double salt ionic liquids with triple ions

The neat ionic liquids 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide ([C4C1C1im][NTf2]), 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C4C1C1im][BF4]), N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium tetrafluoroborate ([Deme][BF4]), N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl) ammonium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide ([Deme][NTf2]) were used as parent ionic liquids to generate double salt ionic liquids (DSILs) with triple ions. The conductivity of DSILs [Deme]x[C4C1C1im](1-x)[NTf2], [Deme]x[C4C1C1im](1-x)[BF4], [C4C1C1im][NTf2]x[BF4](1-x) and [Deme][NTf2]x[BF4](1-x) were measured. There is a linear positive deviation for [Deme]x[C4C1C1im](1-x)[NTf2], [Deme]x[C4C1C1im](1-x)[BF4] and [C4C1C1im][NTf2]x[BF4](1-x), which indicates that most of the electrical conductivities of DSILs are greater than those of linear averages of the corresponding parent neat ionic liquids. The electrical conductivities of [Deme]x[C4C1C1im](1-x)[NTf2] and [Deme]x[C4C1C1im](1-x)[BF4] lie in the range of those of their corresponding parent neat ionic liquids. The electrical conductivity of [C4C1C1im][NTf2]x[BF4](1-x) rises with the concentration of [NTf2], and it has a maximum value at x = 0.9, which is larger than either of its parent neat ionic liquids. There is a linear negative deviation for [Deme][NTf2]x[BF4](1-x), which indicates that most of the electrical conductivities of the DSIL is less than that of linear average of the corresponding parent neat ionic liquids. The electrical conductivity of the DSIL lies between those of its parent neat ionic liquids and increases with the concentration of [NTf2]. The VTF equation and the Arrhenius equation were utilized to correlate the temperature dependence of DSILs, and VTF equation is more accurate than Arrhenius equation. The relationships between parameters of VTF equation and ion composition can be expressed by first-order Fourier equation. A transformed VTF equation based on VTF and Fourier equation was proposed to describe the combined effects of ion composition and temperature on the electrical conductivity. The experimental electrical conductivities of DSILs were correlated by the transformed VTF equation, and the correlation results agree well with experimental data.

The Impact of Sintering Technology and Milling Technology on Fitting Titanium Crowns to Abutment Teeth-In Vitro Studies.

Introduction: The aim of the study is to evaluate the marginal and internal fit of titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) crowns using the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) method and CAD/CAM milling. Materials and Methods: The research materials are abutment teeth and prosthetic crowns. The method is based on scanning the abutments and the interior of the substructures, creating their 3D models, using the program for comparison, and determining error maps of fitting crowns to the reference models, in the form of positive and negative deviations. Adding the deviations gives information about the tightness of the crowns. The Shapiro–Wilk test and the one-way ANOVA analysis were performed. The level of significance was p = 0.05. Results: The crowns made in SLM, a slightly better internal fit was found than for milled crowns, as well as a comparable marginal fit. The mean deviations for the sintering were the values [mm]: −0.039 and +0.107 for tooth 15 and −0.033 and +0.091 for tooth 36, and for the milling –0.048 and +0.110 for tooth 15 and –0.038 and +0.096 and for tooth 36. Conclusion: Based on the research conducted and the experience in therapeutic procedures, it can be indicated that the fitting of titanium alloy crowns in SLM and milling meets the clinical requirements. To evaluate the technology, a method was developed that determines the accuracy of mapping the shape of the tooth abutments in the crown substructures for the individual conditions of the patient.