Negative Decision Research Articles

Метод определения количества бездефектных испытаний программного обеспечения автоматизированной системы подготовки данных полета беспилотных летательных аппаратов

Calculating the reliability indicator of software for an automated system of preparing unmanned aerial vehicles flight data is special because of the variety of permitted points of the vehicles departure, one of which cannot be determined in advance. Since data quality control requires significant time resources, it is necessary to define a criterion according to which the entire amount of data is either accepted or rejected, or tests continue. Existing methods for assessing the software reliability index have shortcomings that prevent methods to be practically used in assessing the flight data quality. In this regard, we developed a new method based on monitoring the selection of test variants of input data from the permissible region using the results of syntactic and semantic control of the minimum required amount of test variants. The method assesses the quality indicator of the flight data of unmanned aerial vehicles with a given probability of an error of the second kind and is easily implemented in practice. For its implementation, we give the concept of an auxiliary sampling plan and prove a lemma on the uniqueness of this plan and theorems on the existence of quasi-optimal sampling plans according to the criterion of the minimum dead zone for making a positive decision with two and one negative test outcomes, as well as a defect-free plan. We also developed decisive rules for making a positive or negative decision based on the results of software tests.

Decision theory and linear sequential unmasking in forensic fire debris analysis: A proposed workflow

The ASTM E1618-19 standard method for fire debris analysis does not endorse the use of statistical analysis to establish error rates or the use of probabilistic statements about the strength of the evidence. The method requires the analyst to report in categorical terms with the possibility of introducing disclaimers. This report introduces a new workflow that extends the data analysis and interpretation methods of ASTM E1618-19. In the new workflow, analysts are asked to assign evidentiary values to fire debris samples. The assigned values are combined with decision theory to determine an optimal decision threshold for ascribing a sample as positive or negative for ignitable liquid residue in categorical terms. The new workflow incorporates linear sequential unmasking with the data analysis methods of ASTM E1618-19, machine learning likelihood ratios and the use of ignitable liquid and substrate databases. The workflow is applied to 20 known ground truth samples by each of three analysts to generate validated personal receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and optimal decision thresholds. The ROC curve provides a direct link between perceived evidentiary value and decision thresholds based on a defined ratio of costs for false positive and false negative decisions. The new workflow is applied to casework-relevant large-scale burn data for which the ground truth is unknown.

Medical AI and human dignity: Contrasting perceptions of human and artificially intelligent (AI) decision making in diagnostic and medical resource allocation contexts

Forms of Artificial Intelligence (AI) are already being deployed into clinical settings and research into its future healthcare uses is accelerating. Despite this trajectory, more research is needed regarding the impacts on patients of increasing AI decision making. In particular, the impersonal nature of AI means that its deployment in highly sensitive contexts-of-use, such as in healthcare, raises issues associated with patients' perceptions of (un)dignified treatment. We explore this issue through an experimental vignette study comparing individuals’ perceptions of being treated in a dignified and respectful way in various healthcare decision contexts. Participants were subject to a 2 (human or AI decision maker) x 2 (positive or negative decision outcome) x 2 (diagnostic or resource allocation healthcare scenario) factorial design. We found evidence of a “human bias” (i.e., a preference for human over AI decision makers) and an “outcome bias” (i.e., a preference for positive over negative outcomes). However, we found that for perceptions of respectful and dignified interpersonal treatment, it matters more who makes the decisions in diagnostic cases and it matters more what the outcomes are for resource allocation cases. We also found that humans were consistently viewed as appropriate decision makers and AI was viewed as dehumanizing, and that participants perceived they were treated better when subject to diagnostic as opposed to resource allocation decisions. Thematic coding of open-ended text responses supported these results. We also outline the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.

Conservative Media Use and Childhood COVID-19 Vaccine Information: A Test of the Contradictory Health Information Processing Model

The Contradictory Health Information Processing (CHIP) model explains individuals’ processing of conflicting health claims. Tests of the model, while highly supportive, have been experimental and have relied upon low-familiar topics. Accordingly, a survey of parents with a child aged <12 years (N = 510) was conducted to test the application of the CHIP model to the controversial issue of childhood COVID-19 vaccination; such a vaccine had not yet been approved for this age group at the time of the survey. As hypothesized, reliance upon conservative news was associated with the perception that media information contradicted official guidance to vaccinate children, which led to issue uncertainty. Issue uncertainty prompted negative appraisals and decision uncertainty. Specifically, decision uncertainty partially mediated the effect of issue uncertainty on negative appraisals of vaccination, which in turn aroused threat emotions. However, threat emotions did not predict information-seeking, as specified in the model. This result may have been due to respondents having already decided to vaccinate their child, or not – a reflection of the partisan nature of the topic and the extensive coverage it had received. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Negative Continuity in Family Law: A Few Touches to an Expressionist Portrait

The article is devoted to the analysis of the legislation of the 30s and 40s regarding marriage and the family - the rejection of legal recognition and the identification of the actual protection of marriage, the establishment of a very strict and consistent divorce procedure, the appeal to the truncated status of children born out of wedlock. Its review and evaluation is offered. Emphasis and statements are made on those normative-legal components of the legislation, which, either in full or in a significantly truncated version, are adopted, within the framework of continuity, by subsequent legislative decisions. In particular, we are talking about the continuing, despite legislative initiatives, denial of the need for at least partial protection of the interests of actual spouses (especially those with common children), about “rudimentary echoes” in modern norms on the judicial establishment of paternity of negative (regressive) decisions of the 40s , as well as a specific public component of the divorce process, which obliges the court to decide on issues not declared by the parties. It is emphasized that the effectiveness of strict legislation in the field of marriage and family is apparent and socially harmful, does not correspond to the nature and essence of family relations.

Evidence-based funding of new imaging applications and technologies by Medicare in Australia: How it happens and how it can be improved.

BackgroundThe Medical Services Advisory Committee (MSAC) is responsible for the assessment of medical imaging tests proposed for public funding. A number of factors related to the clinical or cost effectiveness of an imaging service may impact on the funding decision.ObjectiveTo determine what evidentiary and economic factors impact most on MSAC recommendations for the funding of imaging tests.MethodsInformation was extracted on health technology assessments (HTAs) of medical imaging tests published on the MSAC website, with a funding decision between 2006 to July 2021. Imaging tests with diagnostic, staging or screening indications were eligible. Data were extracted in test‐indication pairs and included data on evidence quality, quantity, consistency of findings, cost‐effectiveness and financial impact. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed with adjustments for clustered data.ResultsOverall, 42 imaging test applications to MSAC were included, representing 91 clinical indications. Most were diagnostic tests. The most common evidentiary concerns reported by MSAC were limited evidence (36%), low quality evidence (26%), and applicability of the data (22%). The reference standard for diagnostic accuracy was imperfect or not appropriate in 25% of the indications. In regression analyses, uncertainty about cost‐effectiveness of an imaging service predicted most negative funding decisions.ConclusionsThe single biggest contributor to a negative funding decision by MSAC was uncertainty about the cost‐effectiveness of the imaging service. This was likely driven by uncertainty regarding the impact on patient health. HTAs that are able to demonstrate the clinical utility of a new imaging service are more likely to publicly funded.

Effects of rehabilitative psychotherapy on labour market success: Evaluation of a nationwide programme.

Psychotherapy is a widely used treatment for mental disorders, but whether it also improves employment and other labour market outcomes remains inconclusive. This study examined the effectiveness of a nationwide subsidized psychotherapy programme using extensive register-based data. The sample consisted of individuals who applied for rehabilitative psychotherapy in Finland in 2009-2012 (n = 35,083). Prior to 2011, some applications were rejected due to the limited budget that the central government provided for the programme. From 2011, all eligible applicants were granted rehabilitation. We used propensity score matching to create balanced samples of those who received a negative decision in 2009-2010 (n = 2047) and those who were granted rehabilitative psychotherapy in 2011-2012 (n = 12,046) in terms of their sociodemographic background characteristics, prior labour market attachment and health status. We found that compared to the applicants who were not accepted to the programme, the granted applicants with similar background characteristics had, on average, a six-percentage-point higher employment rate, €2100 higher annual earnings and a six-percentage-point lower probability of becoming a disability benefit recipient five years after their first application. Further sensitivity analyses confirmed that these results were not biased, for example, by differences in macroeconomic conditions during the follow-up. Quasi-experimental research design showed that rehabilitative psychotherapy was significantly associated with better labour market outcomes. Although several relevant background factors were included in the matching analysis, it is possible that some unobserved factors explain both access to psychotherapy and subsequent labour market outcomes.

AI Decision Making with Dignity? Contrasting Workers’ Justice Perceptions of Human and AI Decision Making in a Human Resource Management Context

Using artificial intelligence (AI) to make decisions in human resource management (HRM) raises questions of how fair employees perceive these decisions to be and whether they experience respectful treatment (i.e., interactional justice). In this experimental survey study with open-ended qualitative questions, we examine decision making in six HRM functions and manipulate the decision maker (AI or human) and decision valence (positive or negative) to determine their impact on individuals’ experiences of interactional justice, trust, dehumanization, and perceptions of decision-maker role appropriateness. In terms of decision makers, the use of human decision makers over AIs generally resulted in better perceptions of respectful treatment. In terms of decision valence, people experiencing positive over negative decisions generally resulted in better perceptions of respectful treatment. In instances where these cases conflict, on some indicators people preferred positive AI decisions over negative human decisions. Qualitative responses show how people identify justice concerns with both AI and human decision making. We outline implications for theory, practice, and future research.

Compensated and non-compensated patient injury claims in internal carotid artery interventions in Finland, 2004-2017.

Analysis of patient injuries offers possibilities for improving quality in patient care. The aim of this study was to identify errors and adverse events leading to patient injuries in the treatment of internal carotid artery stenosis (ICAS). A retrospective analysis was performed on data from Finnish patient injury claims and patient insurance center decisions in the treatment of ICAS, 2004-2017. Contributing factors to injury were identified and evaluated. During the 14-year study period, 42 patient injury claims involving ICAS treatment were closed in Finland. One claim involved carotid artery stenting, and the other operations were carotid artery endarterectomies. Nine of the claims were compensated (seven for operations and two for evaluations). Fully trained vascular surgeons had carried out all the operations and evaluations. Stroke was the most common complaint in the claims (n = 12). Six of the compensated patients were symptomatic prior to the interventions. Injuries were related to errors in decision-making and patient selection in two cases. Four patients received compensation for nerve injury and three for stroke. No deaths were compensated as patient injuries. Most negative claim decisions were related to the injury having been unavoidable. Compensated patient injuries involving the treatment of ICAS are rare but often serious and mostly involve open surgery. Patient injury claims provide a valuable source of information for recognizing errors in care and offer possibilities to improve patient safety.

Unpredictibility of strong earthquakes: new understanding of the problem and its solution

The inefficiency of short-term forecasting of strong earthquakes is obvious. New methods and hypotheses of preparation of seismic events are interesting, but exact and reliable forecasts will not follow. Unpredictability is undoubtedly predetermined by nonlinearity, self-similarity, by a chaotic (not stochastic) and by bifurcations dynamics of seismic process in fractal geomedium. Superdependence of dynamic systems on initial conditions, vagueness of distinctions of background and abnormal structures and conditions, at rigid requirements to adequacy and representativity of forecasts, inevitably lead, to the negative decision of a problem. This article continues the long-standing scientific discussion about earthquake prediction, which was resumed after the our publication [Koronovsky et al., 2019].

PERAN PEMERINTAH DESA DALAM PENANGGULANGAN PERNIKAHAN DINI DI DESA KURANJI KECAMATAM LABUAPI LOMBOK BARAT

The research objective was to determine the concept of a negative and positive active decision according to the law on government administration. This type of research is normative legal research, that normative legal research is research that includes research on legal principles, research on legal systematics, research on legal synchronization, legal history research, and comparative legal research. This research uses several approaches, namely legislation. -law (statute approach), Concept Approach (conceptual approach). The result of the research is that a Fiktip Decision is a decision that actually does not exist (non-being) but is considered to be there (being). Decisions that exist (being) at the level of positive law in Indonesia follow as stated in Article 1 number 9 of Law Number 51 of 2009 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 5 of 1986 concerning State Administrative Courts, Article 7 and Article 87 of Law Number 30 of 2014 Concerning Government Administration and Positive Functions in Law Number 30 of 2014 concerning Government Administration is not only related to Decisions, but also related to Actions, so there needs to be a change in labeling of Positive Fictional Decisions be a Positive Fictional Decision and / or Action so that it can represent the two elements contained in it

POSB267 Influence of Real-World Evidence to Support Single Arm Trials Submitted to NICE for Orphan Oncology Products

The recent NICE consultation on methods for health technology evaluation (HTE) outlined plans to include guidance on the role of real-world evidence (RWE) in HTE. This is particularly pertinent for indications where the evidence base consists of a single arm trial (SAT) design, such as orphan diseases. This study reviewed the influence of additional evidence submitted to NICE for orphan oncology products. A search for NICE HTEs was carried out using the IQVIA HTA Accelerator™. HTEs for orphan oncology products with a final decision in 2016-June 2021 were included, excluding resubmissions and extensions. Evidence was stratified by submission packages with randomised and non-randomised design, with or without RWE. Thirty-two decisions for orphan oncology products were made by NICE between 2016-2019. Of these, 25 (78%) submitted RCT evidence compared to 7 (22%) supported by SAT evidence. A lower proportion of RCT HTEs submitted RWE compared to SAT HTEs (32% vs 86%). All SAT HTEs received a positive recommendation with (57%) or without (43%) restrictions, irrespective of submitting RWE. All negative decisions were observed for RCT HTEs with no RWE (16%), with the remaining receiving a positive recommendation with (52%) or without (32%) restrictions. Overall, the proportion of positive recommendations were higher for HTEs submitting RWE (100%) compared to HTEs not submitting RWE (78%). HTEs submitting additional RWE are more likely to receive a positive recommendation, irrespective of the trial design for the core evidence base. The value of RWE seems to be established in HTEs relying on SAT evidence, whereas for RCT HTEs, there may be an opportunity to achieve higher rates of positive decisions by including additional RWE evidence. A closer examination of the role RWE played in the reviewed HTEs is ongoing.

A Four-Stage Product Appearance Defect Detection Method With Small Samples

With the automation of industrial production, appearance defect detection based on machine vision plays an important role in product quality control. The scarcity of defect samples and real-time requirement are the main challenges in this field. Many existing studies are based on semantic segmentation network, but they cannot provide a classification confidence score for each image and only report the segmentation tasks metrics, which ignore that the positive or negative decisions are the key of defect detection. Therefore, this paper proposes a four-stage appearance defect detection model: contrast enhancement, segmentation, correction, and decision, which can achieve high detection accuracy with a severe shortage of positive samples. Since the proposed model simplifies U-Net to segment those candidate defect regions, and constructs a lightweight decision network based on the candidate regions and segmented mask, the proposed method not only achieves fast inference speed, but also obtain good performance with fewer defect samples. Experiments are implemented on three public datasets: magnetic tile dataset, Kolektor surface defect dataset and DAGM2007 dataset. The influence of each module on the detection accuracy is analyzed. Experimental results show that the proposed model achieves excellent performance comparing with other state-of-art methods.

Z problematyki odmowy udzielenia aktu uwarunkowanego przyrzeczeniem administracyjnym

The subject of this article is the description of legal regulations concerning the refusal to issue an act conditional on a promise. Under the current legal framework, the prevailing solution is that during the period of validity of the promise, refusal to issue a license (permit) is permitted only if certain conditions are met. This is justified by the guarantee function of the administrative promise, which is expressed in the promise of the authority to issue a specific act in the future. The article discusses the reasons for refusing to issue a promised act, legal regulations related to the authority’s competence to make a negative decision and the refusal control by administrative courts. It was also proposed to treat the refusal to issue an act conditional on a promise as a quasi-administrative sanction.

Multiple criteria decision making based on bipolar fuzzy sets application to fuzzy TOPSIS

In the present study, we developed a new method for multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) based on bipolar value sets. The proposed method is to develop a new methodology name BFS-TOPSIS, which considers the positive and negative decisions of the decision-maker. The BFS-TOPSIS is a combination of bipolar value sets with the fuzzy TOPSIS method and uses a score function to select the best alternative. We have shown the design algorithms BFS-TOPSIS and illustrate our proposed methods with examples.

Ekstra Güvenlik Eşik Değeri ile Karar Vermede Eğri Altında Kalan Alan İçin Yeni Bir Bakış Açısı: Bir Simülasyon Çalışması

Objective: In studies conducted to detect a disease, making a false negative decision in cases such as detecting a deadly disease (Case I), or making a false positive decision in cases where diseases with high treatment costs (Case II) can lead to dangerous results. In this study, a new definition of the area under the curve (AUC) is proposed using a safety threshold value t for the diagnostic test to provide flexible decisions in critical cases. The alternative cut-off point for test diagnosis is evaluated by a simulation study in terms of sensitivity/specificity and relative efficiency. Materials and Methods: A simulation study was performed using different AUC values to obtain the cut-off point c shifted towards c-t for Case I and c+t for Case II. The normal distribution is used for the diseased (X) and non-diseased (Y) data. When obtaining the shift amount t, the gamma probability, which is the desired percentage of increase or decrease in the sensitivity/specificity value, is taken into account. Results: The results of our study showed that the relative efficiency is not significantly affected by working with the safety threshold t value when the test is less accurate and has a low AUC value. Conclusion: In this study, alternative cut-off points are obtained using the shift amount t determined by a predefined gamma probability. It is suggested that in critical situations, using the extra safety threshold t, determining the actual disease margin and safety standards for subjects can provide a more tolerant decision, especially in tests with low discrimination power.

Empirical Study on the Effect of Birds on Commercial Microwave Links

With emerging technologies such as the 5G and IoT, wireless communication has become more and more dominant in human life. Many applications require high quality of service (QoS) and even momentarily interruption may cause irreversible damage. The signal level in wireless point-to-point communication links is affected by environmental phenomena, including objects blocking the propagating electromagnetic wave. While the relation between signal attenuation and weather phenomena such as rain has been well studied, in this paper we empirically show, for the first time, the relation between the presence of birds and attenuation in Commercial Microwave Links ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CMLs</i> ). Using real <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CML</i> s data collected in Israel that was intersected with GPS data from tagged birds, we empirically associate measured attenuation in the signal in a given link with the presence of birds in its vicinity.We quantified this relation by evaluating the Receiver Characteristics Operating ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ROC</i> ) curve describing the false positive vs. false negative decision on the presence of birds by setting a threshold on the measure attenuation in <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CML</i> s. The results show encouraging performance and establish the potential of the proposed approach for opportunistic automatic monitoring of migrating birds, and for understanding the hazards to QoS in sensitive applications.

The Mediating Analysis of Complex Pathway between Discrete Negative Emotions, Proactive Behavior and Constructive Decision Making

The aim of the study was to develop and test an empirical model which describe when and how discrete negative emotions can spark proactivity and can be molded to produce positive decision making. Nexus to the problem statement, drawing the theory of emotions, and theory of planned behavior (TPB), a quantitate research study was designed based on onion model while data was collected from the 357 faculty members of eleven public sector universities of KP, Pakistan. The data was analyzed via SPSS 27 and SEM-PLS 3.3.3 in two stages of measurement modeling and structuring modeling techniques. The results of the present study provided a new insight that how two discrete negative emotions i.e. anger and fear can be molded to produce constructive decision making. The novelty of this study is the use of molding discrete negative emotions into positive outcomes by using the mechanism of sequential mediation. The study is relatively new as none of the study related to molding discrete negative emotion in positive outcomes is available in the context of Pakistan. The outcomes of the study can be applied in education sector, health sector any public and private sectors where the issue of negative emotions are at their peak. More work is required in this area to study emotion regulation knowledge and pro-social motivation to strengthen the phenomena of molding negative emotion into positive outcomes.

NEGATİF VERİLERİN VARLIĞI DURUMUNDA PIV YÖNTEMİNİN UYGULANMASI: GERÇEK HAYAT UYGULAMASINA DAYALI AMPİRİK BİR ANALİZ

The presence of negative data in the decision matrix is a rare situation in Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods. In such a case, normalized matrix elements must be between 0 and 1 to adopt the Proximity Indexed Value (PIV) method. In this study, which deals with real life application, two different solutions are presented to find a solution to this problem. Firstly, negative decision matrix elements are converted to positive using a z-score standardization method. Secondly, different normalization techniques are used instead of vector normalization in the algorithm of the PIV method. According to the results obtained, the most appropriate technique to reach a result with the PIV method in the presence of negative data is the min-max technique. The model proposed in this study supports the usage the PIV method in the presence of negative data. In addition, this study is the first to test the suitability of different techniques for the PIV method.

Failing to fail: MUM effect and its implications in education

It is important to carry out the assessment of students correctly and in an unbiased way; but more importantly, the assessment decisions should also be conveyed to the students in an unbiased manner, even if the decisions are negative ones. But here lies the catch – many a times, assessors tend to shy away from conveying such negative decisions properly to the students due to various reasons. This article is an effort to identify such reasons and their implications in the education scenario.