Negative Adverbs Research Articles

论狭义合音词的合音过程——基于北方官话中的劝禁类单音节否定副词

论狭义合音词的合音过程——基于北方官话中的劝禁类单音节否定副词

A research on the co-occurrence of negative adverb “mei(you)没(有)”and“le(了)”

In this paper, the co-occurrence phenomenon of negative adverb “没”and “了” gets a systematic study and exposition. Under normal circumstances, the negative adverb “没”and “了” could not be co-occurrence, which we have reached a consensus in Modern Chinese. However, this is not absolute, there is a small part of sentences, in which the co-occurrence phenomenon of negative adverb “没”and “了”exists, they are as follows.<BR> 1. when the deep semantic orientation of the adverb “没”and tense aspect auxiliary “了”is absolutely same, the two could not be co-occurrence. when the deep semantic orientation of them is different, the contradiction is eliminated, and therefore they can exist in the same sentence.<BR> 2. the complement“了”is in a middle status from the verb“了”to the tense aspect auxiliary“了”, having the concrete meaning that expresses the result. Therefore, the complement “了”doesn’t contradict “没”. When “没”focus on the result, the co-occurrence could come true.<BR> 3. in the structure of “(差点儿没)VP了”and the structure of “(就差没)VP了”, “没” is just a semantic redundant ingredient with the subjective emphasis. No contradiction, no problem in co-occurrence.

Processing Sentences With Multiple Negations: Grammatical Structures That Are Perceived as Unacceptable.

This investigation draws from research on negative polarity item (NPI) illusions in order to explore a new and interesting instance of misalignment observed for grammatical sentences containing two negative markers. Previous research has shown that unlicensed NPIs can be perceived as acceptable when occurring soon after a structurally inaccessible negation (e.g., ever in *The bills that no senators voted for have ever become law). Here we examine the opposite configuration: grammatical sentences created by substituting the NPI ever with the negative adverb never (e.g., The bills that no senators voted for have never become law). The processing and acceptability of these sentences were studied using three tasks: a speeded acceptability judgment (Experiment 1), a self-paced reading task (Experiment 2), and an offline acceptability rating (Experiment 3). The results are consistent across measures in showing that the integration of the adverb never is disrupted by the linearly preceding but structurally inaccessible negative quantifier no in the relative clause. In our view, this pattern of results is in line with Parker and Phillips’ (2016) proposal that NPI illusions arise when the context containing the inaccessible negation has not been fully encoded by the time the NPI ever is encountered, making the embedded negative quantifier transparently available as a licensor. In a similar vein, the disruption effects observed for grammatical sentences containing two negative elements could arise if the negative quantifier is still being integrated when never is encountered, forcing the parser to deal with two negative elements simultaneously. This interpretation suggests that the same incomplete encodings that could be ameliorating the online perception of unlicensed NPIs could also be responsible for deteriorating the perception of the sentences under investigation here. This would represent an illusion of ungrammaticality. Furthermore, these results provide evidence against the speculation that NPI illusions are the consequence of misrepresenting ever as its near neighbor never, given that continuations with never are judged as unacceptable in spite of their grammaticality. Together, these findings inform the landscape of hypotheses on NPI illusions and offer valuable insights into the complexity of multiple negations and the relation between processing difficulty and acceptability.

A Contrastive Study of Negative Modal Adverbs between Korean and Chinese for Chinese Learners

A Contrastive Study of Negative Modal Adverbs between Korean and Chinese for Chinese Learners

AN OVERVIEW OF NEGATIVE MARKERS IN ENGLISH AND ALBANIAN

Negative sentences are the opposite of positive ones; they negate the action expressed in positive clauses by using negative markers and/or negative words. English and Albanian are two languages in which negation is structured and expressed in different ways, although the negative markers are more or less the same. However, even though they may seem similar and corresponding to each other in both languages, they are used in different structures and have different scope. This paper gives a description and comparison of negative markers in English and Albanian. Their use and structure is illustrated by various examples to support the description. Based on this overview, it can be concluded that both English and Albanian have negative particles functioning as negative markers, as well as negative words. However, these negative markers and negative words do not express negation in the same way in these two languages. The simplest difference is that English has only one negative marker of verbal negation – not; while Albanian has several negative markers: nuk/s’ to mark primary as well as secondary verbal negation, mos to mark verbal negation in the indicative, subjunctive, conditional and imperative mood; jo is used to mark both sentential and constituent negation; as- as a negative particle marks both sentential and constituent negation and can be accompanied by one of the verbal negative markers nuk /s’. Even though there is a correspondence of not and nuk /s’ to mark verbal negation, there is a misbalance of negative markers and their uses in both languages. A further difference, and a greater one is the use of n-words or negative polarity items (NPIs). English as a single negation language forms negation by using negative verbs with NPI, or by using n-words as absolute negators. For instance, (1) Ben didn’t see anybody vs. (2) Ben saw nobody. In sentence (1) there is a negative verb which cannot be followed or preceded by an n-word, therefore the NPI anybody is used, while in sentence (2) there is a positive verb which allows the use of an n-word such as nobody. On the other hand, in Albanian, n-words such as negative adverbs and negative pronouns are only used accompanied by the verbal marker nuk/s’, thus creating negative concord as in the example: Askush nuk tha asgjë. In this sentence there are three negative words – askush, nuk, asgjë- which contribute to one semantic meaning. As far as conjunctions are concerned, most of them correspond in both languages in both structure and meaning. Similarly, prefixes share similar properties in English and Albanian, they are attached to adjectives, verbs or nouns to express negation, opposition, reversative or removing ideas. English also has a negative suffix –less, while Albanian has no negative suffixes, which could be considered as a slight difference.

한국어대구방언의 접사 부사 전성명사의 악센트-일본어동경바언과 대조-

한국어대구방언의 접사 부사 전성명사의 악센트-일본어동경바언과 대조-

Response Systems: The Syntax and Semantics of Fragment Answers and Response Particles

This article critically reviews the main research issues raised in the study of response systems in natural languages by addressing the syntax and semantics of fragment answers and yes/no response particles. Fragment answers include replies that do not have a sentential form, whereas response particles consist solely of an affirmative or a negative adverb. While the main research question in the syntax of fragments and response particles has been whether these contain more syntactic structure than what is actually pronounced, the key issues in the study of their semantics are question–answer congruence, the anaphoric potential of response particles, and the meaning of fragments in relation to positive and negative questions. In connection to these issues, this review suggests some interesting avenues for further research: ( a) providing an analysis of particles other than yes/no, ( b) choosing between echoic versus nonechoic forms as answers to polar questions, and ( c) deciding whether some non-lexically-based or nonverbal responses are systematically used in combination with polar particles to express (dis)agreement.

Saudi EFL Learners' Response to Different Grammar Tasks

This study examines intermediate level adult EFL students in Saudi Arabia, and the effectiveness of task-based learning in relation to their understanding of English grammar. The students were given three different tasks related to negative adverbs, designed to help them learn past-tense verb forms in English. There were three groups of 20 students, all of whom were learning at the same level. The groups were:&#x0D; &#x0D; Selected response group (SRG, n=20)&#x0D; Constrained constructed response group (CCR, n=20)&#x0D; Storytelling group (FRG, n=20)&#x0D; &#x0D; Each group was given a pre-test to determine their level before the tasks, a test immediately after, and a delayed test. The selected response group (SRG) performed best on the tests, demonstrating the effectiveness of taskbased teaching in grammar acquisition. Students were chosen at random for an interview, in which their grammar knowledge was assessed. This produced results that mirrored those of the tests. It was also clear that the kinds of tasks chosen by teachers had an impact on the effectiveness of their lessons. This study provides EFL teachers with vital information they can use in learning design and lesson planning and gives EFL students information they can use to support their own learning.

How Korean EFL Learners Comprehend Negative Frequency Adverbs

영어의 부정 빈도 부사 집합은 hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely, seldom의 다섯 개 어휘로 구성된다. 이들 부정 빈도 부사는 한국어에서 쉽게 찾을 수 없는 몇 가지 중요한 특성을 지니는데, 이 특성이 영어를 학습하는 한국인에게는 상당한 학습 장애요소가 되곤 한다. 이러한 맥락에서 한국인 영어 학습자의 부정 빈도 부사 사용의 오류 양상을 영어 학습자 말뭉치를 이용하여 분석한 선행 연구가 존재하였다. 본고는 이러한 코퍼스 기반 선행 연구에서 주장한 바를 수용성 판단 실험을 통해 되짚어 보고, 나아가 영어 숙련도가 영어 부정 빈도 부사 사용에 어떠한 영향을 끼치는가 확인해 본다. 기존의 말뭉치 기반 연구에서 분석한 오류 유형은 본 실험 기반 연구에서도 마찬가지로 확인되었다. 부정 빈도 부사의 위치 오류, -ly 형성 규칙의 과잉 적용 및 이중 부정형의 사용 등의 영어 숙련도별 양상을 실험을 통해 확인하였다. 본 연구는 말뭉치와 실험이라는 경험적 연구 방법론을 통해 향후 영어 교수요목에서 더 강조하여야 할 사항을 구체적으로 파악하였다는 점에서 의의를 지닌다.

Negation in imperative clauses

Imperative clauses in the Nordic languages typically display V1 word order. The referential subject is normally absent, with the exception of Icelandic, where it is normally overt (Einarsson 1967:159, Thrainsson 2007:6). According to Thrainsson (2007:6), the imperative verb is followed by a reduced from of the second person pronoun, except in very formal style, where the pronoun can be absent, or pronounced in its full form. Based on examples found in the reference grammars and some other sources, negative adverbs may appear either after the finite verb, as is typical in Swedish (Teleman et al. 1999), see (1), and Danish (Heltof & Hansen 2011), see (2), or it can either follow or precede the verb, as in Norwegian (Faarlund et al. 1997), see (3).

A Study of Korean Adverb and Chinese Related Expressions: Focus on Adverb Form Ending ‘ge’

The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to identify types of Chinese expression corresponding to Korean adverb ending ‘-ge’ and 2) to examine the word order between the ending and other adverbials. When its semantic function is a level, aspect and means, the ending matches Chinese postposition ‘-de/de-’; when referring to a result, state and assessment, it equals Chinese postposition ‘de-.’ Furthermore, it corresponds to the Chinese preposition ‘wei(le)-’ when the ending means a purpose, reason or cause. For its functions including descriptions of an actor, movement, result and level, the ending ‘-ge,’ as description on an actor, corresponds to the postposition ‘-de’, on movement to the postposition ‘-de/de-’, and on result and level of movement to the postposition ‘de-.’ In Korean, the adverbial ‘-ge’ is positioned between frequency and negation adverbs, whereas it is placed after frequency and negation adverbs in Chinese. It is probable that the information on the ending ‘-ge’ in regard to its meanings, functions, and word orders and on its corresponding Chinese expressions will be useful for both Korean and Chinese language education.

The Negation Jangan from a Lexical Functional Perspective

This paper is an investigation into the properties of the negation jangan in the framework of Lexical-Functional Grammar. The analysis shows that the negation jangan can negate verbs functioning as predicate in a sentence. It follows both transitive and intransitive verbs. The constituent that fills the position in the subject is defined by the voice of the sentence. If it is in the active voice, the subject is the second person pronoun. On the other hand, if the word jangan negates passive voice, the subject is not restricted. It is possible in Indonesian sentence to have double negation because the negative adverb jangan can negatea negation tidak. It also follows adjectives, adverbs, nouns and clauses. Thenegation jangan also has a different grammatical construction when it precedesthe preposition sampai. The subject following jangan sampai is not restricted asthe subject following jangan sampai is in active voice. The word jangan can befronted to modify the whole clause.DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.2013.160105

The many faces of adverbial margins

This study analyzes adverbial margins as a functional category in Chinese and, through the analysis, elucidates a graded distinction between subordination and coordination. Adverbial margins, which describe circumstances of situations in sentence nuclei, involve a varying of structural devices, including connectives, nominal forms, aspectually marked verbs, negation, and modality adverbs. The margin-nucleus pairs show varied degrees of subordination. This study takes an initial step towards substantiating and quantifying the gradient distinction. A mechanism of five parameters is proposed to rank margin-nucleus pairs in terms of tightness in clause linkage and subordination. The study contributes to the functional analysis of Chinese and the cross-linguistic discussions of the typology of subordination and coordination.

Feature Extraction and Opinion Summarization in Chinese Reviews

The paper describes the process of mining opinions from Chinese reviews of products sold online. The struc- ture of Chinese reviews is free, which leads to a more complicated relationship between opinions and features. The paper introduces two main steps of opinion mining: feature extraction and opinion direction identification. The feature extrac- tion function first extracts hot features that a lot of people have express their opinions in their reviews, and then finds those infrequent ones. In order to improve the accuracy of the experiment, redundant features are removed. The opinion direction identification function takes the generated features and summarizes the opinions into two categories: positive and negative. We extract adjectives and negative adverbs as opinion words and use the Naive Bayes classifier to identify their direction. By direction, we mean whether an opinion is positive or negative.

Complex Predicate Constructions in Uzbek Language

Complex predicates are defined as constructions consisting of preverb/converb/coverb + ‘light verb’ (Bowern 2006). Each component of the complex construction contributes to the internal argument structure. The typology of complex predicates exhibits cross-linguistic similarities and differences. This study investigates the complex predicate constructions in Uzbek, which possesses a rich variety of light verb constructions. Novel data from Uzbek is provided, and it is analyzed on the basis of proposed criteria in the government and binding theory (GB) literature for complex predicates. The analysis reveals that these constructions express simultaneity, cause and effect, and consecutivity. Both verbs in complex constructions share the same subject, and they describe a single event. However, the object may or may not be shared by both verbs. What is significant about Uzbek light verbs is that they both host inflection, and contribute to the event structure. That is, tense and agreement markers, as well as aspectual markers are carried by the light verb. The constituency is strict in complex predicates, and there cannot be an intervention between the converb and the light verb by such elements as interrogatives, negation, or temporal adverbs. Key words: Complex predicates, light verbs, Uzbek language, construction, derivation

Another Quantificational Variability Effect: The indefinite pronoun neemen ‘no one’ as a floating quantifier and as a negative adverb in Fering–Öömrang (North Frisian)

In this paper some special uses of the indefinite pronoun neemen in Fering–Öömrang (North Frisian) are discussed. Alongside its normal use as a negative personal quantifier (‘no one’) this element can be employed as a floating quantifier (‘none of us/you/them) and as a negative adverb (‘never’ or ‘not (at all)’). In most cases, it is in fact ambiguous between a floating quantifier and an adverbial reading, whereby the latter seems to be contingent on the former. It will be argued that this ambiguity is an instance of Quantificational Variability. The case of Fering–Öömrang neemen thus links up the analyses of Quantificational Variability Effects and Quantifier Float and provides some evidence that both of these phenomena involve predicate modification.

The Negation Jangan from a Lexical Functional Perspective

This paper is an investigation into the properties of the negation jangan in the framework of Lexical-Functional Grammar. The analysis shows that the negation jangan can negate verbs functioning as predicate in a sentence. It follows both transitive and intransitive verbs. The constituent that fills the position in the subject is defined by the voice of the sentence. If it is in the active voice, the subject is the second person pronoun. On the other hand, if the word jangan negates passive voice, the subject is not restricted. It is possible in Indonesian sentence to have double negation because the negative adverb jangan can negate a negation tidak. It also follows adjectives, adverbs, nouns and clauses. The negation jangan also has a different grammatical construction when it precedes the preposition sampai. The subject following jangan sampai is not restricted as the subject following jangan sampai is in active voice. The word jangan can be fronted to modify the whole clause. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.2013.160105

The Effect of Different Tasks on L2 Learners’ Acquisition of Grammar

In order to address the issue of noticing accompanying different tasks in grammar acquisition, this study investigated the effect of three different tasks in task-based grammar instruction on Iranian adult intermediate EFL learners' intake and acquisition of negative adverbs. Using 3 intact classes totaling 74 students who were at the same level of proficiency, 3groups were formed: dictation group (DG, n=24), individual reconstruction group (IRG, n=22), and collaborative reconstruction group (CRG, n=28). Following a pretest, immediate posttest and delayed post test design; the three groups received explicit instruction accompanying these different tasks related to negative adverb. The analysis of the participants' performance on grammatically judgment test (GJT) demonstrated that the three groups gained grammatical acquisition over time in some immediate post tests, and in nearly all the delayed post tests. DG outperformed the other two groups, and they benefited more from this task. As a result, the efficacy of tasks in establishing new grammatical knowledge was proved. The tasks effectiveness which was asked through an interview from some of the participants, chosen randomly from each group, was in line with the above mentioned results. Further, the type of tasks did affect the degree of the utility of them in developing grammar knowledge and can contribute to the task-based grammar instruction. Hopefully, the findings of this research study could attract EFL and ESL teachers' attention to utilize the same tasks type in the classroom through class activities and could provide EFL and ESL students with an effective way of grammar intake and acquisition.

The Negative Forms of the “讓”－Causative Sentences Formed by the Negative Adverb “別”

The Negative Forms of the “讓”－Causative Sentences Formed by the Negative Adverb “別”

The Semantic Characteristics Analysis of Chinese Time Adverbs Appearing After the Negative Adverb "bu" and "meiyou"

The Semantic Characteristics Analysis of Chinese Time Adverbs Appearing After the Negative Adverb "bu" and "meiyou"