Negative Adverbs Research Articles

A Study On the Short Form Negation in Anak Dialect -Focus on the Syntactic Position of Negative Adverb ‘안, 못’-

A Study On the Short Form Negation in Anak Dialect -Focus on the Syntactic Position of Negative Adverb ‘안, 못’-

河南中牟方言否定副词研究

河南中牟方言否定副词研究

Weighting Assessment of the Effect of Chinese State-Changing Words on Emotions.

Past studies of sentiment analysis have mainly applied algorithms based on vocabulary categories and emotional characteristics to detect the emotionality of text. However, the collocation of state-changing words and emotional vocabulary affects emotions. For example, adverbs of degree strengthen emotions, and negative adverbs reverse emotions. This study investigated the weighted effect of state-changing words on emotion. The research material comprised 73 state-changing words that were collocated with four emotions: happiness, sadness, fear, and anger. A total of 84 participants participated in the vocabulary assessment. The results revealed that state-changing words could be classified into four types: intensifying, weakening, neutralizing, and reversing. In a comparison of the weighting factors among emotions, the weighting effect of the same state-changing word in the positive emotion category was particularly evident. The results could serve as a reference for follow-up studies on detecting emotions in text.

先秦兩漢 서술·명령·금지 부정사의 동의성 연구

The purpose of this study is to examine the consiliency of ‘勿’, ‘毋’, ‘無’, ‘莫’ which combine descriptive negation, command and forbidden negation among the negative meanings of ancient Chinese.
 It is to provide the easyness of discrimination by providing the semantics of the word to the learners who complain of the discrimination of ‘勿’, ‘毋’, ‘無’, ‘莫’ having the meaning of the descriptive denial, command and forbidden denial.
 There are many previous studies on ‘勿’, ‘毋’, ‘無’, ‘莫’ and ‘勿’, ‘毋’, ‘無’, ‘莫’ still are being studied. As a diachronic consideration, there is a study on the prohibition markers of the period of Chinese in the period of Chinese in the modern times - focusing on ‘勿’, ‘毋’, ‘無’, ‘莫’. This study investigated the classification by the two-minute method of exemption and prohibition in the sense of the negative form of the 'lecture duty' aspect. The public consideration is “the” law.,This study analyzed the grammar function of negative adverbs '' specifically by using the literature statistical survey of ‘勿’, ‘毋’, ‘無’, ‘莫’.
 This study also analyzed the literary examples of the public disclosures and compared the discriminatory qualities of ‘勿’, ‘毋’, ‘無’, ‘莫’ and ‘勿’, ‘毋’, ‘無’, ‘莫’ based on the public disclosure.,Furthermore, the semantics of narrative denial, command or forbidden denial were analyzed and the differences in syntactic thoughts were analyzed.,This is to solve the discrimination difficulties of ancient Chinese learners and to analyze the grammar function of ‘勿’, ‘毋’, ‘無’, ‘莫’.

A Pragma-Rhetorical Analysis of Speeches of Nigeria’s President Muhammadu Buhari on COVID-19

This study extends scholarship on COVID-19 discourse by identifying the discourse strategies in Nigeria’s President Muhammadu Buhari’s COVID-19 speeches and the persuasive intentions each strategy serves. It examines the aptness of Buhari’s choice of words and tropes in the heat of the pandemic. It adopts Douglas Walton’s rhetorical pragmatics as theoretical anchor. Excerpts were selected using purposive sampling. The study reveals that Buhari deployed eight discourse strategies, which fall within the logos, ethos, and pathos categorisation, in his argumentation. These strategies include use of numbering, figures and dates, avoidance of courtesies, portrayal of government as proactive, deployment of negative adverbs, rolling out safety measures, acknowledgements, emphasis on collaboration, and referencing. He also deploys tropes such as repetition, pun, and personification to establish the need for compliance with COVID-19 protocols. The study recommends that further sociolinguistic analysis of COVID-19 texts would demystify linguistic barriers associated with the pandemic.

"Tampoco no" (y otros fenómenos de concordancia negativa) en las variedades vernáculas del español contemporáneo

"The negative adverb tampoco has not raised enough attention from linguists and, therefore, no monographic analysis has been devoted to its study. This article explores one of the most salient features of this adverb in non-standard Spanish varieties: its tendency to maintain the negative adverb no in preverbal position. This construction is not limited to bilingual varieties, as previous literature has taken for granted. The hypothesis presented in this article proposes that this construction materializes a silent head (no) of Polarity Phrase. To sustain this hypothesis, lexical, syntactic, pragmatic, and diachronic arguments will be considered. This study is based on the analysis of around 700 tokens of tampoco no with data taken from oral and colloquial corpora. The article finally propounds this phenomenon as a Spanish vernacular universal."

Chinese adverbs

AbstractThe category of adverbs in Chinese, as is its counterpart in English, is featured by morphological, syntactic and semantic heterogeneity. The heterogeneity poses the questions of the categorial coherence and the conflicting criteria in identifying adverbs. This paper starts with the definition of adverbs in Cognitive Grammar and analyzes degree adverbs, temporal adverbs, scope adverbs, manner adverbs, attitude adverbs and negation adverbs in Chinese. It is found that they all profile a relationship with a relational trajector, consistent with the proposal in Cognitive Grammar, but the precise relationship has to be specified. Some adverbs can also serve as mental space builders. Moreover, the morphological and syntactic behaviors of adverbs can be motivated to different degrees by their semantic functions. The paper attempts to establish the categorial status of adverbs. It develops the semantic account of lexical categories and motivates the formal aspects of language from meaning.

On Philosophical Meaning of Negative Terms in Laozi: Revolving around “Truthful Words Seem Contrary” (正言若反)

Negative terms are widespread in the text of Laozi; however, our understanding of their field, form and philosophical meaning is still unclear. In this paper, I intend to argue that the theoretical meaning of these terms first needs to be understood in terms of the proposition “Truthful words seem contrary”. In this proposition, “contrary” is the accurate meaning of negative terms. I demonstrate that the essence of the “contrary” lies in the critical reaction of xuande (dark virtue) to mingde (brilliant virtue), which is the traditional highest value. Thus, dark virtue is the theoretical foundation of the “contrary” because it is the new highest value. The “contrary” manifests itself in two forms: intuitive words (including adjectives and nouns), which are reflective, and negative words (including negative adverbs and verbs). Intuitive words represent the highest value or Being by means of the states and beings in the empirical world (I make use of the ontological difference between Being and being made by Heidegger, and so I maintain the capitalization of Being). In contrast, negative words more clearly distinguish the highest value or Being from secular values and beings in negative sentences. According to a further analysis of the relationship between affirmative and negative sentences, the latter is the universal expression of the former. All of these propositions reveal a philosophical possibility in which the diverse ways and values of the existence of all beings are affirmed and fulfilled.

The Use of the Chinese Negative Adverbs ‘bù’ and ‘méi’ by Secondary School Students in Yaoundé, Cameroon

Negation is an indispensable grammatical category common to all languages in the world. It is used in a unique way by each language. In Chinese, negation is expressed using negative adverbs, the most common of which are ‘bù’ and ‘méi. The usage of these negative adverbs in Chinese is different from that in French, so the difference in usage is a challenge for Yaoundé’s secondary-school students. To effectively analyse the use of the Chinese negative adverbs ‘bù’ and ‘méi’ by Yaoundé secondary-school students, this article divides the use of ‘bù’ and ‘méi’ into eight grammatical structures, and presents research gathered from questionnaires and interviews. The author then analyses the different types of mistakes made by Yaoundé secondary-school students in using ‘bù’ and ‘méi’, exploring the motivation and purpose of their use. Recommendations are also provided to advise local secondary schools on how to approach teaching negative words in Chinese.

NEGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE HISTORY OF GERMAN: THE CASE OF MULTIPLE NEGATION

This paper discusses the evolutionary path of sentence negation development in the history of the German language. The peculiarities of means of multiple negation realization in the studied periods of the language development have been analyzed, taking into account changes in the paradigm of negative markers of Old, Middle, and Early New High German. In terms of polynegation, the attention has been focused on the negative concord, accompanied by a preverbal marker and an additional negative adverb or pronoun. It has been found that the implementation of the negative concord involves a single semantic core of negation. The reasons for the transition from double to single negation in the appropriate period of the German language development have been highlighted. The study of the mechanisms of grammaticalization made it possible to trace the development of negative grammatical constructions, namely the loss of syntactic independence and morphological diversity of elements in the syntactic paradigm. The gradual nature of sentence negation has been presented according to Jespersen's cycle, which reflects the weakening of the mononegative proclitic with its subsequent strengthening with the help of an additional negative pronoun, and, as a result, the return to the mononegative model in which the second negative element was implemented. A particular attention has been paid to the phenomenon of grammatical redundancy and its manifestations in the transformation of the negative model in diachrony. In linguistic studies, grammatical redundancy is characterized as a property or language behavior when the same function is realized by two or more means. The gradual elimination of the additional negative element contributed to the isolation of the mononegative model inherited by Modern German. It has been also shown that structural changes in negative sentences are closely related to a relatively free or limited word order.

差點兒没 구문의 差點兒, 没와 동의⋅중의 관계

This paper aims to review ‘Chadianr’ and ‘Mei’ in ‘Chadianr Mei’ constructions in Chinese and clearly explain synonymity-ambiguity among them. ‘Chadianr Mei’ constructions has two contradictory meaning: ‘almost’ < +approach, +not yet > and ‘barely’ < -approach, -not yet >. Through lexical comparison, we can find that ‘Chadianr’ corresponds to ‘-ul ppenhata’ in Korean and ‘almost’ type in English. All three of these are combined with VP which denotes assuming of result. ‘Mei’ is 1) used as a usual negative adverb[Neg ‘Mei’], or 2) used as a focal adverb[Foc ‘Mei’]. The latter corresponds to the negative responsive adverb ‘cachis’ type. The complicated synonymity and ambiguity in the constructions is due to 1) the peculiar syntactic environment including two verbal phrase, and 2) the ambiguity of ‘Mei’ as negator and focus marker. Through this research, Chinese learners can easily find out the corresponding expressions of ‘Chadianr’ and ‘Mei’. And we can understand why ‘Chadianr Mei’ constructions have complicated semantic relation among themselves.

丹戎布拉大学师范教育学院汉语教育专业2018届学生 使用“不”和“没有”的偏误分析

AbstractIn terms of learning Mandarin, the negative adverb are one of the most commonly used adverbs in Mandarin expressions. It is also the focus and difficulty in Mandarin teaching. Take mandarin negative adverb “bu”and “meiyou”as examples,these two words are the most commonly used words in daily life. Their similarities and differences in meaning make students often make a mistakes. To analyze the error analize usage of negative adverb “bu”and “meiyou” of the Mandarin language programme students batch 2018 in Faculty of Teacher Education and Education Science Tanjungpura University, the writer used research test method to collect the data. The result of this paper shows the analyze the error analize usage of negative adverb “bu”and “meiyou” of the Mandarin language programme students batch 2018 in Faculty of Teacher Education and Education Science Tanjungpura University is 82.79% and 54.3%. The reason why students make mistakes in using the negative adverb “bu”and “meiyou”is because of the native language. The writer hopes this research can be a reference to help the students that learns Mandarin as their second language.

A study on the semantic change of the Chinese negative adverb Bùshèn (不甚)

Abstract This paper aims to account for the multiple interpretations of the Chinese negative degree adverb bùshèn (不甚). In Xiandai Hanyu Dacidian Shangce (Modern Chinese Dictionary Volume I) (Ruan &amp; Guo (eds) 2009), bùshèn is defined as ‘the degree is not very high’, which can be interpreted as ‘not very’; however, in the CCL and BCC Modern Chinese corpora, a few cases showing that bùshèn can only be interpreted as indicating positive degree similar to ‘very’. Using the extensive classical and modern Chinese data, we argue that the semantic change has undergone a process of analogy (cf. Harris &amp; Campbell 1995; Fischer 2007; Traugott &amp; Trousdale 2013). Specifically, the use of positive degree of bùshèn has been analogized to the extant positive degree adverb bùshèng (不胜). The semantic change is observed when bùshèn forms common collocations with an adjective or a verb which convey emotions, such as gǎnxiè ‘grateful’ in bùshèng gǎnxiè ‘very grateful’.

한국 학습자의 중국어 비교문 오류 분석

This article analyzes the types and causes of comparative sentence errors in Korean learners learning Chinese. Because there are many differences in grammar and rules between Korean and Chinese comparative sentence, which are the mother tongue, repetitive and continuous expression errors occur in Korean learners learning Chinese. The types and causes were divided into four major categories and analyzed.<BR> First, it is an error in the use of degree adverbs used in comparative predicates. This error is the most widespread error for Korean learners. Second, it is an analysis of errors in the complements of comparative sentences. Third, word order errors in comparative sentences were analyzed. When negative adverbs, temporal adverbs, relative adverbs, and adjectives are used in Chinese comparative sentences, Korean learners learning Chinese are accustomed to the word order flexibility of Korean comparative sentence. Fourth, we looked at the types of errors that occur in the correspondence and connection between words used in Chinese comparative sentences and in the use of comparative sentence components.<BR> It is very important to study the grammar function and rule theory existing in Chinese comparative sentences. And it is more meaningful to apply this theoretical study to the actual Chinese learning field. Analysis of comparative sentence error expression of Korean learners learning Chinese is a combination of theory and practice that examines actual expressions based on theory.

ON THE CATEGORY OF NEGATION IN MEDIEVAL ENGLISH LITERATURE

The article “On the category of negation in Medieval English literature” deals with the main aspects of expressing the category of negation in Medieval English literature, based the example of the “Canterbury Tales” by Geoffrey Chaucer. Among the most productive ways we mention negative affixes, negative pronouns, negative adverbs, mononegation and polynegation at the syntactic level.

Study on the Negative Adverb “xə̃&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;44&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;” in Lingling Dialect and Its Origin: A Case of Language Horizontal Transmission

There is a special negative adverb “xə̃⁴⁴” in Lingling dialect. Although there are some similarities between the “xə̃⁴⁴” and bu in grammatical function and syntactic distribution, the use of bu has less restrictions. Here the writer shows that the phenomenon of superposition of language elements from different origins appears not only in pronunciation, vocabulary system, but also in grammar system. The writer apply fieldwork, document comparison and other methods to analysis the phonetic and syntactic distribution and function of the “xə̃⁴⁴”. Comparing with those dialects and ethnic minority languages around Lingling and considering the history and relative phenomena of languages, It is suggested that the negative adverb “xə̃⁴⁴” evolves from the negative word [ņ] in Mian Language. This case shows that the negative adverb “xə̃⁴⁴” in Lingling dialect is due to the result of “horizontal transmission”. It tells people, when explaining Chinese dialect phenomenon, it should not be restricted to the dialect itself, better answers may be found in the dialects and languages of those surrounding places.

A multi-modal and multi-scale emotion-enhanced inference model based on fuzzy recognition

Only the label corresponding to the maximum value of the fully connected layer is used as the output category when a neural network performs classification tasks. When the maximum value of the fully connected layer is close to the sub-maximum value, the classification obtained by considering only the maximum value and ignoring the sub-maximum value is not completely accurate. To reduce the noise and improve classification accuracy, combining the principles of fuzzy reasoning, this paper integrates all the output results of the fully connected layer with the emotional tendency of the text based on the dictionary to establish a multi-modal fuzzy recognition emotion enhancement model. The provided model considers the enhancement effect of negative words, degree adverbs, exclamation marks, and question marks based on the smallest subtree on the emotion of emotional words, and defines the global emotional membership function of emojis based on the corpus. Through comparing the results of CNN, LSTM, BiLSTM and GRU on Weibo and Douyin, it is shown that the provided model can effectively improve the text emotion recognition when the neural network output result is not clear, especially for long texts.

형식동사의 부가어 연구

Dummy verbs is used as predicate like general verb, they are weakened the original meaning of movement or action. they didn’t display substantive meaning, they formed a phrase with object that displayed movement. their name is very various, the object property of them is different from the property of general object. it is not clear about category, feature, and function, so many problems still are in constant discussion. we need to study about it, the adjunct of dummy verbs has not yet been studied. this paper according to the generation grammar’s theory and adjunct condition, we considered classification, feature and generative processes in the adjunct of dummy verbs, we came to the following conclusions. the adjunct of dummy verbs are made up of adverbs, auxiliary verb and prepositional phrase. they are used of adverbial in front of dummy verbs. several adjuncts can also be used together. and dummy verbs isn’t a overt light verb or covert light verb. the meaning of verb is weakened by itself, they have properties and functions of verb, they can use dynamic postposition behind dummy verbs, and they can use negative adverb, auxiliary verb in front of dummy verbs, and the object of them stand for movement, they have a property of noun. the adjunct of dummy verbs was added to maximal projection, it can’t be added to argument NP or CP. light verb phrase vP hasn’t the feature of argument, adjunct can be added to vP. adjunct was projected in vP head according to Adjunct Projection Principle. adjunct is generated in surface structure, it doesn’t need to move position, it merges on this right spot. we don’t check features because it has the feature that was projected in maximal projection. the adjunct of dummy verbs it is merged into the left in tree diagram, and it is consisted of one structure, so we can’t extract any element among them. according to the related generation grammar theory and adjunct theory, we progress the syntax project in the adjunct of dummy verbs structure, we can project like this paper 〈picture 5〉 and 〈picture 7〉. the adjunct of dummy verbs is located in front of them, it is merged into the left in tree diagram. several adjuncts can also be projected together, we can’t extract any element among them, this is the sole parameter phenomenon of chinese, we have to modify category and properties of generation grammar adjunct.

A Study on the Factors in Modality Selections of “NP+Yao+VP” Construction in Modern Chinese

From the perspective of modality, this paper studies the interaction between semantics and syntax of modal verb “Yao(要)”. Examines the syntactic features of construction “NP+Yao+VP” which behaves as dynamic modality, deontic modality and epistemic modality respectively on the basis of the established corpus. And there are differences in the grammatical functions between diverse “Yao(要)”.<BR> First, when “Yao(要)” presents a dynamic modality, “NP” can be a persona noun, a person pronoun and a demonstrative pronoun. When “Yao(要)” presents a deontic modality, “NP” can be a persona noun, a time noun, a place noun, a person pronoun and a demonstrative pronoun. And when “Yao(要)” presents an epistemic modality, “NP” can be a persona noun, a time noun, a place noun, and a demonstrative pronoun.<BR> Secondly, volitional verbs can enter any state of modality, a small number of nonvolitional verbs can enter the dynamic modality and deontic modality, and most nonvolitional verbs can enter the epistemic modality.<BR> Thirdly, when “NP+Yao+VP” to express dynamic modality and deontic modality, it can co-exist in most adverbs; when “NP+Yao+VP” to express epistemic modality, the degree adverbs and negative adverbs cannot appear in “NP+Yao+VP”.<BR> Finally, according to EDD rules and combined with the corpus , we found that when “NP+Yao+VP” to express dynamic modality, any modality verb can appear in front of “Yao (要)”. When “NP+Yao+VP” to express deontic modality, only deontic modality verb can appear in front of “Yao(要)”, When “NP+Yao+VP” to express epistemic modality, only epistemic modality verb can appear in front of “Yao(要)”.

否의 기원과 용법 및 품사 연구

This study investigates the time when 否 fŏu started to be used in place of [不+previous verb] by analyzing its occurrences in both excavated and transmitted Old Chinese texts. It aims to define the part of speech of 否 based on the data.<BR> 否 started to appear very scantily in the Bronze Inscriptions. It is used in its original meaning, i.e. ‘bad, wrong, blocked’ or as a loanword for a negative adverb 不 or an adjective 丕 ‘great.’ It is first used in place of [不+previous verb(or verb phrase)] in The Book Odes (Shījīng 詩經) and The Book of Documents (Shàngshū 尚書). It appears in the form [或+verb+或+否], [verb+否], or [verb+與+否]. Therefore, it is very obvious what previous verb 否 refers to. The reason that 否 was adopted for the loanword for [不+previous verb phrase] is that 否 and 不 are not only similar in terms of their shapes but also homophonous in Old Chinese. Both belong to 幫母(the voiceless unaspirated bilabial stop initial) and 之部 (The zhī rhyme group) in Old Chinese. Therefore, 否was chosen to indicate [不+previous verb phrase].<BR> During the time of Zuo’s Commentary (Zuŏzhuàn 左傳), The Record of Rites (Lǐjì 禮記), and Mencius (Mèngzǐ 孟子), the function of 否 referring to [不+previous verb phrase] was well-established. 否 was seldom used as its original meanings. Nor was it used as a loanword for 不 or 丕. 否 started to occur in more complex syntactic environments, such as [verb+(則)······,否則······], [···(則)+verb, ···則否], and so on. 否 not only refers to [不+previous verb phrase] but can also mean [不+previous sentence]. It is also used as an answer meaning ‘it is not so,’ or simply ‘no,’ which is opposite to 然‘it is so,’ or ‘yes.’<BR> Based on the data, this paper claims that 否 is a type of so-called “pro-form.” It replaces the previous verb, verb phrase, sentence, and even the entire statement. Therefore, 否 is a pro-verb and a pro-sentence as well.