Negation Research Articles

On Reyes Mate’s Theory of the Victim: Metaethical Sketches on Injustice

The aim of our paper is twofold. Firstly, very original approach to the question of victims elaborated very thoroughly by Reyes Mate is presented. Unfortunately, his conceptualization of victimology is relatively little known outside Spanish and Latin American culture. It is meant as a basis for adequate theory of injustice and justice. Secondly, comprehensive and detailed metaethical analyses of fundamental concepts used by Reyes Mate are developed here by means of standard methods, i.e. triangle, hexagon, and octagon of logical oppositions.

Conceptual Software Testing: a New Approach

Software testing is an important aspect of the software development life cycle that plays an important role in ensuring quality, applicability, and usefulness of products. UML has been applied in this development from the requirements specification and code generation phases through to testing. New approaches advocate addressing test cases from the initial work on requirements since this would facilitate applying them in the later stages. Hence, several approaches have been investigated for generating test cases from UML diagrams. Nevertheless, using UML diagrams as a conceptual basis for testing may embed ambiguity in semantics and discontinuity in structure, thus negating the advantages of introducing testing aspects at the initial stage of software development. This paper proposes a new diagrammatic approach as a foundation for identifying test cases. The viability of the method is demonstrated by examples that identify test cases utilizing UML use cases.

Nutzen von portablen Sonographiesystemen im perioperativen Einsatz im Kopf-Hals-Bereich

The use of high resolution ultrasound is an established diagnostic method. A disadvantage of current high end systems is that transporting the device into the operating theatre or an intensive care unit requires time and logistic effort. We report results of an evaluation of a portable ultrasound system in the diagnosis and treatment of the head and neck area. Indications and value of a portable device in the clinical setting of an operation theatre and intensive care unit were assessed. Within a period of 5 months, 48 patients were included in this prospectively designed study using a portable ultrasound system with B-scan/color Doppler mode (SonoSite TITAN, Firma SonoSite® Germany) and an 7.5MHz broadband linear array transducer. Two experienced physicians recorded the location and examination conditions, imaging mode, time expenditure, indication and diagnosis. The examiner also commented about whether the use of a portable laptop system considerably improved the therapy decision. The analysis included descriptive statistics for interpretation of the results. The most frequent use of the ultrasound system was the pre- or intrasurgical "pinpointing" of tumours in the soft tissues of the neck or in salivary glands. The average time for the examination was 6min. In 79 % of the cases, the examiner stated a definite improvement of the therapy decision through the use of the portable ultrasound. We could demonstrate that a portable ultrasound system is a time-saving, economic and ubiquitously applicable method of imaging. Diagnosis and surgical planning are optimized. Thus, in larger hospitals and clinics, a portable ultrasound device is a logical complement to a stationary unit.

Strict paraconsistency of truth-degree preserving intuitionistic logic with dual negation

Fil: Castiglioni, Jose Luis. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina

A GENRE-BASED ANALYSIS ON THE INTRODUCTIONS OF RESEARCH ARTICLES WRITTEN BY INDONESIAN ACADEMICS

The main purpose of this study was to search for theoccurrence of communicative and subcommunicative units and to identify the linguistic features commonly used by the authors to realize the communicative and subcommunicative units. Three groups of English RAs by Indonesian speakers were chosen for this study: 10 RAs from engineering science, ten from science and ten from medical science journals. This study used genre-based method to investigate the communicative units in the text by using Swales' CARS as a model. The results show that 1) only 11 out of 30 (36.66%) RA introductions have a 'niche establishment', 2) out of 11 RA introduction with a niche establishment none is of counter claiming type, and 3) the discourse markers often used in the niche establishment are of the contradictory type and the linguistic features used are of lexical negation and negation of the phrasal verb. The findings confirm those of previous relevant studies that discourse styles and linguistic features of English RA introductions by Indonesian speakers are different from the ones by English native speakers.

Abstract logic of oppositions

A general theory of logical oppositions is proposed by abstracting these from the Aristotelian background of quantified sentences. Opposition is a relation that goes beyond incompatibility (not being true together), and a question-answer semantics is devised to investigate the features of oppositions and opposites within a functional calculus. Finally, several theoretical problems about its applicability are considered.

Parallelism in the Early Moist Texts

Abstract Parallelism is present everywhere in the early Moist texts: at the syntactic level, at the semantic level, between sentences, between sets of sentences, between argumentative structures. The present article gives many examples of the phenomenon: parallelism of insistence, insistence from top to bottom, insistence from bottom to top, parallelism with symmetry, parallelism involving negation, subcontraries and negation at deeper levels, parallelism of the argumentative structures. Logic is particularly applied to the study of parallelism involving negation. From the point of view of argumentation, it is shown that many of those constructions have an important role in supporting arguments such as: arguments of generalization, a fortiori arguments, arguments of exemplarity, consequentialist arguments, arguments by comparison. This study draws the attention to the importance of argumentation in the study of Moism and gives a new light on the argument by parallelism (mou 侔) in the “Xiaoqu”: It is a natural extension of what we call “parallelism involving negation,” already very common in the early Moist texts.

A study of the interation between quantifiers and negation in Japanese

A study of the interation between quantifiers and negation in Japanese

Aggression, Politeness, and Abstract Adversaries

Trudy Govier argues in The Philosophy of Argument that adversariality in argumentation can be kept to a necessary minimum. On her ac-count, politeness can limit the ancillary adversariality of hostile culture but a degree of logical opposition will remain part of argumentation, and perhaps all reasoning. Argumentation cannot be purified by politeness in the way she hopes, nor does reasoning even in the discursive context of argumentation demand opposition. Such hopes assume an idealized politeness free from gender, and reasoners with inhuman or at least highly privileged capabilities and no need to learn from others or share understanding.

The Protection and Negation of Life

The Protection and Negation of Life

VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION OF ALLIUM AMPELOPRASUM L. IN VIVO AND IN VITRO

ABSTRACT Sprouting of dormant bulblets and tissue culture techniques have been developed for bulb production of Allium ampeloprasum L., a native plant of Israel, which has recently been introduced for cultivation. Infiltration of decorated dormant bulblets with the cytokinin benzyladenine or CEPA (an ethylene-releasing compound) significantly increased sprouting. Infiltration with gibberellin inhibited sprouting, and negated the promotive effect of the cytokinin when the two were given together. Various tissues were used as an expiant source for in vitro propagation. The shoot tip, together with part of the basal plate of the bulb or bulblet and the young inflorescence head, had the highest capacity for shoot regeneration. A high cytokinin (benzyladenine) to auxin (naphthalene acetic acid) ratio (6:1) induced the production of the largest number of shoots from which bulblets developed. Subculture of regenerated shoots to a hardening medium containing the auxin indolebutyric acid, but lacking cytokinin, st...

Negation and Focus in English.

Negation and Focus in English.

Negation and Scope in English

Negation and Scope in English

The Connection between Concepts in Formal Concept Analysis and Concepts in a Dual Description Logic

Formal concept analysis (FCA) and description logics (DLs) are two major formalisms around concepts. However, concepts in FCA and concepts in DLs are of different nature. The former are tuples/properties pairs in a given relation, the later are just subsets of domains in terminological interpretations. To represent the logical difference of tuples and attribute values in relations, a dual description logic (DDL) is introduced, in which constants are classified into two classes: tuple constants and value constants, and they are interpreted into two disjoint parts in domain, respectively. Given a model M for DDL, we can obtain a normal relation RM. This paper demonstrates how to connect FCA-concepts in RM and concepts in DDL. To do so, we introduce logical operations negation, disjunction and conjunction on values and on attribute-value pairs, and then build Φ-statements from attribute-value pairs inductively with these operations, and further define a kind of extended FCA-concepts, called Γ-concepts. Each Γ-concept consists of two parts: the extent (tuples the concept covers) and the intent (Φ-statements describing the concept), and there are the following results: the union of any number of extents is always an extent; the complement of an extent is always an extent. Consequently, we obtain two isomorphic lattices: one is LM=(Θ, ∪,∩,–), which is the lattice of subsets of Θ, and the other is concept lattice L(↑RM), where Θ consists of the interpretations of DDL-concepts, and ↑RM is an extend relation from the normal relation RM.

Negating That Which Negates Us

Negating That Which Negates Us

An efficient pancreatic cyst identification methodology using natural language processing.

Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers, mostly diagnosed at late stages. Patients with pancreatic cysts are at higher risk of developing cancer and their surveillance can help to diagnose the disease in earlier stages. In this retrospective study we collected a corpus of 1064 records from 44 patients at Indiana University Hospital from 1990 to 2012. A Natural Language Processing (NLP) system was developed and used to identify patients with pancreatic cysts. NegEx algorithm was used initially to identify the negation status of concepts that resulted in precision and recall of 98.9% and 89% respectively. Stanford Dependency parser (SDP) was then used to improve the NegEx performance resulting in precision of 98.9% and recall of 95.7%. Features related to pancreatic cysts were also extracted from patient medical records using regex and NegEx algorithm with 98.5% precision and 97.43% recall. SDP improved the NegEx algorithm by increasing the recall to 98.12%.

Emphatic Negation and the Potential Optative

Emphatic Negation and the Potential Optative

Dutton, Davies, and Imaginative Virtual Worlds: The Current State of Evolutionary Aesthetics

This paper is a commentary comparing the evolutionary perspectives of Denis Dutton’s The Art Instinct (2009) and Stephen Davies’s The Artful Species (2012). Their topics thus necessarily overlap, but their books have different purposes and a different feel. Davies’s book is an academic exercise. He has no real arguments or claims of his own. Dutton wishes to demonstrate that evolutionary psychology can provide a satisfying naturalistic explanation of aesthetic experience. Neither Davies nor Dutton fully succeeds in his ambition. Davies extends his scepticism well beyond a sensible account of the state of current knowledge about human evolution, and Dutton fails to recognize underlying theoretical differences in his main sources of theoretical inspiration. The limitations in these two works do not define the boundaries of current knowledge in evolutionary aesthetics. The most advanced and adequate concept in the evolutionary humanities is the idea that humans evolved the capacity to create imaginative virtual worlds and use those worlds to guide human behaviour. Both books being considered in this essay approach the idea of imaginative virtual worlds and almost grasp it. Before taking up that topic, the paper shall discuss two subsidiary issues: Dutton’s effort to incorporate sexual selection, and Davies’s sceptical negations about all evolutionary knowledge.

Computing Implications with Negation from a Formal Context

The objective of this article is to define an approach towards generating implications with (or without) negation when only a formal context K = (G, M, I) is provided. To that end, we define a two-...

Anti-Consumption as the Study of Reasons against

Anti-consumption studies are gaining in popularity, but doubt remains as to whether they can add anything unique to consumer research and marketing that other similar topics cannot. This article attempts to explain the distinctive nature of anti-consumption and how it can contribute to the understanding of marketing beyond other related phenomena, such as ethical consumption, environmental consumption, consumer resistance, and symbolic consumption. Drawing upon reasons theory, the article contends that the “reasons against” consumption are not always the logical opposite of the “reasons for” consumption and there are important differences between phenomena of negation and affirmation. By focusing on the reasons against consumption, anti-consumption research acts as a lens that scholars and practitioners may use to view similar phenomena in a new light. The article illustrates this point by offering anti-consumption as an overarching perspective that spans a range of behavioral and thematic contexts, thereby revealing its unique contribution to marketing.