Neem Leaf Extract Research Articles

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Facewash : A Step Towards Nature and a Boon to Skin

Acne and pimples are treated using herbal face washes. Herbal Facewash eliminates excess oil without eliminating nutrients from the skin and contains rich plant-based components like feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) and neem (Azadirachta indica). The building blocks of finished herbal medicines are known as herbal preparations. These can be comminuted or powdered herbal ingredients as well as extracts, tinctures, and fatty oils of herbal materials. The demand for herbal formulations is rising on the global market. Establishing the herbal face wash with aqueous neem leaf, tulsi leaf, and orange peel extracts is a very commendable effort. As a result of checking and evaluating a number of factors, including colour, pH, consistency, washability, irritation, and spreadability, it was determined from the current experiment that the herbal face wash formulation was more effective than the commercial face wash. Since all of the ingredients in this composition are herbal, they are safe for the skin and trustworthy.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles from Leaf Extracts of Amaranthus retroflexus and Azadirachta indica

Among plant extracts, neem leaf extract was found effective for successful synthesis of MgO nanoparticles. The main phytochemicals present in neem leaf extract acts as reducing and capping agents for synthesis of MgO nanoparticles. The bio reduced MgO nanoparticles were characterized by using surface plasmon resonance analysis (UV–Vis spectroscopy), particle size and distribution analysis (PSA), surface morphology analysis (SEM) and elemental distribution analysis (EDX). The UV–Vis spectral analysis confirmed that the maximum absorption at 279 nm range corresponds to the intrinsic band gap of MgO nanoparticles. Particle size analyzer confirmed synthesized particles are of nanoscale i.e., 48.1 nm. SEM images confirmed synthesized nanoparticles were found to be relatively oval shaped and EDX confirmed peak is of MgO nanoparticles. This is a simple and effective method which could be an alternative for chemical and physical methods for the large-scale production of MgO nanoparticles.

Histopathological profiles of Albino rats induced with Viscum album leaf and stem aqueous extracts

Background: Viscum album is a hemiparasitic shrub that grows on various tree species and contains diverse active substances. Objectives: The histopathology of the toxic effects of Viscum album leaf and stem aqueous extracts from host plants Azadirachta indica (neem), Psidium guajava (guava), and Acacia albida on organs of albino rats was evaluated. Methodology: Thirty-five (35) albino rats divided into 7 groups (A-G) of 5 albino rats each was exposed to graded doses of 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200, and 6400mg/kg using the intraperitoneal route. The experimental rats were observed for 24 hours and subsequently sacrificed and their organs including liver, kidney, lungs, and heart were subjected to histopathology for any ultra-structural changes. Results: The histopathological findings indicate that the liver had vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes and congestion of sinusoids for 800mg/kg of Viscum album (Azadirachta indica: neem) stem extract, and widespread vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes at 3200mg/kg for Viscum album (Acacia albida) stem extract. The kidneys had congestion, tubular necrosis with deposition of hyaline materials in the intratubular lumen and capsular space of the glomerulus, and glomerular atrophy at 400mg/kg of Viscum album (Psidium guajava: guava) leaf extract, but indicated marked congestion, and tubular necrosis with 3200mg/kg of Viscum album (Psidium guajava: guava) stem. The lungs had marked thickening of the interstitium by edema fluid, red blood, and mononuclear cell infiltration at 3200mg/kg of Viscum album (Acacia albida) leaf extract. The heart had multifocal areas of mild necrosis of the myocytes with 3200mg/kg Viscum album (Azadirachta indica: neem) leaf extract, and multifocal areas of moderate haemorrhages with 3200mg/kg Viscum album (Psidium guajava: guava) leaf extract. Conclusion: Aqueous extracts of Viscum album in this study had bioactive components that could be toxic.

Comparative efficacy of some botanical insecticides in the control of eggplant fruit and shoot borer (leucinodes orbonalis guenee)

An Experiment was conducted from December, 2021 to April, 2022 in an open field of the Teaching and Research Farm of Akwa Ibom State University, Obio Akpa Campused to evaluate the efficacy of botanical insecticides in the control of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) fruit and shoot borer (EFSB) Leucinodes orbonalis Guenne), Four week-old eggplant seedlings (ARJANI FI) were transplanted to bags filled with 30kg top soil, each. There were nine insecticide treatments (T0 = Control (No insecticide), T1 = Scent leaf extract (SLE 10% w/v), T2 = Pawpaw leaf extract (PLE 10% w/v), T3 = Neem leaf extract (NLE 5% w/v), T4 = Neem oil (N.O 3% v/v), T5 = Neem oil (N.O 5% v/v), T6 = Garlic bulb extract (GBE 3% v/v), T7 = Emamectin Benzoate (EB 1.33g/L) and T8 = Neemsol (0.2% v/v). Plants were sprayed three times: four weeks after transplanting (4WAT), 6WAT and 8WAT. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance and means compared at 5% probability level using Student-Newman-Keuls Test. The results obtained showed that the insecticide treated plants significantly (P< 0.05) had lower percentage of fruit and shoot infestation by EFSB relative to the untreated plants. The unsprayed plant significantly (P< 0.05) had the highest percentage of Fruit infestation by both number and weight basis. Fruits from the untreated plants had significantly (P< 0.05) more number of bored holes and larvae than the insecticide treated plants. Among the insecticide treatments, EB and N.O 5% had plants with significantly lower shoot infestation (10.42 and 12.50%), fruit infestation by weight (17.07 and 25.60%), number of larvae/fruit (0.33 and 1.00), respectively. The botanicals tested in this work could be incorporated into integrated pest management programme of eggplant fruit and shoot borer. Therefore, Emamectin Benzoate was observed to be the best and hence recommended treatment based on parameters measured.

Postharvest Management of Fungal Rot Agents of Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) Using Leaf Extracts of Neem (Azadirachta indica)

This study was carried out to manage groundnut seed rot in Mubi, Adamawa State Nigeria. Groundnut Rot was reported in all the three location surveyed and the average rot incidences in the market was 21%. Mubi New Market showed 25% as the highest percentage, followed by Mubi Old Market with 20% and MubiKuturu Market with 18%. Four organisms were isolated from the lesions on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) as follows; Aspergillus niger, Fusariumsolani, Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus flavus. The pathogen most frequently occurring was Rhizopus stolonifer (67.22%), followed by Aspergillus niger (15.56%), Aspergillus flavus (15%) and the least was Fusarium solani (2.22%). Pathogenicity test confirmed that all four fungal isolates from groundnut seed were pathogenic and the level of severity was assessed with Aspergillus flavus being most severe with 83.3%, followed by Aspergillus niger with 50%, Rhizopus stolonifer 50% and Fusarium solani 33.33%. Plant extracts employed to control the vegetative mycelial growth was from aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of neem at 20%, 40% and 60% concentration. In vitro application of extracts for the control showed that neem aqueous controlled the mycelial growth better as compared with neem ethanol extracts. There was complete inhibition at 60% on Rhizopus stolonifer and Fusarium solani while neem ethanol on Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger showed progressive inhibition on mycelial growth. There was a significant difference on vegetative growth of the fungi on both neem extracts with increase in concentration at p= 0.0001 as compared with the control. It is recommended that the use of antimicrobials commonly found in populated areas of rural areas can be used to reduce chemical costs and smallholder farmers' over-reliance on agricultural chemicals reduce.

Ecofriendly Approaches for Controlling Mustard Aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) Infestation

Brassica oilseed crops are grown all over the world, but the aphids of cabbage, Brevicoryne brassicae L. and Turnip aphid Lipaphis erysimi Kalt, cause mischief to the crops everywhere in the world. A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Farm Area of Airport Campus of Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan during mid-November 2019 to test eco-friendly management methods for mustard aphids. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications and five treatments in 2 m ×2.7 m size plots. Seeds of the Khanpur Raya variety were sown in mid-November 2019. The treatments included (i) Neem leaf extract, (ii) Dimethoate, (iii) Lemongrass oil, (iv) Mustard Cake, and (v) Control (untreated). The overall results of the experiment showed that after the second spray, the aphids became immune to synthetic pesticides. However, bio-pesticides had some control over the aphids, with Lemongrass oil producing the best results, achieving almost 80 percent control, followed by about 72 percent control with neem extract and almost 67 percent control with mustard cake. This suggests that Lemongrass oil can be used to control aphids on mustard plants and, since it is a bio-pesticide, it has many biological benefits. Therefore, it can be concluded that using botanical products for managing mustard aphids can be an effective and eco-friendly approach

Anti-microbial Finishing of Cotton Fabric Using Neem Leaf Extract for Medical and Healthcare Textiles

Anti-microbial Finishing of Cotton Fabric Using Neem Leaf Extract for Medical and Healthcare Textiles

Assessment of the Effect of Neem Extract (Azadirachta indica) on Aluminium Phosphide Induced Toxicity in Adult Wistar Rat

Aluminum phosphide (ALP), also known as rice tablet, is a well-known fumigant used in grain storage facilities. It is a greenish-gray tablet with a rotten fish or garlic odour. Rice tablets contain ALP, urea, and ammonium carbamate, which produce phosphine gas (PH3) when exposed to water, steam, and gastric acid. This research was carried out to investigate the effect of neem extract on aluminum phosphide-induced toxicity in the liver of albino Wistar rats and also to evaluate the effect of neem leaf extract on hematological parameters in aluminum phosphide-induced toxicity in adult wistar rat .Thirty (30) adult male Wistar rats were grouped into five (5) groups (A-E). Group A served as the control group, Group B received aluminum phosphide only, Group C received aluminum phosphide and 200 mg neem extract and Group D received aluminum phosphide and 400mg neem extract Group E neem extract only. Hematoxylin and Eosin staining technique was used to study the histological morphology of the liver. Hematological investigations were also carried out. From the result obtained, white blood cells neutrophils, hemoglobin and red blood cells were reduced while platelet and lymphocyte were increased. Result shows that the group which took a higher dose of neem extract had less damage to the liver cell compared to those that took a lesser dose and aluminium phosphide alone respectively. Hence, it can be inferred that neem extract does not completely ameliorate hepatotoxicity of aluminium phosphide.

Comparative Evaluation of Smear Layer Removal Efficacy of Neem Leaf Extract, Propolis, and Orange Oil when used as Endodontic Irrigants: An in vitro Scanning Electron Microscopic Study.

In root canal treatment, chemical debridement of the root canal with the help of irrigants is important due to the complex internal anatomy of the teeth. Biomechanical root canal preparation produces a smear layer. It covers the dentinal tubules, which may interfere with the penetration of various irrigants and intracanal medicaments, so the smear layer has to be removed. The potential side effects and certain limitations of chemical irrigants for smear layer removal have led to a shift toward herbal alternatives. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the smear layer removal efficacy of Neem leaf extract, Propolis, and Orange oil as endodontic irrigants using the scanning electron microscope. Ninety samples were taken and then randomly (simple random sampling method) divided into three experimental groups (n = 30) depending upon different endodontic irrigants used: Group 1-Neem leaf extract, Group 2-Orange oil and Group 3-Propolis and smear layer removal evaluation was done under the scanning electron microscope Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) at all the levels, i.e., coronal, middle, and apical. The collected data were analyzed using the Chi-square test. Group 1 (Neem leaf extract) showed the highest smear layer removal efficacy, which was followed by Group 2 (Orange oil) and the least efficacy of smear layer removal was shown by Group 3 (Propolis) at coronal, middle, and apical levels. Group 1 (Neem leaf extract) performed significantly better in removing the smear layer at coronal, middle, and apical levels as compared to the other two groups.

Synthesis and characterization of MgO nanoparticles using chemical reducing agents and leaf extract of neem

Nanotechnology plays a major role in the industrial revolution and emerged over the past decade as the vanguard of Science and Technology and it is a dominant area of scientific research. The eco-friendly synthesis of MgO nanoparticles provide an alternative solution to the use of toxic materials that are harmful to the environment. The present work focuses on the synthesis of MgO nanoparticles by azadirachta indica (neem) leaves through the green method and chemical synthesis. The azadirachta indica commonly known as neem, a widely distributed medicinal plant is safe, easily available and has great potential for biomedical applications. Here we utilizing the reducing and capping potential of neem leaf extract. Study revealed the role of various biomolecules such as nimbin, nimbinene, nimbandiol, immobile, nimicinol, quercetin, and beta-sitosterol in the formation of MgO nanoparticles. The study also compares the morphology, and nature of nanoparticles developed through different synthesis techniques. The distinctive features of biosynthesized MgO nanoparticles such as high refractive index, outstanding optical transparency, excellent corrosion resistance and high stability are enhanced its applications in various fields. The characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles has done using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) technique. An average particle size of 8 nm was observed for nanoparticles derived from chemical synthesize as calculated from the major peak appeared at 38.187°. It is interestingly noted that, nanoparticles prepared by green approach, the size has reduced to 5 nm and the major peak shifts to 37.97°. The study clearly confirms that for the production of smaller-sized nanoparticles green method is preferred. Data obtained from the XRD technique has compared with the standard JCPDS (Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards) file, thus confirming the presence of MgO nanoparticles. The prepared MgO nanoparticles from neem leaf extract have identified suitable for seed germination applications.

Antibiofilm activity of neem leaf (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) ethanolic extracts against Enterococcus faecalis in vitro

Background: Enterococcus faecalis commonly infects root canals by forming a biofilm. Extracts from neem leaves (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) have been shown to have antibacterial properties, indicating their potential in preventing or treating biofilm formation caused by bacteria. Purpose: This study aims to investigate the phytochemical compounds present in neem leaves (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) and establish the concentration of ethanol-based neem leaf extract that can effectively inhibit the in vitro growth of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. Methods: This study employed the maceration technique for extraction, gas chromatography mass spectroscopy for the analysis of plant chemicals, and a microtiter plate assay for measuring biofilm formation with treatment concentrations of 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 75%, with a positive control of 0.2% chlorhexidine. Results: A phytochemical analysis revealed that the ethanol extract of neem leaves contained 22 different metabolites, mainly terpenoids and fatty acids. The extract demonstrated antibiofilm activity only at a concentration of 12.5% with an average biofilm inhibition of 36.85%. However, lower concentrations of 6.25%, 25%, 50%, and 75% had the opposite effect, promoting biofilm formation in Enterococcus faecalis. Conclusion: Phytochemical metabolite contained in the ethanolic extracts of neem leaves might contribute a promising agent in treating a biofilm-mediated root canal infection of Enterococcus faecalis.

The Insecticidal Activity of Azadirachta indica Leaf Extract: Optimization of the Microencapsulation Process by Complex Coacervation.

The objective of the present work was to optimize the microencapsulation conditions of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaf extracts for the biocontrol of Tenebrio molitor. The complex coacervation method was used for the encapsulation of the extracts. The independent factors considered were the pH (3, 6, and 9), pectin (4, 6, and 8% w/v), and whey protein isolate (WPI) (0.50, 0.75, and 1.00% w/v). The Taguchi L9 (33) orthogonal array was used as the experimental matrix. The response variable was the mortality of T. molitor after 48 h. The nine treatments were applied by immersion of the insects for 10 s. The statistical analysis revealed that the most influential factor on the microencapsulation was the pH (73% of influence), followed by the pectin and WPI (15% and 7% influence, respectively). The software predicted that the optimal microencapsulation conditions were pH 3, pectin 6% w/v, and WPI 1% w/v. The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio was predicted as 21.57. The experimental validation of the optimal conditions allowed us to obtain an S/N ratio of 18.54, equivalent to a T. molitor mortality of 85 ± 10.49%. The microcapsules had a diameter ranging from 1-5 μm. The microencapsulation by complex coacervation of neem leaf extract is an alternative for the preservation of insecticidal compounds extracted from neem leaves.

Evaluation of In Vitro and In Vivo Antifungal Activity of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles against Early Blight in Tomato

Silver nanoparticles have gained considerable interest in recent decades due to their antimicrobial activity and are used in water disinfection, wound healing, food packaging, and plant protection. This study tested the potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using the neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract against Alternaria solani causes early blight disease in tomato plants. The pathogen was isolated from infected tomato plants and identified using morphological and molecular features. The results showed significant variation among isolates. Isolates, Shk-1 and Ksr-1 were highly pathogenic, causing up to 80% disease incidence. The potential of silver nanoparticles against each isolate was determined using different concentrations of silver nanoparticles. During in vitro and in vivo experiments, the growth inhibition rate of the pathogen was 70–100% at 50 ppm. Lower concentrations of silver nanoparticles (5 and 10 ppm) increased phenolics, PO, PPO, and PAL production by more than 50% as compared to the untreated control. These defensive mechanisms clearly demonstrate the fungicidal potential of AgNPs and recommend their utilization in different crop protection programs.

Evaluation Of Different Components Against Xanthomonas Axonopodis Pv. Malvacearum

Bacterial blight is a destructive foliar disease causes severe yield reduction in cotton cultivation. Bacterial blight caused by bacterial plant pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum. The paper disc method was used to assess the sensitivity of various chemicals, bioagents, and botanicals against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum. Among the chemicals, Streptomycine sulphate + Tetracycline (Streptocycline) 250 ppm demonstrated the greatest inhibition zone (15.34 mm). Among the antagonistic organism such as Pseudomonas fluorescens was found significantly superior to record the maximum inhibition zone (17.30 mm). The 15% leaf extract of Neem was found to be significantly superior to the other botanicals tested, recording the highest zone of inhibition (12.0 mm).

AN ALTERNATIVE ANTIVIRAL THERAPY OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE IN BROILER CHICKENS: A CLINICAL STUDY OF METHANOLIC NEEM LEAVES EXTRACT

Newcastle disease (ND) is an important viral disease that threatens the global poultry industry. The urgent need for a safe and effective antiviral alternative prompted us to evaluate neem methanolic leaf extract against Newcastle disease virus (NDv) in broilers. A total of Sixty Cobb chicks (day old) were allocated randomly into 4 equal groups; group A was a control negative, and group B was a control positive. Groups C and D received a methanolic neem leaf extract (MNLE) in drinking water for five days at 500 and 1000 µg/kg BW, respectively. At 25th days old, chicks in groups B, C and D were challenged via the oculonasal route with 0.2 ml of virulent NDv. The use of MNLE in groups C and D significantly reduced morbidity and mortality as well as the macroscopic and microscopic scoring lesions of all examined organs compared to the infected untreated group B. The high dose of MNLE (1000 µg/ kg BW; group D) was more efficient and significant in relieving the clinical and pathological abnormalities caused by ND challenge compared with the low dose (500 µg/ kg BW; group C). Moreover, positive effects of the herbal treatment on the experimentally ND-infected chickens were evidenced by reducing viral RNA concentrations in the oropharyngeal swabs at 3, 5, and 7 days post challenge and the infectivity titer of the virus isolated from the trachea, spleen, and cecal tonsils at 7 days post challenge. In conclusion, MNLE possesses potential antioxidant to have a power to control NDv shedding and infection. So, MNLE could be a source of inspiration for new alternative antivirals.

Green and environmentally sustainable fabrication of SnS2 quantum dots/chitosan nanocomposite for enhanced photocatalytic performance: Effect of process variables, and water matrices.

Concerns over the availability of clean water and the quality of treated wastewater are significant problems that call for an appropriate solution to improve the water quality. The present work emphasized the synthesis of novel SnS2 quantum dots (QDs) deposited on chitosan via a facile green precipitation method involving neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract and investigating its photocatalytic performance for the degradation of Crystal violet (CV) dye under varying reaction parameters, other organic and inorganic salts and water matrices. The crystal structure, surface morphology, and elemental composition of the prepared SnS2 (QDs)/Ch composite were evaluated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), photoluminescence (PL) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) techniques. The average size of SnS2/Chitosan nanoparticles was calculated to be 8.8nm using XRD, with the average diameter of SnS2 QDs to be 3.3nm from TEM. UV-visible spectroscopy was used to investigate its optical properties. The direct band gap of SnS2/Chitosan estimated from Tauc's plot came to be 2.5eV. The prepared novel SnS2/Ch composite showed outstanding photocatalytic activity for the degradation of CV through the Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP). The fabricated photocatalyst caused 98.60±1.34 % degradation of CV within a short period of 70min under optimum conditions. The photodegradation reaction followed pseudo-first-order rate kinetics with a rate constant of 0.0815min-1. Furthermore, the photocatalyst showed high stability and was reusable for up to four cycles. The present work fulfils the aim of designing a novel, green, and efficient visible light-active nano-photocatalyst.

Neem leaf extract as a Potential antibiofilm and anti ESBLS agent for K. pneumoniae

K. pneumoniae is well known for its ability to form biofilm on indwelling medical devices. These biofilms are difficult to remove because of their high tolerance to conventional antibiotics. Therefore, there is a need to look for alternative agents such as medicinal plants, which can eradicate or inhibit biofilm effectively. This study evaluated the role of neem in inhibiting ESPLs production and biofilm formation by K. pneumoniae. Factors contributing to adherence and biofilm formation were also studied. Results demonstrated that neem leaves extract was quite effective in disrupting formation of biofilms and ESBLS activity at P- value: . Moreover, the level of exopolysaccharide, which contributes to biofilm formation, was also affected significantly. Results confirm the effectiveness of neem extract in inhibiting biofilm formation. Such studies can lead to the discovery of safe antimicrobial drugs from natural sources without the risk of resistance".

VARIATION OVER TIME OF BIOINSECTICIDES EFFECT ON Spodoptera frugiperda INCIDENCE IN CORN (Zea mays) IN DRY SEASON IN MOCACHE, LOS RÍOS, ECUADOR

<p><strong>Background.</strong> Corn cultivation – one of the main crops in the world – is important in Ecuador for human and animal nutrition, but one of the main limitations in production is the damage caused by the insect pest <em>Spodoptera frugiperda</em> (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). <strong>Objective</strong>. Therefore, the objective of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness over time of three bio-insecticides on pest incidence in maize hybrid INIAP H601 in Mocache, Los Ríos, Ecuador in the dry season. <strong>Methodology</strong>. A completely randomized design was used with five treatments and four replicates: (1) Natural neem (<em>Azadirachta indica</em>) leaf extract in doses of 1.88 L; (2) Bassigeos (<em>Beauveria bassiana</em>) in doses of 5 L; (3) Neem + <em>B. bassiana</em> mix in doses of 7 L; (4) Chemical bait in doses of 80 kg.ha<sup>-1</sup>; and (5) Control group without application, processed by a linear model of repeated measures. <strong>Results</strong>. A significant variation was observed in the treatments due to the influence of time. <strong>Implications</strong>. Corn agricultural production has a long tradition and importance in Ecuador, especially in the Province of Los Ríos where productions are affected by <em>S. frugiperda </em>whose major control is by using polluting chemical products. <strong>Conclusions</strong>. Because the effect of the applied bio-insecticide treatments changes overtime, pest incidence is modified through a linear model of repeated measures. The lowest incidence percentages are achieved with the use of <em>B. bassiana </em>(Bb), <em>A. indica</em> (neem) and Bb + Neem mix after day 15, whereas the chemical control group achieves it throughout the evaluated time interval.</p>

Efficacy of eco-friendly treatments on yield attributes in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) against alternaria blight

Indian Mustard that is emerged as the core oilseed crop is cultivated in the northern regions of India during Rabi season. Alternaria blight is one of the most destructive pathogens for Indian Mustard resulting in huge losses in quality and quantity of the produce. A research study was taken up to control the alternaria blight in Indian Mustard with selected eco-friendly treatments by monitoring disease intensity and yield attributes. It is noted that T2 – Trichoderma viride has shown significant results on disease intensity and yield attributes, where disease intensity has significantly minimised in T2 may be due to the mycoparasitic nature and ability to generate volatile and non-volatile compounds against pathogen with great anti-microbial activity. The results showed that maximum plant height (56.10 cm), test weight (4.11 g) and seed yield (1.21 t/ha) of Indian Mustard with minimum disease intensity (40.21 %) were recorded in the treatment T2 and followed by T6­­ – neem leaf extract @15% that has shown significant results on Alternaria blight.

Effect of Application Intervals of Various Types of Insecticides in Controlling Fruit Fly (Bactrocera sp.) Pests on Production of Curly Red Chili (Capsicum annum L.)

The study's full title was "The Effect of Application Intervals of Different Types of Insecticides in Controlling Fruit Fly (Bactrocera sp.) Pests on Production of Curly Red Chili (Capsicum annum L.)." From July 2021 to October 2021, it was conducted in the dormitory area of the Riau Islamic University. The goal of this study was to ascertain how different vegetable insecticide kinds interacted with treatment intervals to control fruit fly pests and curly red chili plant production. This study employed a two-factor, entirely randomized design. The first factor was a combination of four different doses of pesticides, including isoprocarb 2 g/l, betel leaf extract 100 cc/l, neem leaf extract 100 cc/l, and lime leaf extract 100 cc/l. The application time interval, which has four levels—3 days, 6 days, 9 days, and 12 days—is the second element. 48 experimental units were created by combining 16 treatment combinations, each of which had three replications. There were 192 plants total because there were 4 plants per experimental unit and 2 plants were used as samples. The data is statistically analyzed before being subjected to the BNJ test. The outcomes demonstrated that not all parameters were affected by interactions and combinations of application intervals and different insecticide types, including the percentage of flowers to fruit, age at first harvest, fruit weight per plant, fruit weight per fruit, percentage of fruit flies attacked, other types of pests that attack, and age of disease across all treatments.