Need For Open Space Research Articles

A Sustainable Opportunity to Re-Inhabit Traditional Buildings in Italy: Energy Efficiency Actions End Fiscal Incentives

In recent decades, the Italian building trade has recorded an increasing interest in the renovation and improvement of both listed and unlisted existing buildings by the Ministry of Culture, growing the debate on adapting historical buildings to current sustainability needs. The Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) observed the increase in family commuting and the attractiveness of marginal territories. Despite the scarcity of services, one-fifth of Italian small municipalities are attractive according to some indicators, primarily the demographic growth in the last three years. The COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to the re-evaluation of inland areas. Remote working and the new need for open spaces could increase the return to small villages and be further boosted by the fiscal incentives. This paper considers the evolution of last year’s real estate market, evaluating whether the regulatory tools for energy retrofit and tax relief meet the trade crisis with a possible benefit of preserving historical buildings. This research cannot ignore the European background; therefore, this paper offers an overview of EU regulatory strategies for energy efficiency recently issued to increase sustainability, focusing on tax credits for improving existing buildings. In conclusion, some considerations are proposed for future in-depth research.

PERCONTOHAN PAGAR PENGAMAN RUANG TERBUKA DI KELURAHAN KALIANYAR

Kalianyar settlement has the highest density in Indonesia. These conditions make this settlement vulnerable to fire hazards. The need for open space, the dense environmental conditions, as well as the possibility of fire hazards require residents to prepare for the disaster threat. Understanding and skills regarding the disaster mitigation development and maintenance of open space is necessary to maximize the use of space, to improve the quality of the environment, as well as the skills of citizens. Community action plan is very important to improve the environment quality. The aim of this program is to provide a safety fence based on community action plan. The method used in this program is assisting the development process. This program can optimize the use of space while improving the environment quality. Participants were neighborhood officers and residents at RT 02 RW 07. The result showed that the sense of belonging to the open space can be improved through the fence construction pilot project. The sense of belonging is shown by painting the safety fence independently by residents.

Questioning the use of the balcony in apartments during the COVID-19 pandemic process

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess using of balconies in apartment buildings. In the research, by questioning the use of balconies as to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) process and before, the place and importance of the balcony in the apartment house were questioned.Design/methodology/approachBalcony performance dimensions and components, which were revealed based on the studies conducted, were analyzed with questions directed to the individuals living in the apartment (one person every flat). In the research in which behavioral and functional performance is questioned through users, the survey method was used and the data were analyzed in the Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) program. Apart from the performance dimensions, data on the characteristics of the balconies were also obtained from the answers of the users.FindingsThe use of balconies has increased during the pandemic process and has become more important in apartments. The size of the balcony is related to the size of the house. The functional performance of the balcony is linked to the size of the balcony, behavioral and environmental values. The balcony should be large enough to accommodate equipment for daily activities, the proximity to the surrounding buildings, view, noise affect the performance of the balcony.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is limited to the questionnaire applied to apartment users in Konya (Turkey) city center. Male and female users participated in the study, and the use of the balcony was questioned.Practical implicationsApartment design includes results that contribute to architects regarding the location and use of the balcony. It also includes the results that can be evaluated by local governments in terms of binding rules on balconies in zoning regulations.Social implicationsThe balcony is one of the rooms of the house, which is mainly designed in connection with the kitchen and living room / living room and shared by the household. The balcony is used as a socializing place for the common actions of the house users. This space that opens to the outside is valuable in terms of providing communication with people outside.Originality/valueThe fact that no study has been conducted to question the use of the balcony over the user makes this study valuable. In addition, questioning the use of the balcony during the pandemic process is important in terms of revealing the importance of the need for open space in an apartment. The results will contribute to architects and local administrations in terms of binding rules in design regarding the location of the balcony in the house.

Analysis of activity, space and user relations in urban squares

With the increasing density of built spaces in urban areas, the need for open spaces increases every day. Squares are one of the most important of these open spaces. Urban squares allow various activities and exhibit functional differences based on location and culture. The diversity of activities conducted in squares is extremely important for the quality and viability of liveable urban spaces. Urban residents prefer spaces that are suitable for individual requirements and desires and allow for a variety of activities. These spaces also contribute to social life. This article aimed to determine the user profile, occupancy, facilities and activity diversity at the Atatürk Plaza (Trabzon urban square) in Trabzon, the capital city of Trabzon Province, Turkey. The occupants of the square and their numbers were analysed via the behaviour observation method. As a result of the observations conducted in the square over one year, 17 activities were identified. The majority of these activities were necessary activities and that the most common activity was walking. The occupancy density and distribution in the square were analysed using the Geographical Information System (GIS). These research findings and analyses could serve as a guide for future urban square and urban open space designs.

Bridges Over the Nile. Transportation Corridors Transformed into Public Spaces

Cairo is a congested city with high rate of urbanization and very limited public space. Cairo has one of the lowest rates of parkland per capita of any major city. Moreover, the banks of the Nile, formerly alive with activities such as washing, fishing, and felucca landings, were by the end of the twentieth century largely cutoff from free public access by a wall of busy roads, private clubs, luxury hotels, restaurants, nurseries, and police/military stations, roads. The need for open space for people from lower income who could not afford the expensive options along the Nile banks, has resulted in use of the sidewalks of the main bridges as public spaces. Families, couples, and friends tolerate the noise and fumes of traffic to enjoy the expansive views and breezes over the Nile. As a result of this extraordinary re-purposing of the bridges, new small businesses have formed to cater to the uses, and a new interaction with the river has emerged. We studied the patterns of use, characteristics of the user population, and stated preferences of users. We identify a set of characteristics contributing to the popularity of the bridges as public space, including affordability, accessibility, openness to the river and visual connection with the other bank. We propose that these characteristics be taken into account when developing future projects along the river water front to address the need for public space and access to the Nile.

Spatial Design of Childcare Facilities Based on Biophilic Design Patterns

This study covers the issue of insufficient childcare support, which is part of the combined social problem of low birth rates and aging, and sets the direction for the environmental improvement of childcare facilities. This study aims to find the clues to creating an optimized environment for children in nature, which is a key factor that generally promotes children’s physical, cognitive, and social development. In this paper, we conducted a literature review and case study to determine the spatial design characteristics of childcare facilities based on a biophilic design and survey. This study reached five conclusions. Firstly, childcare facilities need a spatial design to have a view of the natural ecosystem outside to increase children’s concentration and provide a pleasant environment. Secondly, there is a need for open space that makes observation and monitoring more convenient in the different spaces of childcare facilities. Thirdly, childcare facilities need a spatial design where children can enjoy various sensory experiences related to nature. Fourthly, childcare facilities must have an interesting and familiar spatial design using natural elements. Lastly, there must be hiding places considering the children’s stage of development and learning ability. The results will be used as the baseline data for the spatial design and planning of childcare facilities based on biophilic design.

Factors That Influence Optimization Open Space Under the Jenggolo Sidoarjo Flyover

Population in Surabaya and Sidoarjo grows rapidly every year. The need for open space is increasing from the needs of residences, shops, hotels, malls, and so on, so that almost every open space in every area is utilized both by legal buildings and illegal buildings or activities. The emergence of illegal activities in areas that are not utilized such as commensurate environmental lines, under flyovers, and around the banks of rivers, can cause the growth and structuring of the city to be hampered. The location of this research paper is under the Jenggolo Sidoarjo flyover, and it is known that there is an irregularity in the arrangement of both street vendors, open spaces, parks and there is still plenty of free space on the site. So as to support the government's efforts in correct and optimal spatial planning and cities. The paper that will be discussed is how to know the potential and ways to develop existing potentials into a public space that is sensitive to public and surrounding environment. So that the public space created is expected to be able to support the arrangement of space and the city of Sidoarjo in particular.

Factors affecting quality of social interaction park in Jakarta

The existence of social interactions park in Jakarta is an oasis in the middle of a concrete jungle. Parks is a response to the need for open space as a place of recreation and community interaction. Often the social interaction parks built by the government does not function as expected, but other functions such as a place to sell, trash, unsafe so be rarely visited by visitors. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that affect the quality of social interaction parks in Jakarta by conducting descriptive analysis and correlation analysis of the variables assessment. The results of the analysis can give an idea of social interactions park based on community needs and propose the development of social interactioncity park. The object of study are 25 social interaction parks in 5 municipalities of Jakarta. The method used is descriptive analysis method, correlation analysis using SPSS 19 and using crosstab, chi-square tests. The variables are 5 aspects of Design, Plants composition: Selection type of plant (D); the beauty and harmony (Ind); Maintenance and fertility (P); Cleanliness and Environmental Health (BS); Specificity (Drainage, Multi Function garden, Means, Concern/Mutual cooperation, in dense settlements) (K). The results of analysis show that beauty is the most significant correlation with the value of the park followed by specificity, cleanliness and maintenance. Design was not the most significant variable affecting the quality of the park. The results of this study can be used by the Department of Parks and Cemeteries as input in managing park existing or to be developed and to improve the quality of social interaction park in Jakarta.

Spatial and temporal habitat use and selection by red deer: The use of direct and indirect methods

Given the importance of red deer Cervus elaphus for hunting and conservation purposes, understanding the interactions between this species and its habitats in the Mediterranean region is a crucial step for the sustainable management of this species. Aiming to compare pellet group counts and direct observations methods to study the habitat use and selection by red deer, the results obtained by both methods were compared, and their advantages and disadvantages were discussed. To understand the temporal patterns of habitat use and selection, the survey was conducted at three different seasons, birth period, rut season and winter. The habitat use and selection were studied in relation to land cover, watercourse, roads, ecotone zones and other topographic features (altitude, slope and aspect), using generalized linear models and selection ratios. The similarity of the results provided by pellet group counts and direct observations indicate that both methods may constitute useful tools to study the habitat use and selection by red deer. Globally, red deer seemed to select habitats that provide simultaneously food and some cover, as shown by its preference for shrublands, independently of the sampling season. The positive selection of ecotone zones embodies the need for open spaces. Males and females showed a similar use of shrubland, but selected patches with different characteristics therein. The spatial and temporal patterns exhibited by our results suggest that red deer balance their habitat requirements in respect to each phase of their reproductive cycle. Pellet group counts and direct observations seem to be useful methods to analyze habitat use and selection, and may provide helpful knowledge to the management and conservation of red deer.

Rural tourism as a strategic option for social and economic development in the rural area in Romania

The rural tourism is considered a strategy that can contribute to the decreasing of population mobility, creating employment opportunities, and also to the social-economic development of the rural area. Rural tourism and agritourism can satisfy the need for open space through recreation activities, responding to the increasing interest of the urban population for the natural patrimony and rural culture. Rural tourism marks the economic growth stimulation, the underdeveloped areas viability, the life standards improvement for local population. If the rural tourism accomplishes all these functions, it requires a development through which the resources durability is secured during its expansion. The tourism sustainable development in the rural area demands the ability to develop the tourism resources, creating links between different activity sectors in a certain way that the space value is

Synthetic Turf: Health DebateTakes Root

In Little League dugouts, community parks, professional athletic organizations, and international soccer leagues, on college campuses and neighborhood playgrounds, even in residential yards, the question being asked is “grass or plastic?” The debate is over synthetic turf, used to blanket lawns, park spaces, and athletic fields where children and adults relax and play; the questions are whether synthetic turf is safe for human and environmental health, and whether its advantages outweigh those of natural grass. Despite or perhaps because of the fact that it is too early to definitively answer those questions, the debate is fierce. New York City, which buys the largest amount of synthetic turf of any U.S. municipality, held a hearing 13 December 20007 on the use of synthetic turf in city parks. There is a clear need for open space in the city. The 28,700 acres of land constituting some 4,000 parks are distributed unevenly throughout the city. “Many districts have no green parks, not even one,” said Helen Sears, a city council member representing the Jackson Heights neighborhood, during the hearing. New York City Department of Parks & Recreation commissioner Adrian Benepe wants to address the need for parks and athletic fields by installing not only natural grass fields and lawns but also synthetic turf. “With quality recreational facilities—which means, in some cases, synthetic turf fields—we will be able to better confront this issue,” he says. In New York City, he points out, at least 35 synthetic turf fields are or will be a replacement for asphalt surfaces. Others oppose the move toward synthetic turf. “Grassroots organizations have been working hard to have pesticide use reduced or banned in places where it is unnecessary,” says Tanya Murphy, a board member of Healthy Child, Healthy World, an advocacy organization. “Now we’re going from the frying pan and into the fire when replacing grass with synthetic turf.” The debate leaves many on the fence. Orlando Gil, an assistant research scientist at New York University and soccer coach, is weighing both alternatives: “We want children to play outside, exercise, and play sports, but with pesticides and fertilizers in grass and chemicals in artificial turf, I don’t know which to choose.” Indeed, a dearth of research on the nonoccupational human health effects of exposure to the constituents of synthetic turf hampers the ability to make that choice with any degree of confidence. On the basis of limited toxicity data, some reports have concluded the health risks are minimal. Most agree, however, that far more research is needed before the question can be definitively answered. In the 13 December 2007 issue of Rachel’s Democracy and Health News, William Crain of the City College of New York Psychology Department and Junfeng Zhang of the University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey School of Public Health called conclusions of minimal risk “premature.”

Repairing the American Metropolis: Common Place Revisited

Review: Repairing the American Metropolis: Common Place Revisited By Douglas Kelbaugh Reviewed by Ryder W. Miller San Francisco, USA Douglas Kelbaugh. Repairing the American Metropolis: Common Place Revisited. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002. 272 pages. ISBN 0-295-98204-7(trade paper); 0-295-98230-6 (cloth). US$29.95 trade paper; US$50.00 cloth. Acid-free and recycled from 10% post-consumer and at least 50% pre-consumer waste. David Kelbaugh retells and explains the guiding historical/philosophical and ideological trends that have impacted modern architecture and urban design. Here told are the movements which have shaped what we see in our urban environment, the buildings themselves being a dialogue between Modernism, Postmodernism, Deconstructionism, Phenomenology, and so forth. Also explained are the Green Building, and Environmental and Solar Architecture. There is also discussion of High-Tech Architecture and Historic Preservation and Critical Regionalism of which Kelbaugh writes In the end, respect for place, nature, history, craft, and limits will precipitate a Critical Regionalism (p. 93). But Kelbaugh, Dean of the Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning at the University of Michigan, also explains their faults and limitations (as well as a Typology: the Architecture of Limits). On the Urban Design side, the work also advocates for the utopian New Urbanism in contrast to the less pragmatic Post Urbanism and Everyday Urbanism. Kelbaugh writes, Imperfect as it is, New Urbanism is substantially and, in many cases, spectacularly better than conventional suburbs. ... In so many ways New Urbanism is a win-win proposition. Sound design and community planning, healthy and sustainable ecology, economic and social diversity, and good governance can all fit into the New Urbanist canon. Rarely do so many ethical, environmental, social, and economic entries fall on the positive side of the ledger (p. 180). Kelbaugh relays the importance of environmental issues like urban sprawl and open space. He recommends regulating sprawl, to take advantage of opportunities to promote suburban infill instead, and to create open space. Kelbaugh suggests that we can eliminate costly urban sprawl by eliminating artificially cheap land and artificially cheap energy (gasoline). Kelbaugh eloquently defends the need for Open Space: Shared open and enclosed space is a critical element in establishing a sense of community and

A Proposal for an Agricultural Land Preservation Program

Abstract America's need for open space has become a wide-spread and popular concern, if not a faddish one. The purposes served by open space are varied and occasionally conflicting. They include conserving wildlife habitats or providing areas for outdoor recreation, pro-viding small neighborhood parks in developed areas or containing urban sprawl by securing large areas, con-trolling growth, or preserving historic areas. Indivi-duals dedicated to any one purpose may remain largely unconcerned about others. One goal of open space con-servation whose necessity has produced little conflict is the preservation of agricultural land. The conflict in this area centers instead on its implementation.

WILDLIFE VALUES IN FORESTRY IN ONTARIO

The objective of land use is to produce the most in values for the greatest possible number of people. In the province of Ontario the concept of single-use forestry has been abandoned both in legislation and planning. Examples are given where wildlife management and forestry have impinged on each other, and the conclusion in these cases is that sound management should produce few problems. On non-agricultural open lands in the vicinity of metropolitan areas, wildlife management and forestry together become economical where advantage is also taken of the urgent need for open space for many forms of outdoor recreation.

Public Health Implications in City and Regional Planning

Y city and regional planning we seek to control the design and arrangement of the city for convenience, safety, and maximum possible satisfactory living conditions. Three levels of planning are involved: the city or region, the neighborhood, and the relationships of individual structures. There are public health implications in planning at each of these levels. There is need for open spaces to break up excessive continuity of building masses. There is need for open spaces for recreation, both active and passive. There is need for orderly arrangement to reduce fatigue caused by undue loss of time in travel between home and work, to reduce congestion and confusion in transportation, and to reduce accident hazards. There is need for good neighborhood environment with freedom from the noises, odors, and traffic of commerce and industry, and with opportunity for recreation for different age groups and for normal community life. There is need for sufficient open space between buildings to permit adequate lightand air to encourage rest and normal family life. These are city and regional planning matters because they cannot be secured and permanently preserved by the individual at any cost. They are inadequately provided for in cities today because of haphazard growth prior to the advent of city and regional plan-