General Necessity Research Articles

Breast milk sharing practices in emergency settings

Abstract Background In emergencies, breast milk sharing becomes essential to sustain infant nutrition when access to maternal breastfeeding is disrupted. This study examines donor motivations and assesses the impact of such initiatives on infant health outcomes during wartime. Methods This qualitative study investigated a community of breast milk donors on a Facebook platform for the month following the start of the war on October 7, 2023. We investigated two main groups participating in breast milk sharing through reflective thematic analysis of social media messages. Results A count of posts one month before and after October 7 revealed a doubling in post frequency post-7/10, emphasizing the surge in war-related posts. Two main themes emerged concerning the war: 1. Infant needs: Posts addressed various infant needs, including general necessities and those specific to war-related situations. Requests for milk sharing emerged from the second day of the war, particularly for infants whose mothers were missing or injured. Government information from the National Human Milk Bank was shared within these Facebook groups, encouraging donations for these infants. 2. Donor Motivation: Posts reflected both non-war-related and war-related motivations, with a notable emphasis on the latter. Authors, including both women and men, actively promoted the donation of human milk to conflict-affected areas. Suggestions included pumping milk specifically for war-affected infants or offering frozen human milk. Some posts also offered to collect and deliver human milk to needy infants within the affected regions. Conclusions Post frequency doubled in both Facebook groups compared to the previous month, mainly focusing on war-related topics, indicating an increased drive to share human milk with those affected by the conflict. Key messages • Breast milk sharing, crucial in emergencies, analyzed via social media, sheds light on donor motivations and impacts on infant health during conflicts. • This qualitative study investigated a community of breast milk donors on a Facebook platform for the month following the start of the war on October 7, 2023.

СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКОЕ ЦЕЛЕПОЛАГАНИЕ ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ СТРАНЫ

The substantive provisions of the consistency (complexity) of the general strategic goal of achieving food security are developed. Attention is focused on the need to transfer the tasks of improving the quality of food to a new level. It is emphasized that the solution of the complex problem of providing highquality food to the population requires the allocation of the main performers of the set targets by the levels of government. The problem of the need for calculations of regional balances of food production and consumption is actualized. It is argued that the regional aspect of food security should get its place on the upper tier of doctrinal food security in the country. The necessity of generalization at the upper level of the tier of goals within the framework of both economic and financial accessibility of food is justified. The necessity of including in the upper tier of the tree the goals of the processes of digital transformation of the organization and management system of ensuring food security of the country is highlighted.

The solvent- and surface-dependent adsorption of the lipopeptide antibiotic daptomycin: The general necessity of adsorption tests

The impact of poor or non-reproducible analyte recoveries due to non-specific drug adsorption on various analytical assays is often underestimated. Even internationally approved guidelines for pharmaceutical analysis such as the EMA guideline on bioanalytical method validation, the ICH guideline M10 on bioanalytical method validation and study sample analysis or the FDA bioanalytical method validation guidance do not adequately encourage more detailed investigations. Furthermore, other areas of research in which the concentration of active pharmaceutical compounds plays a crucial role, for example screening for minimal inhibitory concentrations of bacterial isolates, are potentially affected as well. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the general necessity of drug adsorption tests, using the lipopeptide antibiotic daptomycin as an example. A wide range of typical materials used in processing samples in pharmaceutical and biological analysis, as well as various solvents and biological matrices were included in the experiments. A fully validated LC-MS/MS method was applied for the determination of daptomycin concentrations, which were subsequently used to calculate the recovery. Recovery results (n = 3) ranged from 0.00% to 102.12% with a maximum relative standard deviation of 12.78%. These findings demonstrate that recovery can vary greatly depending on the solvent and the contact material, indicating the need to be optimized and, if applicable, validated. Hence, high reproducibility can only be achieved if all materials (and their manufacturers) used in a method are specified, not just those used in steps considered critical.

Blockchain in the shipping industry: A proposal for the use of blockchain for SMEs in the maritime industry

The main objective of this study is to address one of the significant challenges maritime SMEs, as well as the whole industry, are facing concerning the general necessity to digitize the global supply chain: the lack of transparent information flows between participants and the non-existing documentation standards. This objective includes a proposal of using blockchain technology for data sharing as a solution to counter this challenge.To understand how a blockchain-based data-sharing platform would succeed and tackle this challenge, TradeLens was selected as a case study. The literature review has addressed the shipping industry as a whole, blockchain technology, and its features and current initiatives that facilitate this technology.The case study analysis and discussion focused on the architecture, data sharing model, and standards for documentation as well as challenges associated with the solution TradeLens is offering for maritime enterprises. From this analysis, implications for SMEs have been elaborated. Concluding these implications have been validated through interviews with industry experts and strategic decision-makers in maritime SMEs.

ZEMSTVO REFORM IN RUSSIA: HISTORICAL AND LEGAL CONTEXT

The article deals with the issues of legal regulation of zemstvo self-government in the second half of the 19th century on the basis of valid acts of the Russian empire. Urgency of addressing this theme is determined by the next stage of municipal reform in Russia, conditioned by the inclusion of local self-government and state administration into unified system of public power organization by the Constitution of Russian Federation of 1993 and by the necessity of generalization of historical experience for providing legislative bodies of power with recommendations on application of some legal constructions that haven't lost their significance after a century. The author analyzes the guidelines, decrees and regulations, which laid down the order of organization of zemstvo self-government in the Vyatka province. She describes in detail the transformations carried out in the districts that make up the present-day Udmurtia, comparing the laws of 1864 and 1890. The competence of zemstvos, order of formation, functioning and interaction of zemstvo bodies in exercising their powers are revealed in details. Special attention is paid to the legal regulation of electoral rights of different categories of the population. At the end of the article some conclusions are formulated for effective organization of public administration with zemstvo reforms in modern legal conditions.

From Self-supervised Learning to Transfer Learning with Musculoskeletal Radiographs

Abstract Ewing sarcomas are malignant neoplasm entities typically found in children and adolescents. Early detection is crucial for therapy and prognosis. Due to the low incidence the general experience as well as according data is limited. Novel support tools for diagnosis, such as deep learning models for image interpretation, are required. While acquiring sufficient data is a common obstacle in medicine, several techniques to tackle small data sets have emerged. The general necessity of large data sets in addition to a rare disease lead to the question whether transfer learning can solve the issue of limited data and subsequently support tasks such as distinguishing Ewing sarcoma from its main differential diagnosis (acute osteomyelitis) in paediatric radiographs. 42,608 unstructured radiographs from our musculoskeletal tumour centre were retrieved from the PACS. The images were clustered with a DeepCluster, a self-supervised algorithm. 1000 clusters were used for the upstream task (pretraining). Following, the pretrained classification network was applied for the downstream task of differentiating Ewing sarcoma and acute osteomyelitis. An untrained network achieved an accuracy of 81.5%/54.2%, while an ImageNet-pretrained network resulted in 89.6%/70.8% for validation and testing, respectively. Our transfer learning approach surpassed the best result by 4.4%/17.3% percentage points. Transfer learning demonstrated to be a powerful technique to support image interpretation tasks. Even for small data sets, the impact can be significant. However, transfer learning is not a final solution to small data sets. To achieve clinically relevant results, a structured and systematic data acquisition is of paramount importance.

Вимушена міграція в надзвичайних умовах російсько-української війни та її негативні наслідки для генофонду України

The article covers an exclusively new topic – forced migration processes in Ukraine and abroad, provoked by the current hot phase of the eight-year Russian-Ukrainian war. The immediate negative impact of this phenomenon on the demograph-ic situation in Ukraine and future consequences for the gene pool of the population of the Ukrainian state are studied for the first time. The features of forced migration in the extraordinary conditions of this war, such as quantitative indicators of migrants and emigrants, age and gender of their subjectivity, directions of migrants running within Ukraine and emigrants abroad, problems faced by migrants in the country and abroad, etc. are investigated in the article. The aim of the study is to show the huge and unexpected impact of large-scale military operations launched by the occu-pying Russian regular army on the lives and fate of peaceful and innocent people of Ukraine. A quarter of them has become forced refugees and displaced persons. The figures and facts also show the tragedy of millions of families and individuals who have been forced to leave their homes, leaving all the benefits acquired during their lives. The relevance of the work is justified by the necessity of immediate generalization and study of the latest statistical and demographic data on the current forced migration crisis in the extraordinary conditions of the current Russian-Ukrainian aggressive war. The methods of research include general and specific historical: analysis and synthesis (in the course of working with sources); objectivity (determining the scale of internal and external migration provoked by the hot phase of the eight-year Russian-Ukrainian war); generalization (to understand the real state of forced migration processes in Ukraine and abroad and to draw conclusions); statistical (for the use in the work of quantitative indicators of migration and emigration various in nature and importance); chronological (to present the material in sequential chronological order); synchronous (during the comparative characterization of the situation of internally displaced persons in Ukraine and abroad). The scientific novelty of the article is a comprehensive analysis of new statistical and demographic data on the unprec-edented scales of the 7 million forced resettlement movement within Ukraine and the forced emigration of almost 6 million inhabitants and the extremely negative impact of these phenomena on our state gene pool. The practical value of the work comes down to the fact that the factual material, the author’s views and conclusions can be used to prepare works on modern history of Ukraine, some foreign countries and the Ukrainian diaspora.

ФУНКЦИИ МИНИСТЕРСТВА ВНУТРЕННИХ ДЕЛ В СФЕРЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ В НАЧАЛЕ ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЫ XIX ВЕКА

The purpose of the article is to study the management system of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the second half of the 19th century. Much attention is given to an analysis of the Legislation of the Russian Empire during the specified period and the national historical science. The fea-tures of the powers and functioning of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire and the general police from the end of the reign of Nicholas I to the 1862 police reform of Alexander II are determined. The author emphasizes the dependence of the ongoing transformations on the results of the Crimean War. The general necessity of preparation and implementation of the peasant reform in the state is revealed. The article draws attention to the transfer to the direct management of the Ministry of the territory of the Small and the Internal Kyrgyz Hordes, the expansion of the competence of the general police, the preparation and implementation of the 1892 police reform, as well as the objectives of the established police courts. As a result, the author draws conclusions about changes in the structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire and the general police. The main trends in the state approach to the management of internal affairs at the beginning of the second half of the 19th century are formulated.

Voxelisation Algorithms and Data Structures: A Review.

Voxel-based data structures, algorithms, frameworks, and interfaces have been used in computer graphics and many other applications for decades. There is a general necessity to seek adequate digital representations, such as voxels, that would secure unified data structures, multi-resolution options, robust validation procedures and flexible algorithms for different 3D tasks. In this review, we evaluate the most common properties and algorithms for voxelisation of 2D and 3D objects. Thus, many voxelisation algorithms and their characteristics are presented targeting points, lines, triangles, surfaces and solids as geometric primitives. For lines, we identify three groups of algorithms, where the first two achieve different voxelisation connectivity, while the third one presents voxelisation of curves. We can say that surface voxelisation is a more desired voxelisation type compared to solid voxelisation, as it can be achieved faster and requires less memory if voxels are stored in a sparse way. At the same time, we evaluate in the paper the available voxel data structures. We split all data structures into static and dynamic grids considering the frequency to update a data structure. Static grids are dominated by SVO-based data structures focusing on memory footprint reduction and attributes preservation, where SVDAG and SSVDAG are the most advanced methods. The state-of-the-art dynamic voxel data structure is NanoVDB which is superior to the rest in terms of speed as well as support for out-of-core processing and data management, which is the key to handling large dynamically changing scenes. Overall, we can say that this is the first review evaluating the available voxelisation algorithms for different geometric primitives as well as voxel data structures.

Wearables, Respiratory Rehabilitation, Acute Myocardial Infarction and Frailty, and High-Intensity Respiratory Muscle Training

Wearables, Respiratory Rehabilitation, Acute Myocardial Infarction and Frailty, and High-Intensity Respiratory Muscle Training

Ġarar vs. Jurisprudential Necessity in Commercial Insurance Contracts

Abstract This study deals with the effect of ġarar (uncertainty) and jurisprudential necessity on the Sharīʿah permissibility of commercial insurance contracts, using an analytical and critical approach. The study clarifies the meaning of ġarar, and its effect on contracts, by verifying the effective cause of ġarar, determining its degree, and ascertaining the rationale for its prohibition. The criterion for differentiating between trivial and substantial ġarar is discussed, as well as the views of jurists who permit insurance contracts through a holistic view approach, contrary to the traditional view. The study distinguishes between ḥāǧah (necessity) in the jurisprudential sense, general necessity as expressed in the objectives of the lawgiver, from the concept of ḍarūrah (essentiality). Furthermore, the study highlights an important jurisprudential rule that has direct effect on the permissibility of insurance contracts, i.e., ‘what is forbidden for the prevention of the means (of corruption) is permitted for the preponderant interest’.

Exploring Structure and Function of Redox Intermediates in [NiFe]-Hydrogenases by an Advanced Experimental Approach for Solvated, Lyophilized and Crystallized Metalloenzymes.

To study metalloenzymes in detail, we developed a new experimental setup allowing the controlled preparation of catalytic intermediates for characterization by various spectroscopic techniques. The in situ monitoring of redox transitions by infrared spectroscopy in enzyme lyophilizate, crystals, and solution during gas exchange in a wide temperature range can be accomplished as well. Two O2‐tolerant [NiFe]‐hydrogenases were investigated as model systems. First, we utilized our platform to prepare highly concentrated hydrogenase lyophilizate in a paramagnetic state harboring a bridging hydride. This procedure proved beneficial for 57Fe nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy and revealed, in combination with density functional theory calculations, the vibrational fingerprint of this catalytic intermediate. The same in situ IR setup, combined with resonance Raman spectroscopy, provided detailed insights into the redox chemistry of enzyme crystals, underlining the general necessity to complement X‐ray crystallographic data with spectroscopic analyses.

Does Balance Dynamics Well Capture the Secondary Circulation and Spinup of a Simulated Hurricane?

AbstractThis study investigates a claim made by Heng et al. in an article published in 2017 and intimated soon after in their article published in 2018 that axisymmetric “balanced dynamics can well capture the secondary circulation in the full-physics model” during hurricane spinup. Using output from a new, convection-permitting, three-dimensional numerical simulation of an intensifying hurricane, azimuthally averaged forcings of tangential momentum and heat are diagnosed to force an axisymmetric Eliassen balance model under strict balance conditions. The balance solutions are found, inter alia, to poorly represent the peak inflow velocity in the boundary layer and present a layer of relatively deep inflow extending well above the boundary layer in the high-wind-speed region of the vortex. Such a deep inflow layer, a hallmark of the classical spinup mechanism for tropical cyclones comprising the radial convergence of absolute angular momentum above the boundary layer, is not found in the numerical simulation during the period of peak intensification. These deficiencies are traced to the inability of the balance model to represent the nonlinear boundary layer spinup mechanism. These results are contrasted with a pseudobalance Eliassen formulation that improves the solution in some respects while sacrificing strict thermal wind balance. Overall, the quantitative results refute the Heng et al. claim and implicate the general necessity of the nonlinear boundary layer spinup mechanism to explain the spinup of a hurricane in realistic model configurations and in reality.

The General Data Protection Law in Brazil: What Comes Next?

The Brazilian Data Protection Law (LGPD) will enter into force in August 2020. Brazil was one of the few countries among the major global economies not to have a regulatory framework for personal data protection, which means, it was a minor player in the subject with sparse regulations such as the Civil Rights Framework for the Internet, Civil Code and the Consumer Protection Code. The cultural change to be imposed by LGPD can be noticed by the principles that give legal grounds to the law. With around ten general principles, including purpose, necessity, open access, transparency, security, liability and accountability, which are particularly emphasized, LGPD aims to rebalance the games of power, increase transparency, responsiveness and empower the subjects of personal data in their interactions in cyberspace. Data Protection, cybersecurity, data subjects, LGPD, GDPR, Brazil

SOCIAL DESIGN TECHNOLOGIES IN THE SPECIALISTS’ SOCIONOMIC PROFESSIONS TRAINING

The article substantiates the necessity of generalization and systematization of scientific ideas about design, obtained in the problem field of social work as a science with the purpose of further introduction of social designing into the specialists training process in the sociological professions. In the study, the designation of the designing options as the designing variants for optimal future object state and for making decisions under uncertainty conditions is taken as the basis. The purpose of the article is to characterize the social designing technology peculiarities implementing in the training process of specialists in socio-occupational professions. There are such methods of research as analysis, synthesis, comparison are used. The article focuses on the main goal of social projects, which ensure the fundamental knowledge integration and practical activities in the educational process of higher education. The basic features of social projects include goal-setting; social determination, temporal, territorial, social-institutional, innovative, resource, organizational, social-informational. The research task is elaborated: to find out ways of introduction of social designing in preparation of specialists of sociological professions; To highlight the factors influencing social designing on the educational environment of higher education institution. It is noted that the characteristics of social design include: innovation (design is aimed at creating new objects, the transformation of reality); technological capacity (design is built on the basis of existing socio-cultural practices and has a certain sequence of actions); versatility (design technologies are part of all types of practices). A variety of pedagogical designing - personal design, the purpose of which is the formation of a personal project of a life path, is singled out. The article draws attention to the fact that the basis of social design should be laid the following parameters: the contradiction of the social object; multi-vector development of a social object; multiplicity of factors of its existence; subjective components of the formation of social expectation and forecast; factors that determine different criteria for evaluating a social object. Among the main factors of socio-cultural design, distinguish design culture, which is defined as the unity of knowledge, design abilities, values, goals, managerial and organizational relations, manifestations of social activity and creative project activity aimed at solving socially significant problems.

Создание базы данных ценных природных территорий для муниципальных и региональных ГИС на примере Вологодской области

Preservation of biological diversity is one of the most important conditions for sustainable development and rational nature management. To solve a set of problems related to the study and conservation of biodiversity, it is proposed to use the geoinformation approach as a specific synthesis and integration of cartographic, landscape, population and ecosystem approaches. GIS technology allows you to combine extensive descriptive information with cartographic objects; use multi-layered multiscale information not only in research, but also in environmental and nature-use tasks. The global trend in the study of biodiversity and the dynamics of ecosystems is the creation of global information resources by combining databases, software packages for analysis and modeling into a single information environment, which allows for comprehensive research, scientific forecasting and making informed management decisions for the rational use of natural resources. One of the priority directions of the international programs of the world biodiversity research (the VI/22 Forest Biological Diversity Convention, 2001) is associated with the study of rare species that are an important link in the conservation of biological diversity and the main indicator of anthropogenic change in the planet's ecosystems. Inventory of the diversity of rare species and reliable methods for assessing their condition are necessary for the creation of Red Books, Pas’ Inventories and identification of the representativeness of the existing network of PAs, organization of scientifically based environmental ratings of regions and countries. Currently, in connection with the threat of the disappearance of the “Red Data Book” species, spatial analysis and monitoring of the effectiveness of measures taken to conserve biodiversity within the framework of national strategies is needed. The relevance of the topic of the presented work is conditioned by the necessity of systematization and generalization of the accumulated material on the variety of valuable habitats and rare species of the Vologda region for presenting it in an accessible format using modern geoinformation technologies.

Plant-Based Nonactivated Olefins: A New Class of Renewable Monomers for Controlled Radical Polymerization

In light of fossil fuel depletion and a general necessity for sustainable development, the synthesis of polymers from renewable resources is gaining more and more importance, yet industrially relevant radical polymerizations still struggle with the incorporation of renewable resources as the number of natural molecules containing suitable double bonds is limited. Herein, we present the sustainable synthesis of nonactivated allylic and olefinic carbonate monomers from renewable resources in a solventless one-pot transesterification reaction. We subsequently confirm the first controlled radical copolymerization of such challenging nonactivated monomers with vinyl acetate, in which molecular weights above 10 000 g·mol–1 were reached. The controlled nature of the copolymerizations was verified by the low dispersities obtained and the linear increase in molecular weights with conversion. The so-prepared copolymers were purified using sustainable extractions by supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), which allowe...

Adaptive protection methodology in microgrid for fault location and nature detection using q 0 components of fault current

The dynamic behaviour of microgrid system under faulty conditions makes adaptive protection a general necessity for reliable microgrid operation. In design of adaptive protection, the grid-connected and islanded modes have immense importance including grid-connected mode without distributed generators (DGs) in microgrid. In this study, a new adaptive protection scheme is proposed based on the above-mentioned modes of microgrid operation. The proposed method considers nature of DGs connected, fault location detection and fault nature identification based on quadrature and zero sequence components of fault current considering impact of X/R ratio of DGs. The proposed methodologies for adaptive protection schemes are verified in Matlab-Simulink environment and the results are found to be satisfactory while various faults are simulated at different nodes of the microgrid model. At the time of verification of effectiveness of the proposed methodologies, the time derivative of quadrature and zero-axis components of fault current are considered sufficient to instantaneously detect the fault location and fault nature in microgrid system.

Abstract ID:364 MR-Image guidance – Clinical perspective

Purpose The ideal situation for radiotherapy would be a treatment under more or less static conditions in an ideal dosimetric situation with permanent control of the position of tumor, organs-at-risk (OAR) and patient surface. Methods This presentation will outline the current state of the art and explore, if/how/where in-room MR-guidance may go beyond current strategies and what requirements must be fulfilled on the way as layed out in a previous publication [1]. Results If there is a necessity for on line MR-guidance, there is a general necessity for broad use of advanced image guidance strategies, particularly as successful screening programs such as those for lung cancer and potentially even pancreatic cancer are established, as this potentially leads to more localized disease being treated. Several such strategies are now available but are underutilized, typically for lack of funding or perceived complexity. Online MR-image guidance has the ability to simultaneously image and target the cancer and is more intuitive when integrated into a single system and the high image quality of MRI-guidance may further facilitate the education of personnel and facilitate adaptive RT approaches. In addition, online MR-guidance systems may in the future better respond changing cancer physiology over the treatment, facilitate differential targeting of tumor, lymphatic tissue etc. and offer other added values not yet broadly established (e.g. targeting of atrial fibrillation) or completely identified. Conclusions There is no doubt that the use of advanced imaging on a broad scale is needed. It is a significant clinical problem that a large number of RT devices are still in clinical use without the capability for 3D-imaging and beam gating. As a next step, online MR-image guidance may offer a significant number of benefits over established approaches that may open new roads in radiotherapy.

Retracing the Architectural Heritage. The Works of Architect Eižens Laube in Jūrmala City, Latvia

Abstract This research explores the architectural legacy of Eižens Laube in Jūrmala city. E. Laube (1880–1967) was at those times one of the most influential Latvian architects both in praxis and in academic field. Nowadays, no significant overview on his architectural legacy in Latvia and particularly in Jūrmala has been done. The aim of this article is to provide an updated list of architectural works of E. Laube in Jūrmala, to explore the current condition of these objects and trace particular regularity in their development. The article actualizes the general necessity to explore the architectural legacy of architect E. Laube and illuminates the architectural exploration methods in Jūrmala up to the 1990s. The findings enrich the history of Latvian architecture and Jūrmala city and may serve for some architectural and touristic materials.