Near Field Communication Technology Research Articles

MagneComm+: Near-Field Electromagnetic Induction Communication With Magnetometer

Near-field communication (NFC) technology emerges as a vital role with appealing benefits for users to improve mobile device's functionality. Although today's most smartphones and smartwatches come with NFC support, other mobile devices (e.g., PC and laptops) and IoT devices that don't equip with dedicated radio modules cannot take advantage of wide-scale NFC capability. We design and develop MagneComm+, an NFC implementation scheme without dedicated hardware and propose a novel near-field communication protocol that is applicable to almost all mobile devices and IoT devices. The key idea is to utilize the electromagnetic induction (EMI) signal emitted from the computing devices (e.g., CPUs) and captured by magnetometers on mobile devices for communication. We tackle challenges in data encoding/decoding, preamble detection, retransmission and error correction, multi-transmitter, and full-duplex schemes, to efficiently generate and reliably receive EMI signal with the hardware available on devices. We prototype MagneComm+ on both between laptops and smartphones, as well as between two laptops with an external magnetometer. Extensive evaluation results show that our MagneComm+ supports around 10cm communication distance with average 110 bit per second (bps) data rate on the normal-speed mode, and maximum 17.28kbps on the full-speed mode.

Unlocking the Potential of Near Field Communication in Dentistry: Identification, Communication, and More

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a rapidly developing technology that uses radio waves to establish contactless communication. RFID technology is widespread from industrial applications to healthcare uses. Recent advancements in the field of RFID have led to the evolution of near-field communication (NFC) technology. Using a NFC enabled smartphone, a user can interact with NFC tags or other smartphones to complete various tasks efficiently. This article covers the various aspects of NFC technology including its advantages, its feasibility, and its limitations. NFC, if properly implemented in day-to-day dental practice can make the task of information sharing, communication, and identification much more rapid and seamless. This article aims to discuss the possible applications of NFC in the field of dentistry.

An overview of NFC Technology for Wireless Communication

This article discusses about wireless communication technologies such as IEEE 802.15.4, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) and Near Field Communication (NFC) technologies are described. The part of industry and everyday life could be significantly impacted by Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a collection of sensor nodes that communicate with one another using wireless technologies. These nodes gather data and send it to the gateway across the Internet, the informal cloud. In a WSN, node-to-node communication may be multi-hop or direct. Every new concept or technology attempts to be integrated into the WSN in order to increase efficiency, improve user experience, and consume less power. Near Field Communications (NFC), a type of wireless networking technology allows to establish simple, secure and interactive communication. iPack is a technology that focuses on integrating NFC into pre-existing systems to create a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) that supports NFC. Furthermore, data from a sensor node can be transferred to devices with a single touch by using this method. NFC with WSN is a single hop communication. The NFC interface also offers a safe wireless connection.

Research on a mobile online microcomputer locking system based on NFC technology

Currently, power grid sector is experiencing rapid development. The scale of the network is increasing and the degree of automation is being implemented. With these changes, the requirements for switching, testing equipment, and troubleshooting electrical equipment are increasing. A traditional tamper-proof system that uses computer keys has a number of limitations. For example, it does not provide sufficient mobility, after which the operators must be within range of the computer. In addition, this system may be vulnerable to attacks. This article proposes a new generation of five online microcomputer anti-blocking systems based on NFC (Near Field Communication) technology. This system has a number of advantages compared to the traditional system: mobility allows them to work in any place where there is access to the network, informativeness allows them to make a more informed decision, intelligence to completely prevent accidents, safety allows to prevent false activation of equipment. This project applies the smart phone client to the anti-missing lock function of the power grid, develops the mobile phone client on the Qt on Android platform, builds and perfects the eight functions of the mobile terminal five-proof system, and applies the NFC technology to unlock the mobile phone front end. The skill of the client and the mobile phone are skillfully combined to solve the problem that the data communication between the personnel and the background is difficult. A new NFC-based tamper-proof system is a promising solution that has the potential to revolutionize the power grid industry. This system has several advantages over the traditional system and can help operators make switching operations safer, more efficient and more economical.

Experimental approaches to NFC-enabled packaging for UX / CX of physical artefacts: A technology maturity study

Product's packaging with integrated electronic intelligence turns into a visual, tactile and digital encounter with consumers influencing their shopping experience and purchase behavior. The Near Field Communication (NFC) tag attached to the packaging can transform everyday objects into a direct communication channel. However, the NFC technology is still not widely accepted by the industry, thus it is necessary to analyze the influential factors related to consumer behavior, changing needs, and acceptance. As a result, this study carries out the user experiment, where a product's packaging with NFC capabilities is built and tested with selected participants to track user engagement with the smart interactive packaging. The main aim of this study is to examine the peculiarities of the user interaction with NFC-enabled packaging to find out consumer perception and technology acceptance of NFC to retrieve more comprehensive insights regarding barriers to the successful NFC application to a product's packaging. The participants were asked to interact with a set of three NFC-enabled cardboard packages with attached NFC stickers, and afterwards each participant evaluated their experience via survey designed based on Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). According to the results, all three proposed research hypotheses were tested and confirmed to some extent. This study provides a thorough elaboration regarding the technology- and consumer-related barriers that might prevent the successful acceptance of NFC technology applied to the packaging. This research contributes to a better understanding of how different variables have an impact on consumers’ perception and technology acceptance of NFC. All business management practitioners, marketers and designers could employ the results of this research as a way to improve the adoption process of the NFC technology in the packaging industry.

BreedingEIS: An Efficient Evaluation Information System for Crop Breeding

Crop breeding programs generate large datasets. Thus, it is difficult to ensure the accuracy and integrity of all the collected data in the breeding process. To improve breeding efficiency, we established an open source and free breeding evaluation information system (BreedingEIS). The full system is composed of a web client and a mobile client. The web client is used to name the individual breeding offspring plants and analyze data. The mobile client is based on the technology of widely used smartphones and is suitable for Android and iOS systems. Its functions focus on field evaluation, including quick response code recognition, evaluation data entry, and real-time viewing. In addition, near-field communication technology and portable label machines are introduced to enable breeders to quickly locate each individual plant and accurately label any samples collected from it. Generally, BreedingEIS enables users to accurately and conveniently register phenotypic data and quickly lock target individual plants from large volumes of data. The system provides a low-cost and highly efficient solution for crop information evaluation and enables breeders to better collect, manage, and use breeding data for decision making, which is a valuable resource for crop breeding.

Security problems and countermeasures against attacks in NFC

Near Field Communication (NFC) technology is widely used due to its ease of use. However, NFC is vulnerable to security attacks such as man-in-the-middle; denial of service (DOS), etc. These attacks lead to the leakage of important user data, which can affect any organization that uses NFC applications and technologies. This article discusses NFC vulnerabilities and different types of NFC attacks. The article also discusses possible solutions that could protect NFC from these security threats.

Privacy-Aware Architectures for NFC and RFID Sensors in Healthcare Applications

World population and life expectancy have increased steadily in recent years, raising issues regarding access to medical treatments and related expenses. Through last-generation medical sensors, NFC (Near Field Communication) and radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies can enable healthcare internet of things (H-IoT) systems to improve the quality of care while reducing costs. Moreover, the adoption of point-of-care (PoC) testing, performed whenever care is needed to return prompt feedback to the patient, can generate great synergy with NFC/RFID H-IoT systems. However, medical data are extremely sensitive and require careful management and storage to protect patients from malicious actors, so secure system architectures must be conceived for real scenarios. Existing studies do not analyze the security of raw data from the radiofrequency link to cloud-based sharing. Therefore, two novel cloud-based system architectures for data collected from NFC/RFID medical sensors are proposed in this paper. Privacy during data collection is ensured using a set of classical countermeasures selected based on the scientific literature. Then, data can be shared with the medical team using one of two architectures: in the first one, the medical system manages all data accesses, whereas in the second one, the patient defines the access policies. Comprehensive analysis of the H-IoT system can be useful for fostering research on the security of wearable wireless sensors. Moreover, the proposed architectures can be implemented for deploying and testing NFC/RFID-based healthcare applications, such as, for instance, domestic PoCs.

Implementation of the internet of things on smart posters using near field communication technology in the tourism sector

Tourism promotion in Pekanbaru is one step in increasing the number of tourists visiting Pekanbaru City. Through tourism promotion, tourists will find out where the locations are in Pekanbaru and information related to these tourist objects. This research aims to design a tourism promotion system using near-field communication (NFC) smart posters using smartphones in the city of Pekanbaru and apply NFC technology to Android smartphones in the city of Pekanbaru. Promote tourism in the city of Pekanbaru. They were testing this application with the System Usability Score, which had a good score of 74.30. This study shows that the planning and modeling of the smart poster system using NFC technology makes it easier to identify important information for every tourism activity in Pekanbaru. The results of this study are the design and product of an intelligent poster using NFC on an Android smartphone that can help users achieve information so that it is more effective and efficient.

Implementation of the internet of things on smart posters using near field communication technology in the tourism sector

Tourism promotion in Pekanbaru is one step in increasing the number of tourists visiting Pekanbaru City. Through tourism promotion, tourists will find out where the locations are in Pekanbaru and information related to these tourist objects. This research aims to design a tourism promotion system using near-field communication (NFC) smart posters using smartphones in the city of Pekanbaru and apply NFC technology to Android smartphones in the city of Pekanbaru. Promote tourism in the city of Pekanbaru. They were testing this application with the System Usability Score, which had a good score of 74.30. This study shows that the planning and modeling of the smart poster system using NFC technology makes it easier to identify important information for every tourism activity in Pekanbaru. The results of this study are the design and product of an intelligent poster using NFC on an Android smartphone that can help users achieve information so that it is more effective and efficient.

Development of a smart attendance system using near field communication (SMAT-NFC)

Taking attendance for classes has become more challenging, especially at institutions, due to the growing students population. Typically, the teacher calls names and writes them down. This approach has a number of drawbacks because when recording their attendance, students are diverted from the presentation and may register for absent classmates. The smart attendance solution suggested in this study allows students to tap their student identity (ID) card on a near field communication (NFC) reader, streamlining the attendance procedure by using near field communication (NFC) technology. The technique is affordable, effective, and simple to keep up. Automating student attendance saves time and alleviates anxiety. The average time for the NFC system to take a student's attendance is 3.5 seconds, compared to 16 seconds for the conventional method. The inaccuracy associated with recording attendance is reduced by 31% thanks to NFC technology. The numerical results of the NFC-based scheme are compared with the traditional scheme and observed that the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional scheme.

Smartphone-based electrochemical analysis integrated with NFC system for the voltammetric detection of heavy metals using a screen-printed graphene electrode.

The electrochemical determination of five heavy metals is demonstrated using a wireless and card-sized potentiostat coupled with a smartphone through near-field communication (NFC) technology. A smartphone application was customized to command the NFC potentiostat, collect real-time signals, process the data, and ultimately display the quantities of the selected elements. The screen-printed graphene electrode (SPGE) was simply fabricated and modified using different nanomaterials for each heavy metal. Using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) mode on the smartphone, the signal peaks were presented at + 10mV for As(III), + 350mV for Cr(VI), 0mV for Hg(II), - 900mV for Cd(II), and - 680mV vs. Ag/AgCl for Pb(II). The linear ranges were 25-500, 250-25,000, 100-1,500, 25-750, 25-750ngmL-1 with detection limits of 3.0, 40, 16, 2.0, and 0.95ngmL-1 for As(III), Cr(VI), Hg(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II), respectively. The reproducibility in terms of relative standard deviation was less than 8.8% (n = 5 devices) of the developed SPGE coupled with the NFC potentiostat. Various samples for different applications (e.g., food safety and environmental monitoring) were analyzed and quantified using the proposed sensors. The results from this sensor indicate that there is no significant difference (95% confidence level) compared with those obtained from the traditional ICP-OES method, while the recoveries were found in the acceptable range of 80-111%. Hence, it can be deduced that this recent advanced technology of the NFC potentiostat developed for heavy metal analysis offers a highly sensitive and selective detection, yet the sensor remains compact, low-cost, and readily accessible to end-users.

Design and Application of Interactive Music Equipment Based on Wireless Wearable Sensors

The fusion of emerging technology, means, and music has provided a diversified development direction for the performance form of electronic music. Interactive electronic music has become a hot form of music performance in recent years and is widely used in various art exhibitions. In this paper, we will briefly explain the basic principles and practical applications of wireless wearable sensing devices, sort out the development of interactive platforms and sensors, and study the application value of wireless wearable sensing devices in interactive electronic music works. Near-field communication (NFC), as a short-range radio technology, can realize wireless energy and data transmission simultaneously. By integrating NFC modules, electrochemical sensing circuits, and flexible electrodes, it is possible to ensure complete electrochemical sensing functions while maximizing the miniaturization, flexibility, and integration of the system. Therefore, this paper constructs a series of wireless passive flexible electrochemical sensing systems based on NFC technology, electrochemical sensing technology, and flexible electronics, and uses these systems to realize a series of innovative applications, aiming to guide the creation of higher quality interactive music artworks as well as explore the artistic and esthetic experience brought by interactive music functions, and provide theoretical references for virtual art interactive music creation and practice.

IDF21-0544 Artificial Intelligence in Diabetes Care

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is making a paradigm shift in traditional diabetes care in terms of target achieving efficacy, excellent safety, best quality care, effective monitoring and improved quality of life for both patients with Type-1 diabetes (T1D) and Type-2 diabetes (T2D). All guidelines for adult and pediatric T1D suggest that target Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) should be less than 53 mmol/mol (7%) but very less percent population with T1D can achieve this target due to many factors namely individual variability of insulin requirements, fear of hypoglycemia, errors in insulin dose calculations, etc. These lead to poor glycemic control, diabetes complications and a major source of stress for families and care givers especially in pediatric populations. All these affects quality of life (QoL), mental well-being and productivity of patients. So, the emergence of AI in diabetes care has revolutionized the management of diabetes care in optimizing the glycemic control by extending the ‘Target In Range’ (TIR), reducing ‘Target Above Range’ (TAR), ‘Target Below Range’ (TBR) and minimizing severe hypoglycemia. Glucose monitoring by Self Monitoring Blood Glucose (SMBG) using smart glucometer or Ambulatory glucose profile (AGP), Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS), to name a few. AI is being used in delivering insulin by smart pens, Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII), recently introduced Hybrid Artificial Pancreas and with prolonged CGMS. Smart insulin pens namely InPen, Novo Pen 6, Novo Pen Echo Plus, etc. can calculate the bolus dose considering current glucose reading, target, carb intake, probable exercise, etc. by algorithm. Furthermore, it can record the amount and timing of each insulin dose, display the last dose and insulin onboard, and wirelessly transmit the information via Bluetooth to a dedicated mobile application and transfers data automatically on the cloud for sharing with health care professionals as well. Novo Pen 6 and Novo Pen Echo Plus use near-field communication technology. CGMS uses sensor to monitor blood glucose continuously for 14 days and shows results in real-time without using a needle which made the life of young children much comfortable. It calculates TIR, TAR, TBR and probable HbA1c in a graphic presentation. Now new models are in pipeline for much longer duration. Smart glucometers are incorporated with bolus advisors to calculate insulin dosages, algorithm-driven message response to each glucose reading. The Hybrid Close Loop artificial pancreas is the new generation of CSII which automatically determines the basal rates, can determine the bolus dose as per CGMS but this feature is still under trial and having other old generation basic and advanced features. The ongoing trials results will guide further improvements and eventually will lead complete AI based diabetes management. Aim: To see the scope, feasibility and critical role of AI in diabetes care. Method: Contemporary literature is being searched to get the latest information on AI use in diabetes care. Results: PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus, EMBASE, Cochrane and Google Scholar is being searched with search words 'Artificial Intelligence AND Diabetes', 'Artificial Pancreas', Close Loop system', 'Smart Insulin Pen'. 312 articles were found and finally 34 were selected.

JomMobileKey: Opening Business Sense During Covid19 Pandemic

Security remains a key issue in the hospitality industry mostly due to incidents of theft and crime as previously reported. This study aims to design a system that enables hotel guests to access hotel room without using a physical card. To promote high-security attributes, NFC (Near-field communication) technology as an access system by implementing applications containing emulated smart key for specific authentication access is used. The Host-Card Emulation HCE enables cost-effectiveness profit and initiates defense system in the pandemic era. The proposed system was evaluated by statistical and analytical analysis with hotel staff and managers in two different hotels located in Malaysia. The findings show the proposed system could replace physical cards, enhance security, and promote a contactless environment. More test cases at different locations are required to further validate the proposed system. The proposed system can be implemented in other industries in the future.

A Wearable NFC Antenna Sewn on Leather Substrate for Immersive IoT Applications

The Internet of Things (IoT) is considered a promising realm of innovation and revenue generation for the forthcoming years, revolutionizing the way we interact with objects, other people and the world. With an unprecedented but realistic target of trillions of interconnected devices, the IoT calls for technological innovations that lie in the heart of rapid, low-energy and user-friendly communication between people and things. In this respect, the Near Field Communication (NFC) protocol offers advanced efficiency and applicability with low energy consumption, ease of use, flexibility, and increased payload. NFC tags may be embedded in everyday objects, including clothing and apparel, offering an immersive user experience. Wearable NFC antennas and NFC tags embedded in clothing have been presented in the past; nonetheless, in this paper we present, to the best of our knowledge, the first reported development of a NFC antenna on leather substrate. The proposed antenna is sewn using stainless steel thread and operates at the 13.56 MHz frequency range. It may be used alongside with NFC tags in leather apparel like clothing, shoes, accessories, etc., thus extending the possible use cases and applications of the NFC technology and offering an all the more immersive experience for the end user.

Innovative NFC-validation system for accounting of income and expenses of public transport enterprises

To control pricing in passenger transportation, monitor the functioning of urban transport networks, reduce direct contacts during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is advisable to implement a system of NFC validation of fares. NFC (Near-Field Communication) technology provides primary information on public transport and travel fares. The article aims to improve the method of application of the technology of automated NFC-validation of fares in urban passenger transport to account for and control provided transport services. The tasks include research of mechanisms of the automated identification and counting of quantity of the transported passengers to account incomes of the motor transport enterprises; selection of calculation units for automated determination of the cost of provided transport services; development of control methods of drivers work, the operation of vehicles, transportation of privileged categories of citizens, pricing, etc. Theoretical and methodological aspects of NFC-validation technologies for public transport fares for accounting purposes have been studied based on general research methods – institutional and innovative; economic and mathematical methods of analysis and polynomial trend using Excel spreadsheets were used to predict the pace of implementation of NFC-devices; methods of bibliographic and comparative analysis using the information resource «ResearchGate»– to determine promising areas for new technologies in the provision of transport and passenger services. It is proved that the most effective unit of cost calculation of transport services is «passenger-kilometer», which corresponds to the peculiarities of the functioning of urban passenger transport, as it takes into account the number of passengers and distance of travel. The procedure for distribution of income from the sale of electronic tickets and budget subsidies between carriers based on information on the total number (including privileged categories) of transported passengers has been developed. The method of automated cost accounting by the «passenger-kilometer» meter for fuels and lubricants, staff salaries, depreciation of vehicles, and its current repairs, which define the cost of transport services, is improved. Implementing NFC fare validation technology will facilitate automated accounting of costs, revenues, and cash receipts from transport services, the introduction of effective control over the work of drivers, vehicles, concessional transportation, pricing, timeliness, and reliability taxes on urban transport.

Check-In Location System Using NFC Technology

In COVID 19 pandemic, new norms have been introduced, including, to leave a record when checking-in to a particular place. This new norm is regulated in order to trace locations that have been visited by someone with positive COVID-19. This paper presents a work on development of check-in location system. The system implemented Near Field Communication (NFC) technology which is mainly utilized two NFC compatible devices where an identification card (IC) is used as a smart object (NFC tag) and the NFC detector as an NFC reader to exchange information. Testing has been conducted in order to observe the system performance, and, the results showed that this system is able to collect information of users who were coming to premise. Also, the information can be checked by authority in order to track someone with positive COVID-19. As conclusion, this system can be an alternative to MySejahtera App.

Pressure-Measuring Devices for Compression Therapy in Venous Leg Ulcers: A Comprehensive Review.

To investigate the evolution of pressure-measuring devices used in compression treatment for venous leg ulcers and assess the most practical and effective devices to determine optimal pressure in compression therapy. Relevant information was retrieved from databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Wiley Online, and ScienceDirect without publication date restrictions. The keywords included venous leg ulcer, compression therapy, pressure measuring device, pressure sensor, and wireless system. Studies included in the review had to be published in English and discuss or compare pressure-measuring devices/sensors for compression therapy, the development of alternative sensors, and the applications of wireless technologies. Veterinary studies, conference proceedings, and unpublished articles were excluded. Applicable studies and articles were critically evaluated and synthesized. After abstract review, 39 studies were identified. During full-text review, study details were collected using a data extraction form and organized into tables. Device attributes, accuracy, price, and limitations were categorized and analyzed. Studies disagree on the effectiveness and user-friendliness of existing pressure-measuring devices. These devices often impact user comfort and convenience, which are crucial factors in the adoption and use of wearable devices. Potential solutions for pressure-measuring devices with promising technologies were proposed: four feasible alternative sensors are described that could improve comfort and facilitate prolonged use under bandages. Advanced communication technologies may provide more convenience for users and practitioners. Conventional pressure-measuring devices used in compression therapy are not designed for the user's comfort and convenience. The use of flexible and stretchy pressure sensors (e-skin) provides good biocompatibility, conformability, and comfort and when integrated with near-field communication technology could address the drawbacks of current pressure-measuring devices.

GNFCVulFinder: NDEF Vulnerability Discovering for NFC-Enabled Smart Mobile Devices Based on Fuzzing

Near-field communication (NFC) is a set of communication protocols that enable two electronic devices. Its security and reliability are welcomed by mobile terminal manufactures, banks, telecom operators, and third-party payment platforms. Simultaneously, it has also drawn more and more attention from hackers and attackers, and NFC-enabled devices are facing increasing threats. To improve the security of the NFC technology, the paper studied the technology of discovering security vulnerabilities of NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF), the most important data transmission protocol. In the paper, we proposed an algorithm, GTCT (General Test Case Construction and Test), based on fuzzing to construct test cases and test the NDEF protocol. GTCT adopts four strategies to construct test cases, manual, generation, mutation, and “reverse analysis,” which can detect logic vulnerabilities that fuzzing cannot find and improve the detection rate. Based on GTCT, we designed an NDEF vulnerability discovering framework and developed a tool named “GNFCVulFinder” (General NFC Vulnerability Finder). By testing 33 NFC system services and applications on Android and Windows Phones, we found eight vulnerabilities, including DoS vulnerabilities of NFC service, logic vulnerabilities about opening Bluetooth/Wi-Fi/torch, design flaws about the black screen, and DoS of NFC applications. Finally, we give some security suggestions for the developer to enhance the security of NFC.