Naval Forces Research Articles

“Let us conclude then the articles of peace...”: the naval strategy of the Russian empire and the formation of Russian-Moroccan relations in the second half of the eighteenth century

The author’s objective is to trace the principal stages of the genesis and evolution of the Russian maritime strategy in the context of the active expansion of its naval forces under Peter I and the deployment of the Archipelago expedition by Catherine II (1769–1775). The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of these developments on the geoeconomic landscape. In addition, this study examines the geopolitical situation of the Russian Empire following the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). It also investigates how ruling circles in Alawi Morocco responded to the emergence of the Russian Navy in the Mediterranean, which had the effect of limiting the naval power of the Ottoman state. The article elucidates the multifaceted political, economic, and military circumstances that precipitated the Sultan of Morocco, Sidi Muhammad ibn Abdallah (1757–1790), to pursue the opening of his country to extensive foreign trade. However, given the weak commodity flows and the economic inexpediency of maintaining large formations of the Russian Navy in the Mediterranean, the initial stage of Russian-Moroccan relations was limited to the exchange of letters and messages. Consequently, the demise of Sidi Muhammad (1790) and Catherine II (1796) brought an end to the development of this project. The author addresses the issue of the veracity of the Russian-Moroccan peace and trade treaty of the eighteenth century, examining the arguments that suggest it was in fact never signed. However, even if it were to be proven that the treaty was drafted, the fulfilment of its hypothetical provisions would present a significant challenge for both parties.

Against strategic threats at sea: South Korea’s naval strategy and unmanned maritime systems

With development of Chinese Naval forces and deepening strategic competition, 60% of US naval forces are in the Indo-Pacific. As the region is rising as the strategic theater for geopolitical competition with many stakeholders with modernized military capabilities, Seoul is investing heavily in building a comprehensive, all-domain defense system. Recently it established a strategic command to oversee AI defense systems in support of its 3K policy of Kill Chain, Korea Air and Missile Defense, and Korea Massive Punishment and Retaliation and announced its Defense Innovation 4.0. This paper examines the unmanned systems’ effect on deterrence strategy and the development of Seoul’s naval strategy under the evolving maritime security environment in the Indo-Pacific theater. Under the overarching theoretical examination of deterrence and fleet-in-being strategy, this paper seeks to understand Seoul’s pursuit of Unmanned Maritime Systems (UMSs) under defense innovations plans and draw implications for South Korea’s naval strategy, US-ROK alliance and emerging maritime threats in the Indo-Pacific.

Enhancing Romanian Naval Resilience to Climate Change: Advanced Functional Materials for Green Defence Strategies

Climate change poses a significant threat to European security, implicitly to Romania's naval forces in the Black Sea. Rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and ocean acidification impact maritime operations, infrastructure, and personnel, with potential ramifications for regional stability. This paper explores the implications of climate change for the Romanian Navy and proposes "Green Defence" strategies to enhance resilience and sustainability. These strategies encompass energy efficiency, renewable energy integration, sustainable procurement, and the application of advanced functional materials in naval operations and infrastructure. By adopting a proactive and multifaceted approach, the Romanian Navy can adapt to the changing climate, ensuring operational effectiveness while minimizing environmental impact. This approach aligns with broader European security concerns and contributes to a more sustainable and resilient defence posture in the face of climate-related challenges.

Research on risk management of ship maintenance projects based on multi agent swarm model simulation method

In recent years, the role of naval ship power has become increasingly prominent in regional conflicts and military operations worldwide, and the powerful capabilities demonstrated by naval forces have also been valued by countries around the world. While naval forces are frequently deployed to carry out various tasks, the intensity of equipment wear and tear on ships is also significantly increasing, posing a huge challenge to the maintenance and support capabilities of ship equipment. In the actual process of ship equipment maintenance, a series of risk factors such as cost, schedule, and quality will have a significant impact on the entire ship maintenance project, and even affect the success or failure of the entire project. This article first decomposes the project process of ship maintenance projects, further analyzes the various risk factors of ship maintenance projects based on the project decomposition situation, and then distinguishes the overall project, project process, and project risk factors to establish an intelligent agent group model for simulation analysis. Through the above simulation analysis, we will conduct in-depth research on the specific impact of project risks on ship maintenance projects, and analyze and verify the positive role and practical significance of project risk management in project risk control and project efficiency improvement. In the process of the above research content, methods and measures for risk management of ship maintenance projects are proposed, providing scientific and efficient risk management suggestions for such projects, improving the scientific management efficiency of ship maintenance projects, and contributing to the improvement of the quality and efficiency of project management.

Building a Defence Manpower Planning Tool Using Survival Analysis Models

ABSTRACT A vibrant economy results in strong competition in the marketplace for highly skilled and versatile workforce. Therefore, the retention of such workers is an important issue for most organisations, including the Royal Navy, which is sensitive to economic pressures from the civilian economy. This paper considers early exits from the Royal Navy as the termination of an individual’s career in the naval force at any time before the termination of their contractual agreement with the organisation. The paper uses a survival analysis model to forecast/predict early exits from the Royal Navy and help build a defence manpower planning tool to manage retentions. At the micro-level, it provides two sets of predictions, the first on who is more likely to leave early, and the second on when that event is most likely to occur. At the aggregate level, the predictive model provides a management tool for performing stress testing in relation to potential changes in economic and labour market conditions and how the heterogeneous skilled workforce within the organisation is likely to respond to different changes.

The Organisation and Financing of Naval Forces for the Scottish Crown in Charles I's War against Spain and France

The nature and capacity of the pre-Covenanter Scottish state has been the subject of some debate. Some descriptions of James VI’s government after 1603 suggest it was bureaucratic and centralised, but it was also fiscally weak. Attempts to run naval forces, that were modest in scale but capital-intensive, are used to examine the tensions between that weakness, also evident in the reign of Charles I, and the need for government control. The government’s failure in 1625 to get new taxation to support enlarged naval forces to fight Charles I’s wars against Spain and France and its turn instead to individual nobles to finance the ships that the government put to sea can be shown to have affected the role the ships played in operations. A narrow support base for the navy, consisting of a few individual nobles and merchants, limited the state’s capacity to wage war effectively and contrasts with the broader support Covenanted regimes used later to raise military forces. The difficulty of supporting this squadron, though, also provides context for the minimal Scottish naval efforts of those regimes in the 1640s.

The Tethered Pathway to Organizational Adaptation in Collaboration

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine how the framework of administrative tethering (AT) provides important guidance and insight at the organizational level to support a strategic management mechanism to ameliorate pressing political, social, and economic issues for the public good. This investigation was an empirical analysis of data collected from the 2020 Federal Employee Viewpoint (FEV) Survey and records attributed to the Department of the Navy (N = 32,416). The Department of the Navy consists of naval forces and marine forces for maritime operations, which conduct internal collaboration and represent cases of both external institution to institution (i2i) collaboration and internal unit to unit (u2u) collaboration. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a useful analytical approach to examine the relationships among all the measured and latent variables. The resulting SEM analysis evoked the importance of individual behaviors on collaborative efforts.

MOTOR QUALITIES IN THE NAVAL PENTATHLON

By paying special attention to combat training of soldiers, it is highlighted the need for multidisciplinary training through elements of theoretical, technical, tactical training, training skills in various fields, specific to combat actions, such as shooting with different categories or types of weapons, first aid, rescue from drowning, underwater swimming, solving technical-tactical situations in different environments, moving over different distances or crossing watercourses with improvised means. All these can be achieved and verified during specific training or in sports-applicative competitions, on the stable foundation of a well-trained fighter. The basis of this preparation can only be a high level of physical and mental capacity. Educating the character of the military, improving their potential, is achieved against the background of good effort capacity and training through specific exercises, and these objectives can be achieved within military physical education classes and through training allocated for sports competitions. Research objectives: Highlighting the naval pentathlon as a basis for training future professional soldiers; Highlighting the need for scientific planning in order to obtain the necessary physical and mental capacity for professional soldiers; Methods: Study of specialized literature; Measurement and testing of effort parameters specific to naval pentathlon samples; Results and conclusions: Using the above-mentioned methods, information necessary for the optimal organization and conduct of military and sports training for the development at a higher level of physical and mental capacity of servicemen was obtained, using training means specific to the naval pentathlon. The information obtained from the research shows the major importance of a physical training as complex as possible to achieve maximum performances both in naval pentathlon sports competitions and in combat actions specific to professional fighters in the naval forces.

Naval forces operational environment. Flexibility and strategic adaptability

In the dynamic scene of naval operations, constant adaptation and innovation are imperative to meeting the challenges and opportunities of technological advances, geopolitical changes and environmental considerations. This article aims to explore the multidimensional landscape of the naval operational environment, offering original insights and solutions to enhance naval capabilities and cooperation on a regional and global scale. From the forefront of technological innovation, onboard unmanned systems integration and artificial intelligence-based decision-making, to strategic adaptability in response to geopolitical dynamics, the study explores the complex interplay between naval strategy and emerging trends, with environmental considerations taking centre stage. The article argues for a collaborative global naval framework, highlighting the importance of international cooperation in addressing common maritime challenges. This framework envisages the creation of alliances, initiatives and partnerships to foster collective security, promote environmental protection and ensure the peaceful use of the world’s oceans. The main objective is to highlight the intersections between technological advances, strategic flexibility, environmental factors and international cooperation in shaping the future of naval operations. Overall, the study aims to engage a diverse audience comprising policymakers, maritime military leaders, researchers, academics and stakeholders involved in maritime security, defence and environmental protection.

The Bonny Landing: The anatomy of Black Africa’s first amphibious operation, July to September 1967

The amphibious landing of troops at Bonny during the Nigerian Civil War is often described as a landmark feat accomplished by the military of a modern Black African state. It was the first of five landings which along with the instituting of a naval blockade formed the basis of the encirclement and eventual defeat of secessionist Biafra. This article captures the transformation of an erstwhile civilian marine department into a naval force which endured sabotage and defection prior to successfully transporting, landing, and affording covering fire for the federal Third Infantry Division. The article explains the military and political objectives, and also reveals the pivotal role played in its planning and execution by James Rawe, an expatriate British naval officer who was a veteran of the Normandy landings.

Quantitative Justification of the Use of Naval Forces: Russian and Foreign Experience

Quantitative Justification of the Use of Naval Forces: Russian and Foreign Experience

Was the 600-ship navy a chimera? Budgets, force structure, and the political realities behind Reagan-era naval strategy

ABSTRACT In 2018, Secretary of the Navy John Lehman admitted that the daring Ocean Venture operation of 1981 – when U.S. and Royal Navy ships as part of a wider NATO exercise proceeded north of the Arctic Circle and penetrated within bombing range of Soviet naval bases – was in fact a ‘bluff’ because various technologies necessary for U.S. naval forces to operate deep in Soviet waters were not yet ready. They eventually were, but what about the fleet that would use them? The Reagan Administration championed the construction of a 600-Ship Navy with fifteen aircraft carrier battlegroups as central to its defense buildup, but Lehman recognized that the fleet was only viable if he implemented reforms to limit rising weapons costs. The planners responsible for long-term analysis of the Navy’s budget countered that Lehman’s plans were unrealistic and pressed him to ask Congress for more money. This was impossible because it would have run contrary to the Reagan Administration’s wider defense policies, which focused on the defense of Central Europe, and upset the delicate budgetary truce between the U.S. military services. Ultimately, political and budgetary realities were as important as strategic imperatives in shaping the size and composition of the U.S. Navy during its 1980s ‘renaissance’.

Enhancing Cultural Competence in Military English Training: Addressing Discrimination and Fostering Inclusivity in Romania

This article explores the enhancement of cultural competence in military English training within the Romanian Naval Forces, focusing on combating discrimination and fostering inclusivity. Recognizing the pivotal role of English as a lingua franca in international military operations, particularly among NATO allies, the paper argues for a comprehensive approach to integrating cultural awareness into language education. It details practical strategies and activities designed to overcome common cultural challenges, such as language barriers, cultural misunderstandings, and stereotypes. The article also presents scenario-based training exercises that simulate real-world interactions with NATO forces, thereby attempting to prepare Romanian personnel for effective and respectful communication in diverse settings. These strategies are aimed at creating a more inclusive and operationally effective military force by enhancing mutual understanding and respect among international partners.

China's gray zone actions in the East China Sea, Taiwan Strait, and South China Sea: A comparative study and impact on fisheries

China's use of the "gray zone" strategy in the East Asia region, employing coast guard, naval forces, and maritime militia, has drawn attention for its non-military tactics that escalate conflict without crossing into open warfare. This study examines China's gray zone actions in the East China Sea, Taiwan Strait, and South China Sea, focusing on their impact on fisheries in Japan, Taiwan, and the Philippines. This study reveals that China's gray zone actions significantly affect fisheries in the East Asia region, leading to reduced fishing space and declining catch volumes. Furthermore, China adapts its strategies across maritime regions based on regional capabilities to effectively allocate maritime power to different areas. This adaptive approach allows China to tailor its actions to specific contexts within the region.

The Armistice of Villa Giusti

In the First World War, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was a part of the Central Powers. As from 1916, the Empire had been very keen for the war to end. The Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was deprived of the financial power to continue the war and faced with the demands of independence from the minorities before and during the war, approached the armistice proposals very positively that could end the war in 1916 and 1917. In mid-June 1918, the failure of the attack launched by the Austro-Hungarian troops against the Italian troops and the superiority of the Allied Powers over Germany on the western front in July-August put the situation of the Central Powers in the European fronts in trouble, and after the successful attack launched by the Italian troops on 24 October, there was no possibility for Austria-Hungary to continue the war. The Austro-Hungarian Empire withdrew from the First World War by signing an armistice with Italy on 3 November 1918 at Villa Giusti del Giardino outside the city of Padova. The armistice contained very harsh terms and severely limited the empire in every respect. The Armistice of Villa Giusti consisted of two chapters and nineteen clauses including eight military and eleven naval and maritime provisions. The additional protocol of the armistice consisted of two chapters and nineteen clauses, ten of which were military and nine of which were related to the naval forces and maritime affairs.

Sea blindness in grey zone preparations

ABSTRACT Although grey zone and hybrid threats, such as cyberattacks, information campaigns, and sabotage against critical infrastructure, are becoming increasingly common in the contemporary world, relatively little attention has been directed to similar threats in the maritime environment. The recent global pandemic, Russian aggression against Ukraine, the Nord Stream sabotage in 2022, the sabotage of the Finnish-Baltic pipeline in 2023 in the Baltic Sea, as well as drone attacks on shipping in the Persian Gulf are but a few examples that illustrate the fragility of international maritime communications. The present article explores the topic of grey zone and hybrid threats within the maritime environment. Based on an analysis of recent security events, particularly hybrid threats in the maritime environment, the article proposes that it is essential to seek a broader role for naval forces in supporting national sovereignty and international law and order regarding the Open Seas. The article aims to conceptualize and explore the foundations of maritime grey zone threats and the new roles of naval forces operating within this new context, asking whether the UN, through the International Maritime Organization, NATO, and the European Union, suffer from “sea blindness” concerning how they are preparing for the new world order.

The Integral Role of Research and Development in Naval Forces Amidst Emerging and Disruptive Military Technologies

Abstract This article presents a comprehensive strategic framework aimed at maximizing research and development (R & D) efforts within the Romanian Naval Forces. It outlines the qualitative aspects of the work, including the analysis of challenges and opportunities, the strategic objectives identified, and the partnerships established at national and NATO levels. The research method utilized involves synthesizing existing literature, analyzing defense policies, and examining case studies of multinational cooperation. The results indicate a clear roadmap for enhancing naval capabilities through collaborative R & D initiatives. The usefulness of this framework lies in its potential to address resource constraints, adapt to rapid technological evolution, and foster effective coordination and collaboration. By embracing innovation and strategic partnerships, the Romanian Naval Forces can position themselves for enhanced operational effectiveness and strategic autonomy.

Overview on Sea Drones Evolution and their Use in Modern Warfare

Abstract The unjustified invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation created the necessary conditions for the development and testing of technologies in the operational space of the traditional war theater. Considering that Ukraine has lost a large part of its naval forces in the first days of the conflict, there was an essential need to develop new technologies that would allow this state to defend itself. Moreover, given the innovative character of the surface and underwater technologies developed by the Ukrainians, they were able to be used for offensive actions, which surprised the naval forces of the Russian Federation repeatedly. Access to operational vehicles was made easier and more accessible with the introduction of smaller, lighter and less expensive equipment. The article proposes an analysis of the evolution of naval drones and how they were used in the most recent conflict in the Black Sea area. The main objective of the study is to identify and present the main types of underwater technologies that have enabled the development of naval drones, the analysis of how they have been used in a contemporary conflict and the recent evolution of their actions. The conclusions of the study are focused on the potential use of these technologies and how they can be used in combination with other combat technologies in armed conflicts of various types.

The Role of Explosive Ordnance Disposal Divers in Eliminating the Danger Generated by Naval Mines

Abstract Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) divers are that category of soldiers from the Naval Forces with tasks and missions, equipment and specific training, which ensure the removal of the danger generated by explosive devices. One of the basic missions of EOD divers is the fight against sea mines, which are the most frequently used explosive devices in naval confrontations. To win the war against mines, all specialized structures must be used, depending on the specifics of the mission, no matter if we are talking about specialized ships, aviation or EOD divers.

Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR), A Necessity of The Modern Diving Technology

Abstract The paper looks at three emerging technologies, namely virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) and mixed media (MX), and explains how they are transforming the way we interact with the digital and real worlds. Each technology is defined and the main features are highlighted for comparison. VR gives us a complete and immersive experience in the virtual world, AR adds digital elements to the real world, and MX integrates both media to create an interactive experience where virtual and real elements interact and coexist. Within the work a number of equipment or applications incorporating these emerging technologies were reviewed to highlight how they could assist divers to train under controlled conditions and simulate real diving conditions in hazardous or complex environments. The implementation of technologies such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) and mixed media (MX) within the Diving Center of the Romanian Naval Forces would bring many advantages and significant improvements in terms of the training capacity, operational efficiency and safety of military divers. These technologies would not only modernize training and operations, but also strengthen the ability to intervene and react in critical situations.