Naval Combat Research Articles

Designing a Framework for Target-Site Assignment in Naval Combat Management

<p>In this study, using operational research techniques, a model has been presented to assess battlefield threat, to prioritise aggressive targets, to evaluate the capability of own sites and the risks of the conflict with the targets, to define conflict scenarios and finally to select the best scenario using an assignment model. The above proceedings were added as an intermediate phase of target-site assignment, called ‘deciding the best conflict scenario’, to the ‘threat assessment’ and ‘weapon-target assignment’ in the naval combat management system. For each of the own site, the data collected from the environment together with the panels of experts are shown in a two-dimensional matrix, in which the four areas of the matrix represent the conflict scenarios. Considering that the study was done in a simulated environment, the expert’s verification and the convergence of the results in Monte Carlo method were used to validate the research. The proposed model can offer optimised decision to the operational commander through predicting the battlefield and managing the site’s capacity and the interaction in between during the combat.</p>

함정 전투체계 군사영상 특성에 기반한 하이브리드 정보은닉 기법

There are many kinds of military images used in naval combat system because various sensors are operated. The military images are displayed, analysed and stored with analysed informations according to the tactical purpose on combat system. These images are used to target detection, analysis and classification. Thus the analysed information and images must be secured, the information hiding methods are the most eligible solutions to get secured informations and images. In this paper, the hybrid information hiding method based on the characteristics of the military images is proposed and the effectiveness is shown by experiments.

함정 전투 시스템 개발 툴을 위한 분산 실시간 메시지 관리 기법 설계 및 구현

함정 전투 시스템 개발 툴을 위한 분산 실시간 메시지 관리 기법 설계 및 구현

Naval Narratives of Re-enactment: In Which We Serve and Sea of Fire

This essay examines two narrative examples of the Royal Navy and naval combat on screen, exploring their resemblances in the re-enactment of naval history and their portrayal of the past through consistent representational strategies. In Which We Serve (Noel Coward and David Lean, 1942) and Sea of Fire (Ian Duncan, 2007) use deliberate and self-conscious recreations of the past to authenticate their interpretations of British naval history, and evince comparably conservative stances towards the Royal Navy and perceptions of its traditions. The similarity of their narratives, which describe the events leading up to the loss of two Navy destroyers, helps to reveal and reinforce the tonal, structural, and stylistic parallels in their depictions. The correspondence in their portrayal of naval combat and the institution of the Royal Navy illustrates the consistencies of representation which characterize the naval war film as a distinctive, definable narrative form. Above all, their commitment to the recreation and re-enactment of identifiable historical events underpins their importance in the representation and commemoration of the national, naval past. It is this aspect of both productions which is significant in the exploration of the role of visual representations to construct, affirm, and broadcast pervasive and persuasive versions of popular history.

차세대 함정 전투체계 아키텍처 구축방안에 관한 연구

A naval combat system is the system of systems who supports naval indigenous operations by integrating and inter-operating many different kind of weapons, which has characteristics of large scale complex computing system. ROK Navy has been built a blue ocean navy, so that large scale warships are under constructions. However, warship combat system architecture has not been well studied so far in Korea. The paper focuses on current combat system architecture and propose the next generation combat system architecture, which will give the development direction of ROK Navy. In order to complete combat system architecture studies, the system engineering process shall be applied to the study. Moreover, ARENA simulation tool is used for verification of combat system architecture. The system engineering process is as follows: next-generation naval combat system requirement analysis, functional architecture analysis and physical architecture analysis.

Moving-Object management method of combat system using main memory DBMS

The naval combat management system conducts a comprehensive analysis of obtained information and integrates it with on-board sensors, weapons, and other equipment. Furthermore, it automatically performs all processes such as engagement plans, weapon assignments, and target detection using already pre-deployed database information. Thus, it is important to manage moving objects from many different kinds of sensors. In this paper, we will introduce the Moving-Object management method of combat systems using the In Moving Object DBMS. This is based on the main memory database technology provided by the high speed transaction processing performance.

A method for track fusing using data association in naval combat system

In today battlefield multi-sensors installed on naval ship are acquiring too much information. Information is used through naval combat system to improve reaction capability to threat more quickly and precise. For acting to threat, we have to make a decision whether same ones what each target from multi sensor and execute track fusion according to result of judgment. So in this paper, we propose the track fusion method using track’s varied information. We predicted and estimated the target state based on dynamic information using data association filter so made valid measurement area what is assumed that track exists. This algorithm can set up the criterion what is adaptive current status of track. Second we selected track among existing tracks in valid area by attributing weighting. The weight considers track’s information like identification, category and so on. We would like to execute more precisely track fusion through this fusion algorithm.

Multi-Injury Casualty Stream Simulation in a Shipboard Combat Environment.

Accurate forecasts of casualty streams are essential for estimating personnel and materiel requirements for future naval combat engagements. The scarcity of recent naval combat data makes accurate forecasting difficult. Furthermore, current forecasts are based on single injuries only, even though empirical evidence indicates most battle casualties suffer multiple injuries. These anticipated single-injury casualty streams underestimate the needed medical resources. This article describes a method of simulating realistic multi-injury casualty streams in a maritime environment by combining available shipboard data with ground combat blast data. The simulations, based on the Military Combat Injury Scale, are expected to provide a better tool for medical logistics planning.

China’s Emerging Indo-Pacific Naval Strategy

Although China has not formally put forward an Indo-Pacific naval strategy, the new national defense strategy of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), Fighting Regional Informatized War, has changed the strategy of the PLA Navy (PLAN) from focusing on one ocean (the Pacific) to focusing on two oceans (the Pacific and Indian). As part of its mission in the far seas, the PLAN will require new blue water capabilities in the medium to long term. In short, the Indian Ocean is becoming a linchpin for China's new global naval reach. This essay argues that China is developing its military strategy for the Indian Ocean to protect and defend its economic and security interests in those waters. As a result, China's maritime presence there will only increase over time.The Indian Ocean and the Nexus of PLA and PLAN StrategiesChina's national defense strategy assists the nav y in setting service missions, development goals, and combat engagement rules. This paper includes just one conceptual guideline to shed light on PLAN activities in the Indian Ocean.1China's sixth national defense strategy, first adopted in 2004 and updated in 2015, introduced a new concept of defense, which enriched the original strategy and has immediate relevance to PLAN expansion. This does not refer merely to defense of China's geographic boundaries but also to protection of its new open-ended frontiers of national and economic security interests. It heavily factors in potential hostile scenarios against China's sea lines of communication (SLOC) through the Indian Ocean. Frontier defense entails efforts to both establish a forward naval presence and develop the long-range power-projection capabilities to sustain such a presence. This concept departs from the PLA's time-honored continental mentality in planning that had dominated previous defense strategies and favored the role of the army in the overall force structure. Although the PLA continues to maintain its homeland-based defense posture, frontier defense requires it to extend warfighting into the global commons as a way to enlarge China's strategic space. This requires the projection of new play Go posturing and the establishment of multidimensional zones, including outer space and cyberspace.2 A primary pillar for frontier defense involves the PLAN's capabilities for far-sea operations against a major sea power, and increasing the PLAN's effective combat reach into the Indian Ocean has been set as a capability criterion and medium-term objective. This is a consequence of Xi Jinping's One Belt, One Road initiative to increase connectivity to Europe through a northern land route and to Africa through a southern maritime corridor connecting China with the Middle East, which places a greater onus on the PLAN to protect China's SLOCs.Another important nexus between China's national defense strategy and naval strategy is the PLA's two war doctrines. With the prospect of a land disappearing, the country's security gravity has shifted from the western and northern land borders to the eastern coastal flank. If the PLA is dragged into a full maritime conflict in the East and South China Seas with the United States and Japan, India may take advantage by encroaching farther across the disputed Sino-Indian land borders. This is the first 1.5 scenario.3 The second scenario also involves India. If a sizeable maritime erupts in East Asia, the Indian Navy may be called on to disrupt China's SLOCs in the Indian Ocean in order to both strengthen India's position in the Sino-Indian border dispute and help U.S. operations in the Pacific. Both scenarios regard India as a potential threat. In response, the PLA's frontier defense would inevitably require the PLAN to expand its one-ocean strategy into a two-ocean strategy (the western Pacific Ocean plus the northern Indian Ocean) and thus extend its naval combat reach into the Indian Ocean rim.The Indian Ocean in the PLAN's Naval War ScenarioThe PLAN's doctrinal evolution has seen several major adjustments since 1987, each expanding its range of activities toward the far seas. …

Medical rescue of naval combat: challenges and future.

There has been no large-scale naval combat in the last 30 years. With the rapid development of battleships, weapons manufacturing and electronic technology, naval combat will present some new characteristics. Additionally, naval combat is facing unprecedented challenges. In this paper, we discuss the topic of medical rescue at sea: what challenges we face and what we could do. The contents discussed in this paper contain battlefield self-aid buddy care, clinical skills, organized health services, medical training and future medical research programs. We also discuss the characteristics of modern naval combat, medical rescue challenges, medical treatment highlights and future developments of medical rescue at sea.

Home Squadron: The U.S. Navy on the North Atlantic Station

This study examines the transformation of the United States Navy as a fighting organization that took place on the North Atlantic Station between 1874 and 1897. At the beginning of this period, the warships assigned to this station were collectively administered by a rear-admiral, but were operationally deployed as individual units, each of whose actions were directed by their captains. By 1897 the North Atlantic, or Home Squadron as it was known, was a group of warships constituting a protean battle fleet that is, an organized body moving and fighting in close-order, which meant that the actions of the captains were directed by a commanding admiral. The process of the development of an American battle fleet resulted in the construction of a new organizational identity for the North Atlantic Squadron. This process was as critical as the eventual outcome. It was not linear, but one in which progress in critical areas was modulated by conflicting demands that caused distraction. From 1874-1888, exercises in fleet tactics under steam were carried out sporadically utilizing existing wooden cruising vessels. From 1889-1894, the last wooden cruisers were decommissioned and the Squadron consisted entirely of new steel warships. Ad-hoc concentrations of vessels for purposes besides exercise and training retarded the continued development of doctrine and tactics necessary for a multi-ship fighting capability during this time. However, much work was done to develop a concept of multi-ship operations. From 1895-1897, the identity of the North Atlantic Squadron as a combat unit solidified. Tactical exercises were held that had specific offensive and defensive wartime applications. These exercises were necessary to develop a combat capability. The results of this study demonstrate that the United States government had an interest in developing an offensive naval combat capability as early as the 1870 s. Based on the record of the North Atlantic Squadron, it is argued that imperial aspirations, in the sense of possessing a capability to restrict the actions of other great powers in the Caribbean region, existed prior to the War of 1898. However, the process of change often resulted in the appearance of capability without the rigorous exercise necessary to possess it.

Enhanced network recovery scheme on real-time switched ethernet for naval combat system

This paper proposes an enhanced network recovery ENR scheme based on switched ethernet to handle network failures in the naval combat system. In this study, network failure recovery is explained through message scheduling on switched ethernet, which is based on previous works on flexible time trigger FTT ethernet. The proposed ENR method expands the previous works by including a revised spanning tree construction scheme and efficient failure detection scheme on real-time switched ethernet for system robustness. To show the advantages of the ENR scheme, the performance of the proposed method is compared with the performance of the existing protocol called time-triggered ethernet TTEthernet. The simulation results show that the proposed ENR scheme outperforms the TTEthernet in terms of the end to end delay and message delivery probability.

Analysis on U.S. Sealift Innovation Pioneer: Chester Nimitz

Sealift is not only the essential maritime tactics and techniques for modern navy, but also an important indicator to measure the naval combat capability. In the transformation of modern maritime refueling technology, Nimitz played a greatly important role. Nimitz was more than a famous militarist and strategists. In fact, he was a pioneer in promoting the innovation of marine fuel supply with excellent command capacity and mastery of technology. In 1917, Nimitz originated the riding-abeam fueling method suitable for small warships. During the early period of World War II, he reformed and developed broadside fueling suitable for aircraft carriers and other large warships, which were a leap development with historical significance. The technology of broadside fueling has successfully withstood the test of actual combat in World War II, and proved to be the important guarantee for the United States to win the Pacific war.

Rule-based peer-to-peer framework for decentralised real-time service oriented architectures

Modularity has been a key issue in the design and development of modern embedded Real-Time Software Systems (RTS) where modularity enables flexibility with respect to changes in platform, environment, and requirements, as well as reuse. In distributed RTS, similar ideas have led to the adoption of Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) components integrated via Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) principles and technologies that are already well-established in business-oriented information systems. However, current SOA technologies for orchestration, such as Enterprise Service Busses, do not meet strict time-dependent constraints on scalability and latency required by RTS.We present a novel approach to RTS development where the orchestration of real-time processes is decentralised among the services within a fully distributed rule-driven process framework. Our framework wraps around COTS components implementing individual processing steps in a decentralised real-time process. Our execution model incorporates real-time constraints and is configurable through message routing policies distributed as a knowledge base containing rule sets, and therefore dispenses with the need for a central orchestration component which could easily become a bottleneck. Deterministic behaviour can be achieved through the validation of the rule-sets and the use of Modular Performance Analysis (MPA).We analyse the performance of our architecture using the Real-Time Calculus and show by empirical evaluation that our method scales to a typical real-time process application found in a tactical naval combat system context.

함정 전투체계 함상시험을 위한 지원장비 설계 및 검증 연구

The Shipyard Test of Naval Combat System depends on external factors, such as weather conditions and availability of its sensor-weapon, due to the need of on-board sensor-weapon during the test. This paper suggests the Supportive Equipment using virtual simulator for Shipward Test, in case of the unavailability of the on-board sensor-weapon or the test support force(aircraft, surface ship etc.), to pre-check the functions of the combat system as well as to prepare the Shipyard Test. To mock the real sensor-weapon functions as similar as possible, the Supportive Equipment for Shipyard Test was verified by the Verification and Validation process, which is usually performed while developing models in the Modeling & Simulation field.

함정 전투 시스템을 위한 메시지 지향 모델링 도구 설계

본 논문에서는 함정 전투 시스템을 위한 메시지 지향 모델링 도구의 구조 설계에 대하여 연구한다. 함정 전투 시스템은 다양하고 대규모의 장비와 통신 서비스 그리고 데이터 분산 서비스 등으로 구성되어 있다. 각각의 장비들은 컴포넌트로서 대규모의 메시지를 발생시킨다. 이러한 메시지를 관리하기 위해 메시지 지향 모델링 도구가 개발되었다. 기존 모델링 도구는 중복되는 데이터베이스 테이블로 인해 어플리케이션 성능이 낮은 문제점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 보다 효율적인 데이터베이스 설계 방안을 제안한다. 중복되는 테이블 수를 줄이고 어플리케이션의 응답 속도 및 처리시간을 향상시킨다. 실험 결과들은 제안하는 방법이 메시지 지향 모델링 도구 어플리케이션에 적용 가능함을 보이고, 클라이언트 노드로부터 서버로 전송되는 총 데이터양과 서버부하의 감소에 대하여 보여준다.

다중 센서 및 다중 전술데이터링크 환경 하에서의 표적정보 처리 기법

This paper is concerned with a track management method for a naval combat system which receives the tracks information from multi-sensors and multi-tactical datalinks. Since the track management of processing the track information from diverse sources can be formulated as a data fusion problem, this paper will deal with the data fusion architecture, track association and track information determination algorithm for the track management of naval combat systems.

Message Oriented Management and Analysis Tool for Naval Combat Systems

Abstract This paper proposes a design of message oriented modeling and analysis tool (MOMAT) for naval combat systems (NCS). NCS is composed of heterogeneous and large-scale components such as communication services and data distribution services (DDS). Each component consists of massive and heterogeneous interfaces and modules that are designed by many developers. Furthermore, MOMAT has to meet the requirements of NCS as follows. First, MOMAT has to be able to control multiple parts such as components, interfaces, messages and publisher/subscriber. Secondly, it should improve the application performance in terms of response time and execution time. Thirdly, the scalability of application functions has to be guaranteed for system integration of NCS with heterogeneous sub-parts. Implementation results show that the MOMAT is suitable for naval combat systems regarding task processing time and database access time.

공학-교전급 전투실험을 위한 C2 가상모의 연동 시뮬레이터 개발

해군 무기체계 전투실험은 미래 새로운 무기체계의 소요를 창출하고 운용개념을 정립하며, 작전운용성능을 실험하고 검증할 뿐 아니라 나아가 교리발전 및 훈련에 이르기까지 폭넓게 실험을 수행하고 있다. 한국 해군은 전투실험을 효과적으로 지원할 수 있는 도구는 물론 전용의 실험 시설을 통해서 효율적, 효과적인 모의기반획득 지원환경을 구축하기 위해 노력하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 해군 전투실험의 훈련 및 전술발전 지원을 위한 C2 가상모의 연동 시뮬레이터를 개발하고 연동을 위한 아키텍처를 설계하였다. 대함전/대공전 시뮬레이션은 교전급 모델인 SADM을 이용하고 대잠전 시뮬레이션은 공학급 모델인 교전분석 시뮬레이터를 재사용하여 운용자 참여가 가능한 전투실험을 수행하였다. 전투실험을 통해 나온 결과를 분석, 훈련 전술에 반영하고 운용자 참여를 통해서 훈련 현실감을 높였다. C2 가상모의 연동 아키텍처는 전투실험 교전에 대한 연동 및 C2 훈련이 가능한 구성의 아키텍처로 설계되었다. 또한 서로 다른 운용개념의 시스템을 통합하고 연동하기 위한 아키텍처이다. The Korean naval weapon systems, combat experiments establish the concept of Battle operations, and create the future of the new weapons system. Doctrine development and training as well as ranging from experiments for evaluate the performance of mission operations for combat experiments are used. The battle lab is effectively support tool for the Korean Naval battle experiments. The battle lab is through a dedicated testing facility and to build efficient and effective simulation-based acquisition supporting environment. In this paper, the ship / submarines C2 operations virtual simulator was developed to support the concept of Battle operations of naval combat experiments in training and tactical development. The ship C2 operations virtual simulator makes the anti-ship and anti-aircraft the engagement scenario for performed experiments using the SADM. The submarines C2 operations virtual simulator makes the anti-submarine engagement scenario for performed experiments using EAS. EAS System was created before reuse. EAS system by modifying the additional interfaces HLA-RTI has been reused. Reflected in the tactics and training after analysis of the results through the battle experiment. Also increase training fidelity through operator involvement. The anti-ship and anti-aircraft system architecture (SADM) and anti-submarine system architecture (EAS) requires unique design of system framework since two separate architectures should be integrated into a system. An C2 virtual linked architecture was used to integrate different system architecture. A C2 virtual linked software framework, designed that have integrated protocol for battle experimental linkage and battlefield visualization environment.

함정용 전투체계 아키텍처 개선을 위한 실시간 운영체제 적용방안 연구

A combat system for navy's battleship is a system of systems who supports naval indigenous operations by integrating and inter-operating many different kind of weapon and non-weapon systems, which has characteristics of large-scale complex computing system. This paper considers a characteristics of naval combat system which has been developed by domestic technology and suggests a way to improve future naval combat system in terms of computing architecture by applying commercial real-time operating system technologies. This paper also provides an evaluation criteria for combat system adaptability of real-time operating systems.Keywords : Naval Combat Systems(함정용 전투체계), Real-time Operating System(실시간 운영체제), Hard-Real Time(경성 실시간), Soft-Real Time(연성 실시간)