Naval Base Research Articles

Архив Военно-морского флота - филиал Центрального архива Министерства обороны Российской Федерации: вехи истории

The article reviews creation of the departmental archive of the National Commissariat of the Navy (1937) and its functioning to this day. ‘The Statute of the Branch of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (Archive of Navy)’ was adopted on February 20, 2013. According to this document the Archive of Navy became a subdivision of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense, deployed separately and functioning independently. The departmental archive began its acquisition in September 1940. Satisfactory execution of functions by Archive was impeded by multiple changes in the structure of the Directorate of the Peoples’ Commissariat of the Navy, which complicated processing of documents entering the storage. Tasks of the Archive were reduced to the following: to control files condition and document destruction; to compile lists of documents with terms of their storage; to inspect the state of archiving in the Navy; to advise archives and records management offices of central directorates (departments) of the Peoples’ Commissariat of the Navy on formation and registration of files and their transfer to archive; to enter documents of the central directorates (departments) on storage; to track and safeguard documents. On the eve the Great Patriotic War transfer of document from fleet, flotillas, and naval bases was in its initial stage. The first months of the Great Patriotic War prompted evacuation of archival fonds from Moscow to Ulyanovsk (August 1941). By January 1945 these numbered 26550 files and 1234 bags of unsorted documents. At the end of war the Archive was relocated from Ulyanovsk to Leningrad, and then to Kronstadt (1947). In 1950s the Archive continued moving to new places — to Pushkin, to Leningrad, to Gatchina (1961). The fonds of the Archive store unique documents of the Peoples’ Commissariat and Ministry of the Navy, governing bodies under the Commander-In-Chief of the Navy, research establishments, Navy schools, river flotillas, materials on ships and submarines, air force, marines, coastal and anti-aircraft defense, rear, hydrographic, medical and sanitary, and other services. Of great interest for researchers are documents of the General Staff of the Navy.

δ aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) gene polymorphism of marine taskforce personnel whit routine exposure of lead suspended in air

The pollutant lead (Pb-plumbum-black lead) is toxic. Organisms in nature cannot naturally suppres its concentration. Special Capital Region of Jakarta is a metropolitan city with densest highway traffic in the world, especially in and around the Marunda area, which is the location 24-hour non-stop loading and unloading activities of various businesses. With that environmental condition, in the Marunda area of Jakarta lies the Naval base where the Marine Taskforce Personnel are stationed. The environmental condition allows the personnel to be quite frequently exposed to lead. This research aims to detect the ALAD gen mutation in the Marine Taskforce personnel as a mapping of the level of ALAD gene mutation frequency in the Marines of the Jakarta area. The research was conducted in a period of [insert data]. The sampling applied the purposive sampling method with a sample size of 100 Marines. The research results show that there was no ALAD gene mutation in the 100 Marines. This could depict a good energy status of the 100 Marines stationed in the Marunda area. With no mutation found in the ALAD gene, that means the process of oxygen binding with hemoglobin has no disruption in energy synthesis.

Neutronic properties of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors with thorium fuel

High-temperature gas-cooled low-power thorium reactor units (RU) serve as ideal sources of heat energy for supply to remote areas, large naval bases and military garrisons. This study is focused on neutronic characteristics of a 60-MWth low-power thorium reactor core with fuel blocks and pellets of different configurations. The optimal configuration was selected from these combinations and enabled the reactor to operate for a minimum of 3000 days at a capacity of 60 MWth. Additionally, this study investigated the use of burnable absorber ZrB2 sprayed onto the lateral surface of the fuel pellets in the reactor to reduce the initial excess reactivity.

Realism, critical theory, and the politics of peace and security: Lessons from anti-base protests on Jeju Island

AbstractDrawing on insights from International Relations and social movement theories, I explore anti-base protests on Jeju Island and the ensuing politics of peace. I find that the clash between activists and policymakers is fundamentally tied to different views regarding the legitimacy of state actions on security policy and whether actors see states or people as the primary object of security. These real-world differences are mirrored in realist and critical perspectives of international politics. Policymakers tend to view the naval base as a means of protecting national interests and enhancing maritime security. Meanwhile, anti-base activists seek emancipation from an illegitimate state project uprooting a peaceful community. However, the perpetuation of a powerful realist discursive structure within the South Korean security and foreign policy establishment presents significant hurdles for anti-base movements in advancing their cause. My findings are based on ethnographic research in Gangjeong village in July 2012, interviews with activists and policymakers in South Korea, and an analysis of state and activist discourse in both Korean and English language sources.

Russia and the Ukrainian Crisis: A Multiperspective Analysis of Russian Behaviour, by Taking into Account NATO’s and the EU’s Enlargement

Abstract This article will explain why Russia annexed Crimea and is destabilizing eastern Ukraine. To do this, three different theoretical approaches on various levels of analysis will be used. It will be examined how far the expansion of NATO, as well as that of the European Union (Theory of Neorealism), was a motive for Russia’s action. NATO’s enlargement is analysed predominantly. In addition, politicalpsychological motivations of the Russian leadership are considered. But it is also analysed whether Russia’s pure power interests have played a role (Theory of Realism). The focus here is on the Russian naval base in Crimea. It is necessary to examine whether preserving its fleet in the Black Sea was a motive for Moscow to annex the Crimean peninsula.

A military-related townscape: the case of Zuoying, Taiwan

Morphological analysis similar to that employed by M. R. G. Conzen is used to examine the agents and agencies shaping the military city of Zuoying. The walled city and naval base underwent four phases of physical change. These were associated with functional changes that have reflected different military strategies and technologies. Seven morphological regions are recognized. Light is also shed on the urban historical context within which East Asian cities more widely have developed.

China's Empire Building Strategy: Belt-Road Initiative, Creating New Financial Institutions, and Aggressive Foreign Policyy

Given their size in terms of vast geographical area, large population, sizeable gross domestic product (estimated in PPP) and a large standing army, both India and China are widely expected to help shape the emerging 21st century world order. While china has already raced ahead in terms of economic growth, India is currently the fastest growing large economy in the world. China has emerged as India’s largest trading partner in recent years. The two neighbours share a vast disputed boundary between them. They have gone to war once in 1962 over the boundary issue. At the same time, as developing societies, they share common concerns pertaining to world economic order and environmental justice. Given the complexity of their relationship, an understanding of the mind-set as well as the extent and nature of engagement of elites/ leading socio-economic groups across the two neighbours and their response to global issues, acquires a critical importance for ensuring global growth and peace. The Department of Business Economics, University of Delhi South Campus, has taken an initiative to bring the Indian Academia, Diplomats, Social Activists and thinkers, industry associations and entrepreneurs, and Policy Makers together for a sustained debate and discussion on China’s rise and its implications for the world as whole. The seminar was entitled ‘Is Belt-Road-Initiative of China a geo-economic strategy aimed at empire building?’ The focus of the debate was to examine some of the following issues: Is BRI a new growth strategy using globalization as an opportunity and old Silk Route as a brand to build Chinese centric 21st century Empire? Are Chinese attempts at building a new International Financial Architecture a step towards creation of Chinese hegemony? How serious and justified are the strategic and security concerns of India and other Asian countries in China's neighbourhood? How threatening and damaging are the Maritime Silk Road and creation of naval bases in the Indian Ocean to India and other littoral countries? How about the business interests of Indian business partners? Are they expecting any economic gains in terms of business opportunities, Investments and jobs for Indians? Are the proposed Asia-Africa Growth Corridor and other maritime initiatives undertaken by India an effective balancing strategy? Will the new form of Atlantis versus Eurasian Geopolitics be of some help to the world in overcoming the problem of poverty, poor infrastructure, energy shortage, degradation of environment, and climate change?

Beyond Greenham Woman?

ABSTRACTThis article investigates the discursive construction of gendered identities in anti-nuclear activism and particularly in peace camps. My starting point is the now substantial academic literature on Cold War women-only peace camps, such as that at Greenham Common. I extend the analysis that emerges from this literature in my research on the mixed-gender, long-standing camp at Faslane naval base in Scotland. I argue that the 1980s saw the articulation in the camp of the figure of the Gender-Equal Peace Activist, displaced in the mid-1990s by Peace Warrior/Earth Goddess identities shaped by radical environmentalism and reinstating hierarchical gender norms. I conclude that gendered identities constructed in and through anti-nuclear activism are even more variable than previously considered; that they shift over time as well as place and are influenced by diverse movements, not solely feminism; and that they gain their political effect not only through the transgression of social norms, but also through discursive linkage with, or disconnection from, political subjectivities in wider society. With such claims, the article aims to re-contextualise Greenham Woman in her particular place and time, and to contribute to a more expansive understanding of the gendering of anti-nuclear activism.

China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: In the context of ‘String of Pearl Strategy

<p>This paper narrates china’s investment in South East Asian region and the up-gradation and construction of ‘Deep Sea Ports’ in countries such as Myanmar, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. China’s escalating growth of its naval bases and trade influences in Indian and South Chinese Ocean is globally coined as China’s ‘String of Pearls Strategy’ (SOPs). Recently China has initiated $46 Billion projects in Pakistan, connecting deep sea Port of Gwadar with Kashgar, which is mostly discussed in the literature as ‘China-Pakistan Economic Corridor’ (CPEC). This corridor is considered to be a game changer in South Asia’s emerging economies. The current document is an approach of descriptive exploratory study to highlight the importance of String of Pearl theory in the strategic manner, the China’s initiative of economic corridor and rapid re-structuring of the silk roads for the trade purpose. CPEC’s investment in Pakistan and the political and power dynamics in the South East Asia among countries in terms of politics, internal situation and inter-country alliances. The current document highlighted and discussed the policies which Pakistan can be predicted to be followed to improve the effectiveness of CPEC.</p>

Effect of Novel Continuing Medical Education Curriculum on Attitudes and Understanding of Primary Care Medicine for the Naval Surface Provider.

Naval Surface Forces provide care in austere environments with unique facility, personnel, and material limitations that can put the patient at risk without proper consideration of these circumstances. Tailored shipboard education currently exists but is greatly dependent on the time, preferences, expertise, and ability of a single teaching officer, allowing for significant variability in the level of training. One hundred and twenty-two individuals were trained in 19 topics presented over 12 months through the Naval Surface Forces Pacific Command Medical Readiness Division to all surface providers on Naval Base San Diego. Participants completed pre- and post-course assessments for each training session based on the objectives of the lesson, as well as reassessments and subjective course critiques every 3 months. Fifteen of 19 courses showed more than 20% improvement, with a range of improvement from 21 to 67%, and an average of 30% (95% confidence interval: 26.1-33.8, p < 0.001). Short-term follow-up showed higher-than-baseline scores at 6-, 9-, and 12-month follow-up; these were significantly higher than nonattendees (p = 0.003, 0.05, 0.004, respectively). Students who reported being either very confident or very confident and comfortable with teaching the content increased from 40.6% before the course to 60.8% after the course. Pre- (p = 0.02) and post- (p = 0.01) course level of confidence was directly correlated to students' assessment of the courses' applicability, with increasing level of confidence correlating to a perceived increase in applicability of the material. This study demonstrates improvement in Naval surface provider knowledge and attitudes in a variety of subject areas after implementation of a novel curriculum tailored specifically to address the unique considerations for practice at sea. Material was beneficial to all trainees despite significant differences in training background. Confidence gained as a result of the course was directly correlated to perceived relevance of the material, but not to educational background. Future work could investigate the use of curriculum in deployed providers and incorporation into current training of the OPNAVINST 6400.1c, Appendix A.

Political Economy of Policy Conflicts and Third Party Intervention: Focusing on Jeju Naval Base in Korea

Political Economy of Policy Conflicts and Third Party Intervention: Focusing on Jeju Naval Base in Korea

DJIBOUTI: Chinese Naval Base

Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural SeriesVolume 54, Issue 7 p. 21519A-21520A Military DJIBOUTI: Chinese Naval Base First published: 09 August 2017 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825X.2017.07795.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume54, Issue7August 2017Pages 21519A-21520A RelatedInformation

“Just being real”: A post-colonial critique on Amerasian engagement in Central Luzon’s sex industry

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the historical and social cultural factors that shape Filipino Amerasian women’s participation in sex work in the Olongapo red light district, adjacent to the former US Subic Bay Naval Base. The analysis shares terrain covered by other studies that examine the link between US militarism and Asian sex industries. In addition, this paper considers how racialized and sexualized power structures situate Amerasian women in specific ways in relation to sex work in the Philippines. A feminist post-colonial approach, including discourses on race, miscegenation and nationalism, provides a fresh perspective on how colonial and post-colonial structures and systems of power have shaped the sex industry as it is today, contributing to what may be an overrepresentation of Filipina Amerasians in sex work.

Overview of Italian Government’s Stance on Albania’s Withdrawal from Warsaw Treaty de Facto in 1961 and de Jure in 1968

Abstract This article tries to analyze Italian government’s stance after Albania’s de facto withdrawal from the Warsaw Treaty in 1961 and de jure denunciation of this treaty in 1968. The retreat of Soviet troops from Vlora Naval Base had a considerable impact on Italy’s foreign relations with Albania in many regards. Concerning internal interests, Italy had a close relationship with Albania and had always demonstrated the willingness to enhance her influence in this respect. On the other hand, for Italy being a NATO member country, Albania’s withdrawal from the Warsaw Treaty was an enormous relief. The possibility that the two superpowers clash on the Adriatic Sea was considerably minimized. This led to a genuine interest in Albania. Albanian political immigrants in Italy played a major role in enhancing this attention. Nevertheless, because of the communist regime in Albania, the rapprochement wanted by Italy remained merely a desire which did not exceed bilateral economic relations. Viewed as an opportunity for Albania to open up to the West, this effort constitutes another chance deliberately “missed” by the regime at home.

China’s Naval Base(s) in the Indian Ocean—Signs of a Maritime Grand Strategy?

The article assesses China’s Indian Ocean strategy against the backdrop of its naval base development in Djibouti. It argues that China’s naval force posturing stems from a doctrinal shift to ocean-centric strategic thinking and is indicative of the larger gameplan of having a permanent naval presence in the Indian Ocean. China’s maritime strategy comprises four key components. First, to channel naval reinforcements for securing its maritime trade and economic interests in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR)—even as it strengthens the Maritime Silk Road initiative. Second, to develop logistical and operational capacities for a permanent far-seas presence, including preparedness for maritime combat and non-combat operations. Third, to undermine India’s geo-strategic influence in the IOR as the two lock into a near zero-sum game maritime competition. Fourth, to overcome the threat of US naval dominance and deter its coercive tactics by enhancing the costs of military conflict. Beijing’s ultimate objective is to emerge as a ‘global maritime power’ capable of commanding the far seas and oceans.

The “Franco-Russian Marseillaise”: International Exchange and the Making of Antiliberal Politics in Fin de Siècle France

The “Franco-Russian Marseillaise”: International Exchange and the Making of Antiliberal Politics in Fin de Siècle France

Barrera-Fernández, D. (2016). Attracting visitors to ancient neighbourhoods: Creation and management of the historic city of Plymouth, UK. Groningen: InPlanning. 289 pp. Free e-book. ISBN: 978-94-91937-19-4. DOI code: 10.17418/PHD.2015.9789491937194

Barrera-Fernandez, D. (2016). Attracting visitors to ancient neighbourhoods: Creation and management of the historic city of Plymouth, UK. Groningen: InPlanning. 289 pp. Free e-book. ISBN: 978-94-91937-19-4. DOI code: 10.17418/PHD.2015.9789491937194Tourism considers as an essential tool for achieving European Union objectives and promoting European citizen's interests, increasing employment and growth, developing regions, better managing cultural and natural heritage and strengthening European identity (EU Commission, 2000). Since 1988 urban tourism constituted the most stable part of tourism potential and revenue of European countries (Hollier, 1988) and in the recent years the number of countries with decisions to develop urban and cultural tourism to enhance their economy and regenerate their historical areas has increased rapidly. In the European Union, heritage policies depend on each country and some countries such as UK (Bath), Germany (Heidelberg) and Italy (Florence) successfully attracted significant numbers of visitors to their historic sites and managed to become top heritage tourism destinations. In these cities, tourism is the dominant activity and heritage conservation has become a priority.Current book focuses on the historic city of Plymouth which is a medium size, multifunctional city with regional relevance on the south coast of Devon, the most visited region of the United Kingdom (UK) by nationals and one of the most visited by foreign tourists. According to BarreraFernandez in the number of visitors, Plymouth is in the third place among unitary authorities of the Southwest of England and in the first place among heritage and coastal cities of Devon and Cornwall. Despite other UK's port cities Plymouth was built around, and for, the Royal Navy, not maritime trade, and was once the largest naval base in Europe. The city is not a major traditional heritage or cultural destination but made an effort to change and is continuing to change in relation to the development of urban cultural tourism by offering a complementary product in its region.This book is evolved from doctoral thesis of Daniel Barrera-Fernandez and using British model (Ashworth and Tunbridge, 2000) focuses on the role and importance of heritage preservation and urban tourism in Plymouth. The book has eight sections and addresses the following aims:* First, analyse specific framework of heritage preservation and management in the UK with focus on Plymouth to find out how the heritage framework has evolved and identify the current framework in relation to legislation and the role of administrations involved;* Second, study the historic evolution of urban tourism and the current relevance of tourism-related activities;* Finally study how different stakeholders and initiatives affect the tourist use of the historic city, dividing them into four aspects: heritage and culture, tourism, urban planning and economy.After foreword and acknowledgment the book starts with the first section to introduce the rationale of the research, research questions and methodology. Second section focuses on the historic cities of Europe, urban cultural tourism, heritage values and recent trends and shifts. Third section focuses on the city of Plymouth and discusses its geographic position, its relationship with the sea, importance of the military forces in its history, its urban and local government and socioeconomic approach and finally presents the study's area. Section four focuses on the evolution of preservation and management of Plymouth during the Second World War and consequences on built heritage and discusses the current situation regarding conservation areas, statutory listed buildings and other local listing policies.Section five is about the history of the tourism industry in Plymouth where the author introduces four stages of pre-war antecedents where the city was particularly attractive because of its transoceanic connections; the war and the recovery of the activity where the war destroyed much of the tourist activity and the city made an effort to recover; the changes in the market where British holiday makers changed national destinations for international resorts and there was a need to find new tourist markets; the new management strategies where there was an increase in promotion and creating new events and attractions and visitors' profiles. …

Feasibility Analysis of Naval Base Relocation Using SWOT and AHP Method to Support Main Duties Operation

Naval base as part of integrated fleet weapon system has an important role in maintaining the strategic environment in the region of Indonesia. Naval base with a strategic location will support Indonesian navy?s main duty to carry out the administrative and logistical support. Due to the limitation of naval base?s condition, feasibility study will be required to relocate the naval base. In this feasibility study, a combination of methods between SWOT analysis and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used. The results of the Internal Factors Evaluation (IFE) matrix analysis is 4.72 and External Factors Evaluation (EFE) matrix analysis is 2.91. In general, the balance of power between the IFE Matrix and EFE Matrix is located in quadrants I and thus, the aggressive strategy is supported. While the matrix analysis? result of Internal-External (IE) showed that the score of IFE and EFE located in quadrant II and VII.

Papyrus British Museum 10056: Ergebnisse einer Neukollationierung und Anmerkungen zur inhaltlichen Auswertung im Rahmen der militärischen Ausbildung Amenophis’ II

Papyrus British Museum 10056 is well known as a source for information on the history of New Kingdom economy and on shipbuilding. The present article, however, aims at evaluating this important papyrus in the context of chronology, of the education of princes in the Tuthmosid era and as a source for the localisation of Perunefer. In January 2014, the papyrus was collated in the British Museum, which allowed for the improvement of S.R.K. Glanville’s readings in a few instances. Perhaps the most important one concerns a much debated date on the verso, which, based on the suggestions made by S. Pasquali, now can be reconstructed as ‘regnal year 51, third month of winter, day 4’ (rnp.t-sp djjjwwj.t3bdhmt.nw prj.tswfdw). Accordingly, the papyrus must be assigned to Tuthmosis III, and there is no obstacle to the identification of the ‘king’s son and sem-priest Amenophis’ (s3-njswtsmJmnw-htp.w) as Amenophis II shortly before his inauguration as his father’s coregent. Further evaluation in the broader context of the princes’ education during the Tuthmosid era contributes to the knowledge of Amenophis II’s military training, which he received together with his ‘ foster brother Qenamun’ (sn nj mn') all throughout Egypt and which covered all branches of military service. The last stage of their education focussed on the navy and took place at the naval base and dockyard Perunefer, which most likely was located near Tell el-Dab‘a.

British Expeditionary Warfare and the Defeat of Napoleon, 1793–1815 by Robert K. Sutcliffe

Reviewed by: British Expeditionary Warfare and the Defeat of Napoleon, 1793–1815 by Robert K. Sutcliffe Jeremy Black Robert K. Sutcliffe, British Expeditionary Warfare and the Defeat of Napoleon, 1793–1815 (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2016). Pp. 294. $120.00. Based on a doctoral dissertation, Robert K. Sutcliffe's study is a detailed examination of the processes by which Britain sought to initiate and then to improve its conducting of amphibious expeditions in order to defeat Napoleonic France. As a study of the difficult task of transporting and supplying large forces overseas, this book also serves as a guide to the operation of the British military state and economy within a technological context that was totally different from that of the steam age, let alone the enhanced technologies of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. There is much here as well on improvements in army-navy cooperation, including during the War of 1812. In spite of creating major issues for coordination, such cooperation repeatedly proved to be a key tactical advantage. Many of the British army and naval commanders had relevant personal experience from recent years, while the value of accumulated knowledge had been reflected by the publication in 1780 of a second edition of James Wolfe's Instructions to Young Officers. Experience, however, did not necessarily mean success. Indeed, there was a series of British failures, including at Toulon (1793), Ostend (1798), in Holland (1799), and at Belle Isle, Ferrol, and Cadiz (1800). The reasons for failure throw much light on the difficulties attending joint operations. At Toulon a British fleet supported local Royalists, but, as Washington had done at Boston in March 1776, Napoleon used artillery to make the harbor untenable and force the British warships to leave. In 1798, a raid was mounted on Ostend in order to destroy the lock gates of the Bruges canal and make it harder for the French to use the canal system for invasion preparations. (This anticipated what the British were to do in order to block submarine operations when the Germans held the area in 1918.) One thousand, three hundred troops disembarked and cut the sluices at Ostend, but a strong wind prevented the ships from coming in to allow the troops to re-embark, French reinforcements arrived, and the British were forced to surrender. These failures were balanced by successes for British combined operations, including the 1798 capture of Minorca, an important target due to its potential as a naval base. Ultimately, however, none of these successes and failures were of key significance for the war. Instead, the other powers of the coalition against France were defeated on land; Austria, crucially, made peace with France in 1797, leaving Britain isolated. So also with the War of the Second Coalition, although again Britain made major use of combined operations. The most important of these in Europe was an attack on the Low Countries in 1799, designed in cooperation with a Russian force. Launched against the northern coast of Holland, this attack was intended to seize the Dutch fleet, a key element in the naval balance, thereby encouraging an uprising against the pro-French Batavian Republic and in favor of the pro-British exiled House of Orange. The expedition was mismanaged; more to the point (for many expeditions were mismanaged), it was unsuccessful. The goal was unclear and the necessary planning had not been carried out: too little was known about the terrain, the opposing forces, and the attitude of the population, and much of the available information was inaccurate. Moreover, the French were expecting an attack. [End Page 138] In Europe itself more than in the European transoceanic world, British combined operations were very dependent on the overall diplomatic and military situation. In particular, France's ability to force the Dutch and Spain into alliance left Britain isolated among Atlantic naval powers, while the danger of invasion from France increased markedly. It was to counter the latter threat that Britain launched its disastrous Walcheren expedition in 1809. Sutcliffe is especially discerning on the nature of tradeoffs, emphasizing that of economy versus efficiency. Moreover, there are the problems of administrative structure and process. For example, the role of the Transport Board...