Normative Nature Research Articles

Linguistic Humor in the Select Works of Mark Twain, Stephen Leacock, and R.K. Narayan

This paper explores the use of linguistic humor in the select works of Mark Twain, Stephen Leacock, and R.K. Narayan, three literary giants renowned for their distinctive comedic styles. Through a detailed analysis, the study examines how these authors employ various linguistic techniques to elicit humor, including wordplay, satire, irony, and parody. Mark Twain's sharp wit and mastery of dialects, Stephen Leacock's whimsical and absurd scenarios, and R.K. Narayan's subtle and culturally rich narratives serve as primary examples of their unique approaches to humor. By delving into specific texts, this research highlights how linguistic choices contribute to the comedic effect and the overall impact on readers. The paper also considers the cultural and temporal contexts that shape each author's humor, providing a comprehensive understanding of their contributions to literary comedy. Through comparative analysis, the study underscores the universal appeal and enduring relevance of linguistic humor across different cultures and time periods. This investigation not only celebrates the art of humor in literature but also offers insights into the broader implications of comedic expression in understanding human nature and societal norms.

About the functioning of the board of directors and the legal nature of its decisions

In the article there is a detailed analysis of the national legal regulation of the composition and activities of the board of directors, which in a one-tier corporate governance structure can be broadly characterized as a management and control body. It also analyses the fundamental principles governing the operation of such a collegial corporate body. The research aims to analyse the national regulation of a one-tier corporate governance structure with the intent to identify the primary and supplementary principles of the board of directors’ operation, uncover their essence, evaluate their role, and elucidate the legal nature of the board’s decisions. To achieve this goal, the study uses various scientific methods, including technical-legal analysis, synthesis, analogy, modeling, comprehensive research, structural-functional analysis, comparative legal method and others. The article identifies the following as the core principles of the board of directors’ operation: collegiality, majority, equality of board members, accountability, regulation of the board’s activities, and prevention of conflicts of interest. Additional principles include transparency, propriety, and the competence of board members. The author pays particular attention to a detailed analysis of the provisions of the Law of Ukraine № 2465-IX «On Joint Stock Companies», which defines the composition of the board of directors, the decision-making procedure, the possibility of other persons participating in meetings with an advisory vote, and the principles of organizing the board’s work. The article examines the legal nature of the board of directors’ decisions to determine whether they should be classified as normative or non-normative acts. The author demonstrates that the decisions of the board of directors cannot always be regarded as the result of norm-making. Decisions of the board that do not establish new legal norms and address specific individual cases, such as appointing a Chief Executive Officer, have a non-normative nature. Conversely, decisions that set general rules of conduct have a normative nature. The author concludes that decisions of the board of directors to approve internal regulations or implement external standards, even if they merely activate existing norms, are themselves normative acts, as they establish the binding nature of these norms within the corporation.

Autocratic legalism in the perspective of the role of judges in societies of new democracies

The advent of autocratic legalism prompts the presentation of the role of judges in societies of new democracies. The recommended proposal modifies the vision of judges as guardians of the law with an educational-democratic component, in which judges also become interpreters of the law. This article offers a presentation of this proposal. It will commence in two stages. The first is a reconstructive and interpretative process. Its aim is to present autocratic legalism and then, in its light, the problem of the abusive judicial review. The second one is of a normative nature, i.e. a presentation of the social role of judges. In this proposal, judges can be assigned three moral obligations: a) to protect the democratic system, b) to improve legal standards and public institutions when they are dysfunctional, and c) to educate the citizenry, with a particular emphasis on human rights. A primary argument in favour of such a role for judges is the strengthening of civil society as an important safeguard against autocratic rule. The context for the findings presented in this paper is the current constitutional crisis in the Polish legal order. However, empirical documentation does not determine the research methodology in the presented article. In it, I pursue an approach that can be described as “doing philosophy historically.”

Tanggung Jawab Notaris atas Kelalaian Penomoran Ganda pada Akta Otentik

A notary can commit negligence with the same numbering of two different notary deeds or what is often called double numbering. This is certainly detrimental to the credibility of the authentic deed. This certainly violates the obligations of Notaries as stated in Article 16 and 17 of the UUJN. The purpose of this study is to analyze and describe the responsibility of notaries for negligence in double numbering in authentic deeds and the validity of authentic deeds with double numbering. This research is processed with a normative juridical approach method, namely by looking at law as a set of regulations/rules or doctrines that have a normative nature (law in book). As a result of the problem, the Notary is responsible for his negligence in giving a double deed numbering on the authentic deed he made. Sanctions that can ensnare Notaries are in the form of administrative sanctions, civil sanctions, and/or criminal sanctions. However, even if there is a double numbering on the deed, it does not necessarily invalidate the validity of a deed. As long as the contents of the deed have met the conditions for the validity of an agreement as stipulated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code, the deed still has binding legal force.

Solusi dan Langkah Kongkrit dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Pertanahan di Indonesia

The existence of a conflict of interest in land causes land disputes. In order to realize the welfare of the community in the use and control of land, it is hoped that there will be improvements, both in the field of land use and land arrangement, with the realization of these improvements it is hoped that legal certainty in land in Indonesia will be born. The purpose of this study is to find out and describe solutions and concrete steps in resolving land disputes in Indonesia and dispute resolution mechanisms that can be taken both by litigation and non-litigation. This research is processed with a normative juridical approach method, namely by looking at law as a set of regulations/rules or doctrines that have a normative nature (law in book). The results of land disputes have complex roots, both from a legal and institutional perspective, laws and regulations need to be clarified and strengthened so that there are no legal weaknesses and loopholes that cause disputes. Dispute resolution can be done both by litigation and non-litigation.

Redistribusi Tanah Objek Reforma Agraria (TORA) Guna Mewujudkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Dalam Rangka Percepatan Pelaksanaan Reforma Agraria

Departing from the guidelines of the nation's noble ideals to prosper the people's lives, the government through the Agrarian Reform program aims to change the unequal agrarian structure by redistributing land to the community, especially farmers, so as to create social and economic justice. The purpose of this study is to find out and describe the redistribution of Land Object of Agrarian Reform (TORA) in the context of accelerating the implementation of agrarian reform and the implementation of agrarian reform in order to realize community welfare. This research is processed with a normative juridical approach method, namely by looking at law as a set of regulations/rules or doctrines that have a normative nature (law in book). The results of the TORA redistribution problem in the context of accelerating the implementation of agrarian reform have not been fully achieved, especially in the redistribution of forest area land. Agrarian reform has had a significant impact on improving people's welfare but it is not comprehensive, it is hoped that all elements can succeed in agrarian reform.

Socio-legal anomie: the anthropological dimension

The article is devoted to the philosophical and legal analysis of social and legal anomie based on an anthropological approach, given that the loss of value, legal, and moral guidelines for a person during social anomie, first of all, puts him before the choice of a way of existence through self­realization in a legitimate, or misconduct. It is emphasized that socio-legal anomie, as a crisis-transitional state of the development of society, is inherent in a certain period to all socio-legal formations. In order for society to restore full-fledged civilizational development, it is necessary to form value guidelines based on the norms of natural law according to the principle of anthropocentrism, which provides for the supremacy of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen and their protection by all legal methods and means. It has been found that with socio-legal anomie, the person comes to the fore, namely the need to observe and preserve their rights, freedoms, and human dignity, that is, the principle of human- centeredness is activated. A person with formed legitimate beliefs implements them in his own behavior, and also tries to direct the behavior of others in a legitimate direction, which allows him to avoid deviant behavior. The presence of stable value beliefs and orientations also prevents the manifestation of conformist behavior, in particular among young people. It is noted that today society is used to being guided by legal norms established and sanctioned by the state, and even a slight destabilization of this sphere can cause a certain collapse not only in the sphere of social and legal relations, but also in the personal self-realization of a person. This happens because a person ceases to feel fully protected by the state-legal mechanism and can disregard the principles of social coexistence for the purpose of self-realization. Such a situation often leads to manifestations of deviant behavior, or illegal and criminal behavior. We focus on the fact that natural and legal norms, as an ideal regulator of social relations, become a criterion for determining the lawful behavior of a person. Of course, such norms have always been taken as a basis for the formation of the legal framework in democratic, legal states, because if positive law did not contain the norms of natural law, then it would be purely an instruction of behavior, and not a living and effective law.

Закономірність у використанні метафізичних норм людської гідності

Abstract. Human dignity is determined by natural law, which is mandatory for practical life. Therefore, the connection of living conditions with natural norms is a regularity. After all, the microcosm in the macrocosm operates thanks to natural and supernatural norms, similar to the movement of spaceships in universal space. Failure to use these higher legal standards of human dignity leads to the death, destruction of a conditional biological spacecraft. This objective existing relationship, legal characteristics, are often underestimated in practical life. Natural law forms the use of human dogmatics in the course of its life and during the life of a person to create certain customs, traditions, namely customary law. Customary law is the power of the people, which has developed over the ages and is reflected in popular customs, the same moral force that is so widespread in our time. An important aspect of using the basic principles of human dignity in the context of ontological duties is the formation of the most valuable behavior, lifestyle and personality education. Military education plays a key role in everyone's life, because it is our parents who make us who we are by giving us the best that we have. Advice, guidance and requests can be very helpful because they have life experience and often know what might be best for us. At the same time, it is important not to forget about your own opinion, but in case of failure in a situation where we were guided by the advice of our parents, the responsibility falls on them as well. Therefore, it is worth listening to your words, but the final decision and responsibility must always be taken upon yourself. Over time, society changes, and what parents do not understand can seem dangerous, which can affect our decision and even our future life. We must become spiritual warriors who stand up for good and fight against evil. Each of us must set an example that good is stronger. Although we cannot completely eliminate evil, if it is ontological in nature, our task is to minimize it. This will help level the whole world with your actions and leave a worthy example for the future generation. Keywords: customary law; ontological and legal constants; the Cossack era, human dignity; legislation, morality.

Practical syntax of Polish for academic purposes with respect to the needs of L1 Ukrainian speakers

This article presents the problems of acquisition of practical Polish syntax at higher levels of language proficiency by Ukrainians who may be those undertaking studies in Poland. Issues of acquisition and linguistic normativity are discussed. The educctional needs of advanced Ukrainian speakers of Polish in the acquisition of syntax are highlighted, and attention is drawn to its most difficult areas, including syntactic variants that require more reliable glottodidactic and often normative presentation. The article raises the question of a conceivable loosening sometimes overly strict attitudes towards syntactic correctness in the language education of Ukrainians, as well as in the evaluation of their syntactic skills. There is a visible need for a closer relationship between glottodidactics and the normative and corpus linguistics. The paper proves that a deeper linguistic analysis of syntactic material in line with the contemporary shape of natural Polish norm makes it possible to apply more appropriate approaches to the evaluation of the Polish language as used by foreigners, and to prepare modern teaching aids for Ukrainians learning Polish at advanced levels, including Ukrainian speakers studying or preparing to study in Poland.

From the standpoint of progressive law, the idea of legal protection for land deed officials in the electronic mortgage system

The Electronic Mortgage Rights System was established through the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning / Head of the National Land Agency number 5 of 2020. The Electronic Mortgage Rights System is an integrated electronic registration service for Mortgage Rights aimed at maintaining data and providing efficient and effective services in the registration of Mortgage Rights. However, this Electronic Mortgage Service has implications for the position and legal responsibilities of the Land Deed Official as stipulated in Article 20, paragraph (4) of the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian and Spatial Planning / Head of the National Land Agency number 5 of 2020. Therefore, based on the concept of progressive legal theory, a Land Deed Official is entitled to legal protection from the substantive errors of a regulation that is less favorable. This research aims to examine the issues regarding how the concept of legal protection for Land Deed Officials within the electronic mortgage system is viewed from the perspective of progressive law. This research method is of a Juridical Normative nature with a prescriptive approach. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that from the perspective of legal protection theory and progressive legal theory, it is incorrect to burden the Land Deed Official with legal responsibility for the accuracy of data and the validity of documents that were not created by them, but rather provided by the data and document owners who should be responsible for the accuracy of that data and the validity of those documents. It is also incorrect for the Land Deed Official to create and sign a "Statement" regarding the accuracy of data and the validity of documents uploaded through the electronic Mortgage Registration System, as this "Statement" should be made and signed by the Debtor and Creditor as the owners of the data and documents. Therefore, the Land Deed Official deserves legal protection from regulations that substantially do not favor them, as these impose responsibilities beyond their authority. Based on that conclusion, it is recommended to reconstruct Article 20 paragraph (4) of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning / Head of the National Land Agency Regulation number 5 of 2020, and to transfer legal responsibility to Debtors and Creditors as the parties involved in the Electronic Mortgage System, in order to build a legal framework that aligns with the future legal ideals in Indonesia, through a holistic approach that includes legal reform, institutional capacity building, and strengthening ethics, morals, and professionalism in positions.

Imprisonment and Human Rights in Israel: Uncertainty and Volatility

This article provides an overview of the key issues in international and Israeli human rights standards related to incarceration from a legal and sociological perspective. We argue that the Israeli imprisonment system is currently undergoing uncertain changes, showing high volatility due to its historical development and normative nature. Our account of the tensions between punishment and human rights in Israel over recent decades suggests that this field is highly volatile, making it difficult to predict future developments. Although Israel’s constitutional and human rights-oriented reforms seemed to indicate progress, Israel also experienced a series of harsh and regressive statutory and penological reforms.

Factors Inhibiting The Utilization of Agricultural Land Management in Improving The Community Economy (Case Study of Embong Village, Embong Satu, Kota Baru, Uram Jaya District)

In agriculture in Indonesia, the majority of farmers are rice farmers, which is a type of plant that has been planted for generations and is also used as the main staple of community consumption; if we look closely at the potential of agriculture in Indonesia, it is very strategic for the welfare of the community, especially rural communities or forest fringe communities. In the community of Uram Jaya sub-district, or more precisely, the community of Embong Village, Embong Satu, Kota Baru, they experience a problem where they can only plant rice once a year due to the beliefs that have been held so far by the people there. In addition to the existence of obstacles to the agricultural process by culture and community values and norms, in this village, there are also several disturbances from various aspects ranging from the lack of local government empowerment efforts, lack of knowledge on the creation of new community innovations, and to the state of the community that lacks interest in new things in agriculture. This research aims to determine the community's understanding and ability to use land in the best possible way by knowing the potential inhibiting factors in land utilization and the relationship between government integration with the community in improving agriculture. This study uses qualitative methods with data collection techniques and interviews with the community, the village government, and the community members who participated directly. This research proves that agriculture in Embong, Embong Satu, and Kota Baru villages is experiencing obstacles in its agricultural development due to natural factors, culture, values, norms, and poor community and government relations.

The Permissibility of Biased AI in a Biased World: An Ethical Analysis of AI for Screening and Referrals for Diabetic Retinopathy in Singapore

A significant and important ethical tension in resource allocation and public health ethics is between utility and equity. We explore this tension between utility and equity in the context of health AI through an examination of a diagnostic AI screening tool for diabetic retinopathy developed by a team of researchers at Duke-NUS in Singapore. While this tool was found to be effective, it was not equally effective across every ethnic group in Singapore, being less effective for the minority Malay population than for the Chinese majority. We discuss the problematic normative nature of bias in health AI and explore the ways in which bias can interact with various forms of social inequalities. From there, we examine the specifics of the diabetic retinopathy case and weigh up specific trade-offs between utility and equity. Ultimately, we conclude that it is ethically permissible to prioritise utility over equity where certain criteria hold. Given that any medical AI is more likely than not to have lingering bias due to bias in the training data that may reflect other social inequalities, we argue that it is permissible to implement an AI tool with residual bias where: (1) its introduction reduces the influence of biases (even if overall inequality is worsened), and/or (2) where the utility gained is significant enough and shared across groups (even if unevenly).

CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ITS ROLE IN CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL REGULATION

The purpose of the study. Article is devoted to a role of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in constitutional and legal regulation. Doctrinal approaches to the legal nature and legal status of acts of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation are presented. Studies the impact of constitutional justice on the legal system in Russia. The purpose of the study is to study the role of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in constitutional and legal regulation. The article uses dialectical, formal-legal, logical, comparative-legal and other methods of cognition. Results. In the system of state authorities, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation has a special role due to its special legal status and the peculiarities of full-time. The normative nature of the final decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation presupposes the introduction, amendment, clarification, cancellation of legal norms. This function of the constitutional justice body plays a significant role in the development of not only the doctrinal side of law, but also determines the formation and transformation of legislation, both constitutional and left-wing. The activities of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation as a body of constitutional control are also defined as a constitutional interpretation of the norms of law in a certain area of public relations, which is an important mechanism for improving the legal system. An important feature of the legal nature and role of decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation are their legal properties, consisting in clarifying the application of legislation in various fields based on the disclosure of their constitutional and legal meaning and purpose. The method of legal influence of the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is to justify the constitutional and legal meaning of certain norms of sectoral legislation in order to harmonize sectoral sources of law with constitutional provisions and ensure their correct application.

Scalarity and divided consent: analysing rape

In this essay, it is submitted that consent comes in degrees and the wrongfulness and harmfulness of conduct is contingent on the degree of voluntariness underwriting the particular consent decision. A fully free decision to consent changes the normative nature of the act: genuine gift-giving is not theft. Lovemaking is not rape. Partially free decisions to consent can change the nature of the act if it makes the act less harmful and thus less wrongful. Partial consent is not about claiming that the conduct was partially justified, but rather about demonstrating the particular act was less harmful and thus deserving of a less serious crime label than is found in the label rape simpliciter. A second theme picked up in this essay is the issue of conditional consent. It is submitted that breaching a condition (conditions such as D is rich, D is a pacifist, D does not have HIV and so on) of consent to sexual intercourse will not change otherwise consensual nature of the sexual intercourse itself, but it may give rise to criminal liability for the collateral harm caused such as HIV infection.

Is Epistemic Autonomy Technologically Possible Within Social Media? A Socio-Epistemological Investigation of the Epistemic Opacity of Social Media Platforms

AbstractThis article aims to provide a coherent and comprehensive theoretical framework of the main socio-epistemic features of social media. The first part consists of a concise discussion of the main epistemic consequences of personalised information filtering, with a focus on echo chambers and their many different implications. The middle section instead hosts an analytical investigation of the cognitive and epistemic environments of these platforms aimed at establishing whether, and to what extent, they allow their users to be epistemically vigilant with respect to their sources and the content recommended to them. Finally, in the last part, of a more exquisitely normative nature, some strategies are proposed and discussed that, by reducing the epistemic opacity of social media, could contribute to greater epistemic justice within social media and, concurrently, to augmenting the epistemic autonomy of users.

Ultimate Fantasy. Subwersyjne strategie queerowania Sztucznej Inteligencji w projektach transliterackich

This article describes artistic examples of queering Artificial Intelligence (AI), which can be understood as a practice that challenges the (hetero)normative nature of neural networks by implementing a queer perspective. The evaluation of ways in which AI reflects societal norms is conducted by addressing biases that disproportionately affect marginalized communities. On this basis, the author highlights the need for inclusive practices that make it possible for queer experiences to be represented by technology while also discussing why AI cannot be neutral. The in-depth study of Ultimate Fantasy, a collection of literary texts generated by a Queer AI, reveals how artists use language models in novel, subversive, and possibly liberating ways. The author aims to frame this practice as an example of a queer utopian aesthetic project in accordance with José Muñoz’s understanding of queerness. The various motifs evident in the short story collection – such as queer modes of love or trauma – are analyzed as reflections of themes present in the corpus of queer texts used to train the language model.

Weak Galerkin finite element method with the total pressure variable for Biot's consolidation model

In this work, we develop a weak Galerkin method for the three-field Biot's consolidation model. The key idea is to consider the total pressure variable. We employ the stable pair of weak Galerkin finite elements to discretize the displacement and total pressure, and use totally discontinuous weak functions to approximate pressure in a semi-discrete scheme. Then, we give the fully discrete scheme based on the backward Euler method in time. Furthermore, we prove the well-posedness of the numerical schemes and derive the optimal error estimates for three variables in their nature norms. Our theoretical results are independent of the Lamé constant λ and the storage coefficient c0. Finally, some experiments that employ different polynomial degrees and polygonal meshes are presented to demonstrate the efficiency and stability of the weak Galerkin method.

A corpus-based study on the “ungrammatical” aren't I

Abstract Concerning the “ungrammatical” interrogative form aren't I, many scholars have made their points. However, these scholars’ arguments are based on their personal observations and few studies have examined this phenomenon against large corpora. This study aimed at investigating the widespread usage of “ungrammatical” contraction form aren't I in question tags from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives. Based on large corpora, this study showed a clear picture of the current frequency of use of the question tags aren't I and other alternatives (amn't I, ain't I, am I not and an't I) in modern English. From a qualitative perspective, this study found that the reason why aren't I has taken hold as a recognized standard form around the globe lies in that the use of aren't I appears to be a smart coincidence to imply the potential double roles of “I” as both the addresser and the addressee in a monologue. In addition, the fact of the matter that amn't I is difficult to pronounce, am I not is bookish, an't I is old-fashioned and ain't I can only be used in informal situations, increases the popularity of aren't I. The findings of this study can justify the usage of “ungrammatical” aren't I as a natural norm in both British English and American English. These findings open new research avenues alongside pedagogical and sociolinguistic implications for other similar “ungrammatical” language phenomenon.

Is ‘Remembering’ a Normative Concept?

ABSTRACT There is a substantial disagreement in the literature over whether ‘remembering’ is a normative concept. Some philosophers have attempted to defend the normativity of ‘remembering’ by highlighting its normative importance or its conceptual affinities with ‘knowing’ or ‘duties’. This paper will first reveal defects of these existing normativist arguments. After that, I will propose and defend a new normativist argument, according to which the concept ‘remembering’ is partly constituted by a paradigmatically normative concept, namely ‘rational’. To be more specific, I argue that full possession of the concept of ‘remembering’ requires having an inclination to believe that ‘if S remembers that p, then S would be (at least defeasibly) rational in holding a memory-based belief that p’. This, according to a persuasive constitutive account of normative concepts, suffices to demonstrate the normative nature of remembering.