National Nature Research Articles

Understanding Inward-Looking Nationalism: An Instrumentalist Approach in Analyzing the Discourse of The People’s Alliance in Turkey1

Abstract Many theories, approaches, definitions have been laid down for the understanding of nationalism, which simultaneously produces many questions to answer later on. One of the recent debates is the ‘inward looking’ nature of nationalism. Whether it is the recent pandemic, Brexit, or alarming rates of Islamophobia in the West with an identitarian populist flavor, the issue pertains to nationalism, or for some, nativism. Contemporaneously with an ‘inward looking’ instrumentalist nature, it uncovers new debates arising out of the conflicts in today’s nation-states. One of these appears to be the ruling coalition known as the ‘People’s Alliance’ (de facto alliance between the Justice and Development party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi) and the National Movement Party (Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi) in Turkey thanks to its nationalist rhetoric, yet with an ‘inward looking’ direction. The deepening of polarization is causing a mutual fear, mistrust, and antipathy among the people in Turkey. As the coalition aims to re-invigorate the nation, its opponents are claiming it is a dissemination of hatred. This political rift is deepening via the political discourse and atmosphere. The goal of this paper is to inquire into this via a critical discourse analysis. The study analyzes the discourse of the party leaders forming the People’s Alliance. This discourse displays an inward-looking nationalist rhetoric, circling around three prominent issues: the proclamation of opponents as traitors via a blame shifting rhetoric; the protection of the fate of the coalition as the savior of the country; and finally, the determination of who adheres to the nation or not via the native and national (yerli ve milli) debate.

«Историк по наклонностям» и «Зощенко в философии»: скандальная карьера писателя Х. Г. Аджемяна

In the 1940s and 1950s, the writer H. G. Ajemyan actively participated in a number of important scientific discussions on history and philosophy: a meeting of historians in 1944, a discussion about the movement of Caucasian mountaineers, a philosophical discussion in 1947, a discussion of a report on the nature of nations in 1957, at which he was the main “troublemaker”. His bold ideas about the monistic unity of the state and the people, the harm of class struggle and national liberation movements to strengthen the power of the Russian state, the use of Orthodoxy to fight the Vatican, and the priority of cultural factors over economic factors in the formation of nations were criticized by academic science and party ideologists. At the same time, Ajemyan’s speeches were used by the authorities to identify ideological positions in the professional scientific community, and his interpretation of the reactionary essence of Muridism and Imamate Shamil became official after a while. In 1943, he appealed to Stalin with an absurd plan to end the war.

Историко-культурное наследие малых городов Республики Крым в контексте конструирования имиджа города

At the current stage of development, towns are in a difficult socio-economic situation, when the slowdown in economic and social development is caused by multilevel processes of an internal, regional and national nature. In many ways, the successful existence and functioning of a city depends on its image, i.e. attractiveness both for investors and tourists, and for the inner society – its citizens. In modern conditions, historical and cultural heritage is the basis of identity and continuity of generations, which, among other things, largely determines the image of each city. The relevance of the work is determined by the significance of the historical and cultural heritage of towns of the Republic of Crimea in the socio-cultural and economic development of the region. The new economic reality actualizes the solution of a complex set of problems that hinder the attraction of investments in towns and are associated with the limited economic base, the low level of development of infrastructure facilities and the socio-cultural sphere. The study of the existing complex of monuments of historical and cultural heritage makes it possible to determine the cultural potential of towns in Crimea and the prospects for its use. The subject of the study is the analysis of the historical and cultural heritage of towns of the Republic of Crimea as an integral part of the urban image. The current development strategy of these cities is aimed at finding, developing and implementing effective methods of adaptation to modern realities, and creating more favorable living conditions for the population. As a result of historical-comparative and structural-functional analyses, the study identifies a close relationship between the cultural potential of towns in Crimea and external factors of influence (geographical and historical-cultural conditions of settlement development).

ВНЕДРЕНИЕ ЦИФРОВЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННЫЙ СЕКТОР: ОПЫТ СТРАН ЛАТИНСКОЙ АМЕРИКИ И КАРИБСКОГО БАССЕЙНА

The article analyzes the experience of the introduction of digital technologies by Latin American and Caribbean countries in the food sector. The article substantiates the important role of the countries of the Latin American region in world food trade, as well as in ensuring world food security. The study notes that some of the Latin American countries, such as Argentina and Brazil, are already implementing the digital transformation of agriculture, while most of the Caribbean countries have yet to do so. The article presents the main initiatives, both of a regional and national nature, that are being implemented in Latin America and the Caribbean and aimed at digital transformation of the food sector. It is noted that the initiatives are being incorporated with the assistance of large international companies, financial funds, other countries, as well as international organizations. The study examines the key trends in the digitalization of the Latin American region. Special attention is paid to the increasing role of high-tech agri-food companies. It is concluded that agritech startups contribute to the digital transformation of agriculture in the region, as well as modify the structure and methods of interaction at each stage of food production.

Application of Legal Culture to National Development

The evolution of Indonesia's cultural identity has undergone a profound transformation, impacting the nation's nature, personality, and overall identity. However, this transformation hasn't been fully paralleled in the development of the country's legal culture, which lags behind in comparison. This shift in legal culture can be attributed to a blend of internal and external factors. Internally, the moral fabric of the nation plays a pivotal role in shaping the legal culture. Externally, technological advancements and the influx of foreign ideas and cultures contribute significantly. These external influences are often rooted in globalization, which exposes the nation to diverse legal frameworks and ideologies. The state of the legal culture holds substantial sway over the nation's development, and its deficiency can lead to legal chaos. Legal culture isn't just a passive component; it actively participates in the formulation of laws and their subsequent enforcement. In essence, the collapse or inadequacy of the legal culture can exert detrimental effects on the progress of the legal system and, by extension, national development. Thus, fostering a robust and adaptable legal culture is imperative to navigate the complexities of modern society and ensure coherent legal development.

Through the prism of national values

An analysis of the scientific work of M. Nabok "National peculiarities of the perception of Ukrainian Folk Dumas through the prism of "creator - performer - listener" was carried out. Scientific developments of European countries in the area of philological researches: Collective monograph. Riga: Izdevnieciba "Baltija Publishing", 2020. P. 2. P. 327-344. ISBN 978-9934-588-56-3. The main components of the image of the kobzar, bandurist and lyre player, which determine its national nature and essence, are characterized based on the material of the Ukrainian Folk Dumas.

Reforming Criminal Responsibility for Illegal Trafficking in Human Anatomical Materials in the Context of the European Integration of Ukraine

Transplant tourism is a negative consequence of the globalization of society. Trafficking in human organs has reached all countries and threatens their security. This international problem requires a response from states, their legislative institutions and international organizations. The purpose of this article is a comprehensive study and systematization of the norms of international law and national legislation, which determine the legal regime of the circulation of human anatomical materials, as well as the identification of shortcomings in the criminal-legal protection of the field of transplantology in Ukraine and the search for ways to improve domestic criminal legislation in the context of the European integration of our country. Various research methods were used to achieve this goal. In particular, the elements and features of the composition of criminal offenses of the current legislation and the relevant novels were analysed using the dialectical method of cognition. Thanks to the use of the historical method, a number of international legal acts have been established that prohibit the trade in human organs. The dogmatic method made it possible to reveal the actual content of legal norms that regulate the circulation of human anatomical materials. The system-structural method was used during the study of normative legal acts of a universal, regional and national nature. Using the comparative legal method, norms of international law and national legislation of Ukraine in the field of transplantology were compared. The paper proves that the most important international legal standard dedicated to the fight against the illegal circulation of human anatomical materials is the Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Organs, which provides for criminal law prohibitions that must be implemented by the participating states in their national legislation. All conventional prohibitions are combined into four related groups and compared with criminal offenses provided for by the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Novels of the draft criminal law, which provide for responsibility for illegal transplantation, trafficking in human organs and other illegal circulation of human anatomical materials, were also studied. A comprehensive analysis of the legal regime in the field of transplantology gave grounds for the conclusion of the need to ratify the Council of Europe Convention against trafficking in human organs on the way to the European integration of Ukraine. The research also established that some conventional prohibitions in the field of transplantology are at the same time types of corruption offenses, which are provided for in the current Criminal Code. This indicates the further need for a detailed analysis of such norms, establishing their features, interrelationship and correlation with the relevant provisions of the legislation of Ukraine.

Soviet historical genre: a bridge between past and present

A focus of the present paper is a comparison of the nation-state building processes in modern Russia and Kazakhstan where we are using such tool as historical genre in literature. The paradox of the modern nation-state construction is usage of the approaches that were created in 1960-70s. Here we can highlight the most intriguing puzzle of the moves in western social sciences and Soviet historical genre as fiction. Same years 1960-70s had witnessed the emergence of western post-modernist history with its abnegation of previous history written by academics. In broad context we can say that new Soviet historical genre was similar abnegation of previous Stalin’s period official history with its exaggerated role of the personality in history (inspired by Joseph Stalin), colonialism problems and anti-colonial struggle along with fabulous research done over state history in former Russian empire and Soviet Union. Thus, the focus of the history had shifted from the previous acute problems to such questions as models of transformation from “imperial” to nation-state (Kappeler 2001), constructions that were used as “mobilizing instruments” (Suny 2001) and periods of Soviet history which we can underline to differentiate culture of center and periphery elite in context of their reflections on nature of nation and state (Motyl 1997).

International Exhibitions, Literary Capitalism, and the Emergence of Comparative Literature

Abstract The invention of international fairs in the 19th century revolutionized both nationalism and modern thinking on global relationships since they showcased but also contested and negotiated national, imperial, and global identities. From the Great Exhibition at Crystal Palace to the 1900 Paris Exposition, the international fairs / expositions universelles were landmarks of histoire croisée of nationalism, global thinking, and capitalism. Even though they seem to be showcasing industrial progress, they also created a completely new frame for the self-fashioning, vindication, and negotiation of national arts and literatures, interpreted in a global setting and in capitalist terms. I propose to explore the pattern and experience of the 19th-century international fair / exposition universelle as an important frame for the emerging modern transnational literary scene, fueling major debates on the nature of nationalism, cosmopolitanism, and capitalism.

Biodiversity Conservation of National Parks and Nature-Protected Areas in West Africa: The Case of Kainji National Park, Nigeria

Due to rising global warming and climate change, biodiversity protection has become a critical ecological concern. Rich biodiversity zones are under threat and are deteriorating, necessitating national, regional, and provincial efforts to safeguard these natural areas. The effective conservation of national parks and nature-protected areas help to improve biodiversity conservation, forest, and urban air quality. The continuous encroachment and abuse of these protected areas have degraded the ecosystem over time. While exploring the geophysical ecology and biodiversity conservation of these areas in West Africa, Kainji National Park was selected for this study because of its notable location, naturalness, rich habitat diversity, topographic uniqueness, and landmass. The conservation of national parks and nature-protected areas is a cornerstone of biodiversity conservation globally. This study is aimed at the target United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 13, 2030—Climate Action targeted at taking urgent action towards combating climate change and its impacts. The study captures both flora and fauna that are dominant in the study area. The 15 identified tree species were selected from over 30 species with 563,500,000 (an average of 3,700,000 in each sample frame) trees for every tree species/type with a total of 63% tree green canopy cover. The study areas divided into three zones were randomly sampled within a stratum of 25 × 25 km frames divided into 150 sample frames for proper analyses using the i-Tree Eco v6.0.25. It is a United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service peer-reviewed application (software) designed which includes tools for urban and rural forestry study and benefits evaluations. The following microclimatic data were captured and analyzed photosynthetically active radiation, rain/precipitation, temperature, transpiration, evaporation, water intercepted by trees, runoff avoided by trees, potential evaporation by trees, and isoprene and monoterpene by trees. This study also further discusses the tree benefits of a green, low carbon, and sustainable environment within the context of biodiversity conservation, considering carbon storage, carbon sequestration, hydrology effects, pollution removal, oxygen production, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). There is a quick need for remotely-sensed information about the national parks, protected areas and nature reserves at regular intervals, and government policies must be strict against illegal poaching, logging activities, and other hazardous human impacts.

Japan, Religion, History, Nation

I connect the invention of Japanese ‘religion’ since the Meiji era (1868–1912) with the invention of other modern imaginaries, particularly the Japanese Nation State and Japanese History. The invention of these powerful fictions in Japan was a specific, localised example of a global process. The real significance of this idea that religion has always existed in all times and places is that it normalises the idea of the non-religious secular as the arena of universal reason and progress. The invention of Japanese ‘religion’ had—and still has—a significant function in the wider, global context of colonial capital and the continual search for new ‘investment’ opportunities. Meiji Japan illustrates, in fascinating detail, a process of cognitive hegemony, and the way a globalising discourse on ‘progress’ transformed the plunder of colonial sites into a civilising mission. The idea that there is a universal type of practice, belief or institution called ‘religion’ as distinct from government, ‘politics’ or ‘science’ was not only new to Japan. It hardly existed in England or more widely in Protestant Europe and North America until the eighteenth or even 19th century. The idea of a secular constitutional nation state was only emergent in the late 18th century with the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. Most of Europe—including the colonial powers England and France—were still Christian confessional church states through most of the 19th century. The franchise was granted only to Christian men of substantial property, and denied to women, servants, wage labour, colonised subjects, and slaves. This critical, deconstructive narrative helps us to see more clearly the ideological function of the generic category of religion in the wider configuration of modern secular categories such as constitutional nation state, political economy, nature, history, and science. I also discuss the relation between History as a secular academic science, and the invention of ‘the Past’ in universal Time. I argue here that the invention of the Past by professional Historians has a significant role in transforming modern inventions such as ‘religion’ and the secular categories into the inherent and universal order of things, as though they have always been everywhere. I reveal this on-going process of ideological reproduction by close readings of some recent ‘histories of Japan’ and the way they uncritically construct ‘the Past’ in the terms of contemporary configurations.

NATIONAL AND ETHNIC CONFLICTS OF XXI CENTURY

Conflicts related to the contradiction between ethnonational interests play an "extremely important" role in our time. The nature of ethnonational conflicts follows from the nature of ethnic groups and nations as state-political, socio-economic and socio-cultural communities of people, complex, multilateral relations between them. This article is devoted to the study of ethnonational conflicts of our time. The article analyzes the types of multinational states, religious, socio-economic and geopolitical factors in ethnic conflicts.

Differential vulnerability to biological invasions: not all protected areas (and not all invaders) are the same

Protected areas (PAs) are fundamental for global biodiversity conservation but many are not delivering their conservation potential. In particular, the European Natura 2000 (N2K)–the largest coordinated network of PAs in the world—has insofar proved insufficient to achieve the EU’s biodiversity conservation targets. Despite the adoption of innovative legislation on the prevention and management of biological invasions, invasive alien species (IAS) remain a main threat to N2K. We explored whether the regulatory status of N2K has been efficient to prevent the establishment of regulated IAS (those under the scope of EU or national regulations) by conducting a case study in a highly biodiverse Mediterranean region of Spain. We: (1) analyzed whether the number of both regulated and unregulated IAS differ across adjacent unprotected areas (belt zones), N2K sites and N2K sites with additional protection as national park or nature reserve (APAs); (2) compared the spread pathways of regulated IAS present in areas with different protection status. While APAs hosted fewer regulated IAS, N2K sites did not perform better than belt zones. Specifically, there were fewer regulated IAS that spread through natural dispersal or intentional human assistance in APAs compared to N2K and belt zones, but those dispersing with unintentional human assistance were similarly distributed in PAs and belt zones. Further, protection level did not reduce the number of unregulated IAS. Thus, observed patterns indicate that the conservation obligations bound to the designation of an area as an N2K site are not sufficient to prevent or slow down biological invasions.

Interconnections between International and National Criminal Law Relevant to Energy Security

Interconnections between International and National Criminal Law Relevant to Energy Security

A Gene for Maintaining Sustainable Cultural Specificity of Contemporary Architecture—National Deep-Rooted Nature

Due to the differences in locality, ethnicity, environment and culture, architecture has an obvious and sustainable cultural specificity. Even in the era when modernism swept the world, this specificity still exists, and its sustainability stems from the gene of architectural cultural specificity—the national deep-rooted nature. This paper puts forward the concept of the national deep-rooted nature of architecture with the cultural specificity of contemporary architecture as the starting point. Then, the connotation of cultural specificity and national deep-rooted nature of architecture is explained in detail, and the relationship between contemporary architectural creative thinking and national deep-rooted nature is widely explored and discussed in depth. A theoretical research framework of contemporary architectural creation is constructed in which the national deep-rooted nature is regarded as the main line, and the architectural form, space, aesthetic creation consciousness are regarded as the basis.

The Roots and Evolution of Nationalism in Indonesia

ABSTRACT The emergence of nationalism in Indonesia began at the dawn of the twentieth century, which ultimately led to the birth a new nation-state in 1949. The seeds of national consciousness were sown, and roots of Indonesian nationalism reached its apex during the Revolution (1945-49), manifesting most profoundly in the fight against the oppression of Dutch colonialism. The Revolution was central to the Indonesian republic’s perception of itself and has been influential in fostering nationalism during the post-independence period. This article examines the roots and evolution as well as dynamics and manifestations of Indonesian nationalism, throughout the different phases of Indonesia’s modern history. In doing so, it addresses three salient questions, namely i) how the seeds of national consciousness were sown; ii) what were the underlying factors/dynamics shaping the nature and development of nationalism; and iii) how nationalism and nationhood manifested in a geographically divided, ethno-culturally diverse state like Indonesia, whose citizenry has remained strongly attached to their traditional ethnological and adat communities. Emphasis is given to both stateoriented and popular manifestations of Indonesian nationalism, to highlight the state/elite-centric nature, and populist drive behind its discourses, agenda, and manifestations. Keywords: Indonesia; nationalism; national identity; state nationalism; popular nationalism

Nationality (narodnost’) of Golden Age literature: The achievement of romanticism or the heritage of classicism

The article counters the widely held opinion that the interest in nationality (narodnost’) and particular nature of nation is a characteristic feature of the Romantic literature. The criticism and aesthetics of the Golden Age (1810–1830s), transferring Western concepts to the Russian soil, sometimes too hastily correlated them with Russian artistic practice. So, in the early 1820s, when, as Petr Vyazemsky admitted, the Russian ideas of romanticism were still vague, nationality was declared the property of the romantic school (сf. the article On Romantic Poetry by Orest Somov, who was largely influenced by Germaine de Staёl). This point of view was reflected in later criticism which characterized such authors as Konstantin Batyushkov, Nikola Gnedich, Anton Delvig, and Pavel Katenin as belonging to the Romantic school. Their interest in particular nature of nation, however, had absolutely different sources. Besides Herder’s Enlightenment ideas, it was the aesthetics of renewed classicism, advanced by Winkelmann and oriented at authentic antiquity that nurtured this interest. The antique culture, understood differently from French classicism, still served as a model for poets developing national themes. The influence of Greek Anthology upon Delvig’s Russian song, Greek motives in Gnedich’s Russian idyll, the Homeric simplicity, which permeated in Russian ballad, — all this resulte from deliberate integration of Russian content and high antiquity. National themes were bornby the culture of classicism, affecting the entire Golden Age, but in the framework of the same transitional period were quickly “appropriated” by the adepts of Romantic movement.

Оценка структурных сдвигов на региональном рынке труда Дальнего Востока и Хабаровского края

The Far-Eastern region occupies strategically important position in Russia, and special attention is paid to its development both at the federal and regional levels. Labor market is the most important element of the regional economic system, and the changes taking place on it are indicators of the state of the economy. General trends in the Russian labor market are weakly sensitive even to strong shocks, but the regional shifts may run counter to general trends and change its structure. The article analyzes the dynamics of a number of employed in the Russian Federation, the Far-Eastern federal district and the Khabarovsk territory for 2010-2019, identifies structural shifts in the sectoral labor markets, evaluates their competitiveness based on the method of shift components and localization coefficients. Application of the methodology makes it possible to identify the influence of factors of national, sectoral and regional nature on the state of sectoral labor markets in the regionCalculation of localization coefficients makes it possible to identify the branches of regional specialization that are most significant from the point of view of economic growth prospects, which is important for the development of a set of measures to strengthen their positions, substantiate the quality of decisions made in the field of personnel policy and training for the regional labor market. In the methodological aspect, in addition to the traditional methodology, the author carried out a dynamic analysis of the coefficients of industry localization, and also took into account the relative contribution of the region's industries to the creation of GRP, which made it possible to make the more objective assessment of competitiveness of industries in the Khabarovsk territory.

무국적해소를 둘러싼 글로벌 동향과 일본국적—역사, 인권, 그리고 정체성

There is a global movement to end statelessness to protect human rights, and this movement is generally accepted. However, in Japan, some people, people from the former colonies in particular, have critical stance toward this movement. Based on this background, this paper attempts to explain why some people in Japan have a critical stance toward ending statelessness compared to that around the globe. This paper argues this is because the nature of nationality is different in Japan from the global one. Solidarity is an effect of a Japanese nationality, while the European assumption of having a nationality is the liberation of individuals. In the history of France, based on the current nation-state system, people who had a nationality were assumed to have solidarity. The purpose of this solidarity was liberation from the monarchy. As a result, human rights protection was expected. However, in Japan, nationality was not necessarily connected with human rights, and solidarity became important feature of nationality. As a result, the features of a nationality are different in Japan compared with the European one. There are stateless Chosen-seki Zainichi Koreans, for instance, who do not wish to acquire any existing nationality. This Japanese perspective offers a critical insight into the possession of a nationality and the global movement to end statelessness.

The Simultaneous Poetics of Jorge De Sena and Vilém Flusser: Anti-Nationalisms and The Vanguards of the Future

Abstract For six years between 1959 and 1965, Portuguese poet Jorge de Sena and Czech-Brazilian philosopher Vilém Flusser lived in the state of São Paulo, in Brazil, where an emergent nationalist movement instated a dictatorship. Even though poet and theorist never met, both simultaneously reflected on the nature of nationalism and immigration, theorizing nation as an impossible and artificial model of social division. Through a formalistic return to early avant-garde (Surrealism and Dada), Flusser's The Freedom of the Migrant: Objections to Nationalism (2005) and Sena's Peregrinatio ad loca infecta (1969) coincidentally suggest that nationalism works through a logic of inclusion/exclusion, which we inherited through a Western obsession with humanism. Nevertheless, with anti-humanist figures and an introspection into the human psyche, both poet and theorist ultimately propose that, in the labyrinthine world of language, we find the potential to subvert national identity and to question our age-long humanism. For them, the figure of the poet, theorist, and migrant are parallels: they indulge in wordplay and disestablish norms. In that sense their works produce a new form of thinking of migrants as “vanguards of the future.”