National Nature Research Articles

Nature of Nation and State

State defense is the attitude, action, and behavior of citizens, both individually and in groups, in maintaining the sovereignty and integrity of the country, which is based on a sense of love for the homeland, national and state awareness of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with a Focus and Group (FGD) approach. The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia based on Pancasila and the Law. The 1945 Constitution is willing to make sacrifices to ensure the survival of the Indonesian state from various threats, challenges, obstacles and disturbances (ATHG), both from within and from outside that endanger territorial integrity. Love for the homeland both together and with all components of the country in maintaining the existence of a safe, peaceful and controlled country.

Nature of Nation and State

State defense is the attitude, action, and behavior of citizens, both individually and in groups, in maintaining the sovereignty and integrity of the country, which is based on a sense of love for the homeland, national and state awareness of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with a Focus and Group (FGD) approach. The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia based on Pancasila and the Law. The 1945 Constitution is willing to make sacrifices to ensure the survival of the Indonesian state from various threats, challenges, obstacles and disturbances (ATHG), both from within and from outside that endanger territorial integrity. Love for the homeland both together and with all components of the country in maintaining the existence of a safe, peaceful and controlled country.

«Большие вызовы» как фактор трансформации государственно-правовых отношений

Introduction: in recent years the “big challenges” category has rapidly come into language use. From the word combination of a prognostic-journalistic nature, the expression has penetrated normative legal acts, becoming a legal category that can potentially change social relations. However, in legal acts and a fairly small catalog of legal scientific publications, this construct is considered through the prism of socio-economic relations; its legal essence and possible state-legal transformations that may follow it are not highlighted. Purpose: to give an overview of the “big challenges” category through its genesis, transformation, and through the prism of legal realities. Methods: the methodological framework for the study was made up of general scientific methods – analysis and synthesis, as well as specific scientific methods – formal-legal and comparative-legal. Results: big challenges, initially referring to the category of scientific knowledge of the IT sphere, are subsequently used concerning a wide group of public relations, finding their consolidation in the program documents of an international and national nature. At the domestic level, acts are not only a declaration of intent but also a mandatory work plan for public authorities. In Russia, the final consolidation of the term “big challenges” in public-legal rhetoric took place in 2016, which led to the introduction of changes or the appearance of new legal acts of a planned nature. Conclusions: despite the legal definition of “big challenges” in the Strategy of Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation, there is still no legal description of the institution under consideration, although it carries huge legal potential, including in the field of public administration, laying the foundations for such a promising way of influencing social relations as smart regulation. An attempt is made to define “big challenges” in the legal discourse.

Dihydroartemisinin Beneficially Regulates Splenic Immune Cell Heterogeneity Through the SOD3-JNK-AP-1 Axis

Background: The immunomodulatory potential of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) has recently been highlighted; however, the potential mechanism remains to be clarified. Methods: To elucidate the immunomodulatory mechanisms of DHA, single-cell RNA sequencing was explored in combination with cellular and biochemical approaches. Findings: In this study, we found that DHA induced both spleen enlargement and rearrangement of splenic immune cell subsets in mice. It was revealed that DHA promoted the reversible expansion of effective regulatory T cells and interferon-γ + cytotoxic CD8 + T cells in the spleen via induction of superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) expression and increased phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and its downstream activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factors. Further, SOD3 knockout mice were resistant to the regulatory effect of DHA. Interpretation: Thus, DHA, through the activation of the SOD3-JNK-AP-1 axis, beneficially regulated immune cell heterogeneity and splenic immune cell homeostasis to treat autoimmune diseases. Funding: This research was supported by National Nature and Science Foundation of China (82030060) and CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS) (2019-I2M-5-042). Y.Z., Q.L., and N.J. contributed equally to this study. Declaration of Interest: None to declare. Ethical Approval: All experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the animal husbandry guidelines of Shenyang Agricultural University. The Ethical Committee of Shenyang Agricultural University approved the laboratory animal experiments (Permit No. SYXK

‘Another brick in the wall’. On the origins of nationalism in the ‘new’ federal states of Germany

A relatively broad support enjoyed by the populist and nationalist parties and movements (AfD, National Democratic Party of Germany, PEGIDA), as well as a higher rate of hate crimes in the eastern part of the Federal Republic of Germany raise a question on the nature of nationalism in this region. The present paper examines the causes of widespread xenophobic and nationalist sentiments in the ‘new’ federal states. To this end, the authors address a wide range of social-political and psychological factors, focusing on the historical roots and causes of the recent rise of nationalism in East Germany. Particularly, the authors show that the right-wing parties took advantage of popular frustration caused by the collapse of the East German economy after the country’s reunification and massive unemployment by putting all the blame on migrants. Nevertheless, the causes of growing xenophobia in East Germany were far from being solely economic. For example, the authors underline the role of the politics of memory in the GDR and primarily the approaches of its leaders to the issues of the Nazi past and their attempts to draw on the country’s history to shape a new national identity. However, the failure of the state to provide an unbiased view on the national history, rigid official ideology and its alienation from the popular demands have led to the growing nationalism in the GDR. Besides, a number of other aspects is pointed out which have also fostered xenophobic sentiments in this part of the country. Unlike West Germany which started to accept labour migrants from Italy, Turkey and Yugoslavia back in 1950s, the GDR saw few foreigners and contacts between them and local population were limited. As a result, the paper not only helps to create a more detailed image of the East German nationalism but also to identify the underlying causes of the growing popularity of right-wing populist parties and movements in the FRG, most notably, the unfinished process of the country’s reunification and structural imbalances between the ‘old’ and the ‘new’ federal states.

Ayodhya Dispute and Responses of India’s Islamic Neighbors and Hindu Nationalism in India

India has been noted for its independence movements including the non-cooperation and civil disobedience movements under the leadership of the Indian National Congress in general and Mahatma Gandhi in particular. However, in this South Asian country, there is another kind of nationalism that roots in Hinduism. The objective of the article is to explain the nature of Hindu nationalism in India. To gain this aim, the author is going to implement three tasks including giving a brief overview of the Ayodhya dispute; reporting the reactions from India’s neighbors to the Ayodhya issue; and explaining the relations among the Ayodhya related legal fights and responses from Pakistan and Bangladesh, as well as Hindu nationalism. As a result, the study is helpful to comprehend the politics of India and its nationalism. Received 25th September 2020; Revised 2nd January 2021; Accepted 20th February 2021

Manju The Composition of the Empire and the cultural anthropological nature of the Ch’ing’s ruling class: A case study of the Manju women

For more than a century, the trends in the study of Ch’ing history have been relatively uniform throughout the world. In particular, the anthropological characteristics of the ruling class of the Ch’ing Empire are defined as equivalent to the cultural characteristics of the social group of the ruled class. Through this article, the author hopes to show readers a brand-new concept of country and culture. That is, through the analysis of women, the uniqueness of the Manju Group and its national nature are discussed. From the linguistics point of view, the Manju circle speaks the Manchurian language. In terms of cultural attributes, JianZhou Jurchen belongs to the cultural category of Tunguska. Social life characteristics are completely different from Han Chinese, Mongol, Chinese Muslim, Tibetan and other cultural groups in the Empire. From the perspective of religious cultural anthropology, JianZhou Jurchen Group is a Shamanism believer. Furthermore, Eight Banner, a military organization that absorbed military-civilians of different races and cultural backgrounds through surrender and capture, was completely redefined as a JianZhou Jurchen-style civiliazation with a unified ideology during the imperial rule for more than two hundred years. Therefore, the author advocate that Manju people and their culture should not be confused with the cultural characteristics of other groups in the Ch’ing Empire, and should be clearly separated and studied. Key words: Manju (Manchu), Ch’ing (Qing), Jurchen, Tungus, JianZhou, women, Matrilineal Clan Society.

Correlation of Amniotic Fluid Index and Placental Aquaporin 1 Levels in Terms of Preeclampsia

Background: Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) plays an important role in regulation of maternal-fetal fluid exchange and amniotic fluid volume. This present study aimed to determine the relationship between amniotic fluid index and placental AQP1 levels in terms of preeclampsia, as well as to reveal possible pathophysiological changes of AQP1 expression under preeclamptic conditions. Methods: Placenta tissues and medical records information were obtained from 389 preeclamptic and 447 uncomplicated pregnancies. Placental AQP1 levels were analyzed by molecular biological methods, DNA methylation in AQP1 gene promotor was determined by targeted bisulfite sequencing assay. Findings: Preeclamptic pregnancy had a greater frequency of oligohydramnios, and higher placental AQP1 levels. There was a significantly inverse correlation between amniotic fluid index and AQP1 levels in preeclamptic placenta. Additionally, the increased AQP1 was correlated with a decreased DNA methylation within the gene promoter. Interpretation:This study was the first description that a greater frequency of oligohydramnios in preeclampsia was strongly associated with reprogrammed AQP1 expression via a DNA methylation-mediated epigenetic mechanism. This study indicated an important role of AQP1-mediated maternal-fetal fluid balance and provided a potential direction for the identification of therapeutic targets for the treatment of abnormalities in preeclamptic amniotic fluid volume. Funding: This study was supported partly by Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2019YFA0802600), National Nature & Science Foundation of China (81873841, 81741024, and 81401244), “333 Project”, “Six one project (LGY2018076)”, “Shuang Chuang Tuan Dui” and Key Discipline “Fetal medicine” of Jiangsu Province, and the Suzhou city “Wei Sheng Ren Cai (GSWS2019029)” program. Declaration of Interest: None to declare. Ethical Approval: First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China. #302 (05/11/2015).

PSYCHOLOGY OF STUDENTS’ CHARACTER IN THE WORLD LITERATURE

The article depicts the student's character in English literature. The role, genesis, national nature, poetic-typological features and the portrait of students in the works of English literary writers, their character’s features, similarities and differences. The article presents samples from English literature, analyzes and studies comparatively and typologically. The comparative study of the works of world figures analyzed in the article will have a positive impact on the development of our international literature and will promote the reading literary books and reading culture.

Conditions for the Growth of Developers’ Activity on the Example of Poland and France

<p><strong>Theoretical background:</strong> Developers’ activity shows strong spatial diversification. These differences can be observed both between individual countries and within them - between cities. This means that developers’ activity is affected by a number of diverse factors of a national and local nature, which is also confirmed by the literature on the subject. This is a particularly important conclusion for developers operating at an international level. They have to make decisions in which country, and then in which city, development projects will bring the best results.</p><p><strong>Purpose of the article:</strong> The aim of this article is to identify nationwide barriers to the growth of developers’ activity, especially those that are evident in periods of recession, as well as solutions that should be taken to facilitate the functioning of such entities in Poland.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Research methods:</strong> To achieve this aim, the desk research method and comparative analysis were used. A country which, apart from Poland, has been analyzed is France, which is also struggling with a housing deficit.</p><p><strong>Main findings:</strong> The conducted research showed that the main nationwide barriers to the growth of developers’ activity are insufficient purchasing power of the population resulting from the lower wealth of the Polish society, different regulations regarding the protection of buyers of developer dwellings, a smaller level of government support for both the demand and supply side of developers’ activity. Especially, the last one barrier should be taken under consideration. In the near future, due to the cyclical nature of the real estate market, a drop in demand for dwellings should be expected. Therefore, aid instruments for developers should be introduced to avoid a wave of bankruptcy. They could consist of training enabling retraining of activities into commercial or increasing the involvement of these entities in the implementation of housing for rent for people with lower incomes.</p>

REAL LIFE DESCRIPTION IN CH REAL LIFE DESCRIPTION IN CHARACTERISING STUDEN TERISING STUDENTS’ PERSONAGE AND STUDENTS’ PERIOD IN THE WORLD LITERATURE

Introduction. The students have repeatedly acted as a real political force, participated in solving important social problems. It is obvious that university youth, who sometimes leave a significant mark in history, should become the object of comprehension in the works of literature. Real life is a phrase used originally in literature to distinguish between the real world and fictional or idealized worlds, and in acting to distinguish between performers and the characters they portray. The comparative study of the works of world figures analyzed in the article will have a positive impact on the development of our international literature and will promote the reading literary books and reading culture. Research methods. The role, genesis, national nature, poetic-typological features and the portrait of students, their character’s features, similarities and differences and students’ personages as an object of real life descriptions in the works of world literary writers are analyzed. Results and discussions.

STATE SOVEREIGNTY IN INTERNATIONAL AND INTEGRATION FRAMEWORKS

Introduction. The article provides the overview of the transformation of state sovereignty due to global trends. Main stages of the historical development of this concept are indicated. The author identifies and evaluates from various positions the key «reference points» of the correlation between state sovereignty and the modern globalized world based on international law, and presents the vision of the impact of integration on it. Materials and methods. The study is based on general scientific and special methods. In view of the nature of the researched issues, the comparative legal research, as well as analogy and modelling were of particular importance. Much attention was paid to the legal framework of the EU, the EAEU, Russia and a number of foreign states, as well as to the doctrine of international law and the theory of international integration. Research results. The article presents the integrated approach to the source of state sovereignty and the primacy of its natural, national or international nature according to the modern trends. Correlation between state sovereignty and international legal personality is also reviewed. The author designs the prototype of «integration sovereignty» on the basis of theoretical approaches and practical examples. Discussion and conclusion. The author substantiates a broad interpretation of the «classical» understanding of sovereignty within the framework of international integration trends. It is noted that the presented concept requires deep understanding, theoretical study and further scientific discussion, however, ignoring its existence, according to the author, is impossible, and taking it into account in practical work is necessary.

Investigation of strategic human resources activity in corporate governance practices: A research with Artificial Neural Networks

Corporate governance, which is defined as the laws, rules and elements system controlling the activities in a business and whose principles are fairness, transparency, accountability and responsibility, is of great importance for all companies of national and international nature. The reasons that make corporate governance so important for all market mechanisms are financial crises and large-scale business scandals. Corporate governance, which is constantly regulated by taking into account its historical development and becomes more mandatory every day, is a form of strategic management based on holistic approach and sustainability. This research was interpreted by means of the BIST Corporate Governance Index data, which makes corporate governance arrangements, and the information obtained from the annual reports published on the websites of companies, institutions and organizations. The analysis was carried out with the data of 15 companies, institutions and organizations that can provide common data in the same time series. It is designed to investigate the effectiveness of HRM on 15 companies by applying Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) method, which is one of Artificial Intelligence methods. In the findings of the study, the classification success analysis of the model and the importance of independent variables were determined. It demonstrated that HRM is effective, the most important variable is the fact that it is 100% standardized importance and human resources policy, and 87.3% standardized importance and corporate governance compliance report.

Warriors for a Nation: The American Indian Movement, Indigenous Men, and Nation Building at the Takeover of Wounded Knee in 1973

Between February 27 and May 8, 1973, Indigenous nationalists of the American Indian Movement and local Lakota reservation residents occupied the tiny hamlet of Wounded Knee, South Dakota. The intent behind the armed takeover was to highlight intratribal conflict over tribal governance on the local Pine Ridge reservation and demand a return to the treaty-making era. Halfway through the prolonged siege, Indigenous nationalists declared the Independent Oglala Nation—separate from the United States government—and proclaimed the setup of a modern-day warrior society. In that these parallel and intertwined actions suggest a close connection between manhood and nationhood in which nationalist warriors rallied in defense of a newly proclaimed nation, the armed confrontation at Wounded Knee can be understood as a highly gendered nation building project. This research article seeks to make new sense of these warriors for a nation and the intricate nature of masculinity and nationalism and to shed new light on the role of marginalized masculinities in processes of nation building—a significant, yet largely overlooked field of research.

Looking Out For (White) Australia

Abstract. We conceptualized and developed a measure of right-wing protective popular nationalism (RWPPN) – a specific form of popular nationalism where people seek to protect the national culture from outgroup influences. RWPPN is derived from a sociological analysis of right-wing popular nationalism in Australia and is theoretically related to several key psychological constructs, including right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), social dominance orientation (SDO), and symbolic threat. We conducted two surveys using nationally representative samples of Australian citizens. In study 1 ( n = 657), participants completed measures of RWPPN and related constructs. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis resulted in a 10-item scale. Construct validity was tested and confirmed across divergent, convergent, predictive, and concurrent validation domains. Additional convergent validation with RWA and SDO was tested in study 2 ( n = 316). Together, RWPPN was found to relate to expressions of national identity, prejudice, perceived outgroup threat, opposition to multiculturalism, and aggressive tendencies toward ethnic minorities. These effects remained significant when controlling for nationalism (measured as a concern for national superiority) and blind patriotism. In study 2, the effect on aggressive tendencies held when controlling for RWA and SDO and RWPPN mediated the relationship between RWA and aggressive tendencies. Reflecting the conservative nature of Australian popular nationalism, RWPPN correlated with right-wing political alignment. The research was conducted in Australia, but given the rise in right-wing populism internationally, RWPPN may be a phenomenon in other countries. Therefore, this paper offers a new construct and scale to investigate it in Australia and internationally.

La frígida y el donjuán: sexualidad, género y nación en el cine y la cultura popular del tardofranquismo

This paper studies the relationship between gender, sexuality and nation in late Francoist popular culture, exploring and comparing different and conflicting representations of masculinity and femininity. The analysis focuses mostly on how popular film comedy engages with existing sexological discourses disseminated through medical essays or sex manuals. In this sense, attention is particularly paid to filmic representations of marital relations and to the cultural pervasiveness of the figure of the polygamous, lustful, and adulterous macho ibérico. It is contended that sexological discourses expressed concern about a ‘sexual divorce’, which referred to the inability of men and women to function sexually together. At the same time, anxieties were voiced about the so-called female frigidity. This condition was blamed on the sexual ineptitude of Spanish men, which ultimately rested on the primitive and selfish character underlying their national and racial nature. Finally, it is argued that these discourses showcase diverse narratives about gender and nation against the backdrop of a crisis of masculinity.

FEATURES AND ROLE OF STATE FINANCIAL CONTROL AS PART OF THE RUSSIAN LEGAL SYSTEM

In the modern Russian state, a large-scale reform of supervisory and control activities is being carried out. The priority task here is to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of control and supervision, as well as the revision and updating of legislation. In recent years, the reform of updating and improving legislation in the field of financial control has been carried out and continues to be carried out. Indeed, to date, a huge array of acts has accumulated, including those of the early 90s with a noticeably outdated system of bodies and an outdated concept of financial control. Therefore, they are recognized as invalid and new strategic documents of a national, informational, and economic nature, approved by Decrees of the President of our state and containing priority goals, take their place. Therefore the research trends and impact of control activities and effectiveness through the implementation of these activities is of particular relevance that derives, including the purpose of the article, which aims to explore issues of financial control and oversight, in both practical and theoretical aspects. It is important to analyze the role of financial control, its main directions at different stages of this control mechanism, the list of key features of state financial control, the sources on which control activities are based, the methods by which its subjects implement financial control and carry out control measures. And also to characterize it as part of public administration, the institution of financial law and the control relationship, since it is through the legal relationship with its inherent features that control is implemented. A your authorized subject is able to influence other participants of legal relations through mandatory regulations to oblige to a legitimate implementation of the law, and its specific object as the second party to legal relations which are not simply the specific benefit and a specific person (natural, legal), and public law, are obliged to observe the norms of financial law

In Search of the Nature of English Nationalism: From the Empire to the Modern Era

This paper attempts to reveal the essence of the complex nature of English nationalism by tracing its transformation from the 18th century to the early 21st century. The reasons for unpopularity of the problem of English national identity in the English historical discourse (such as the absence of serious national upheavals since the birth of modern British statehood and the relative political success, which made the English national introspection superfluous) were discussed. A contradiction between the “horizontal” perception of the English by the peoples of the British Empire and the view held by the citizens of England on their superiority over others was analyzed. The fact of “concealment” of English nationalism in the British identity to pursue the interests of the empire was revealed. To contrast contemporary English nationalism with that of the imperial era, the research by the Centre for English Identity and Politics highlighting the English concern about their own political representation in the United Kingdom after the devolution was cited. It was concluded that the nature of English nationalism has changed from a civil Anglo-British version without an emphasis on English ethnicity during the empire’s existence to a predominantly ethnic one with a focus on English identity with extremely limited opportunities for civil expression in the early 21st century.

Definition of the concept of Real Estate in the Doctrine and the Constitutional Legal System – Brazilian and international civil liability: Article 1.225, Item I, of Law 10,406 of January 10, 2002, instituting the Brazilian Civil Code

The offer of this craft aims to define the concept of real estate. Tracing a general historical evolutionary panorama, from prehistory to contemporary days, referring to Real Law, on a global scale, relating the historical reasons, social and economic systems to the relation of real estate property, which led its appearance and development to the conglomerates that established the cities. Including the creation of its concept in a national and international nature, ordered by systems of governments in their governmental regimes, with an interdisciplinary focus, providing not only basic, more also understanding the factors of the construction industry, motive of the economic vector of the wagons of small economies, public and private properties through daily life, visualizing the trajectory of a researcher’s observation to the result of this work , from which it was conducted in a logical sequence. The methodology was based on bibliographic research, an approach on the problem, using the methods: inductive, historical procedure, with that of real life observation, corresponding to the delimitation of the theme, leading to a specific path, that is, to define the concept of real estate property. Going from the most particular findings, to the laws and doctrinal theories, in an ascending communication. The question and the problem of this work lie in the question: what is real estate? It is worth elucidating, the right of the owner and his faculty, present in the Brazilian Civil Code in force. The origin of real estate in history arises in the Old Ages, in the Middle Ages arises the faculty of the owner, among other appearances, such as: condominium, dichotomy: public and private lands, possession, nomenclature: Real Law, etc. In several Constitutions, Codes and International Legislation, the definition of this concept was not found.

Secular nationalist revolution and the construction of the Azerbaijani identity, nation and state

AbstractThis article traces the emergence and development of Azerbaijani nationalism, identity and the establishment of an independent nation‐state, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the first Muslim democracy in 1918. Before, the Azerbaijani Turks had lacked a distinct national identity and had been called “Caucasian Muslims” or “Tatars.” This study addresses what actors and processes played roles in the construction of the “Azerbaijani” nation and identity and in the establishment of the new nation‐state. This article, from a constructivist perspective, argues that the key factor behind this emergence was the secular nationalist revolution of the Azerbaijani nationalist elite. While agreeing with Benedict Anderson on the “imagined” nature of nations, about the links between secularization and nationalism, and about the print media's role in the nationalist imagining, this study departs from his structuralist approach, which neglects or underestimates agency, interests, strategy, resources and power. In explaining the development of the Azerbaijani identity and nation, this study offers a theoretical explanation that moves agency—the secular nationalist Azerbaijani elite—to the foreground and also acknowledges the impact of structural factors.