Nature Of Employment Research Articles

Changing Patterns of Commuting

Cities across the globe are reinventing themselves, driven by a variety of forces (Lyons metabolism). At the same time, technological change is dramatically altering the nature of employment and transport systems are on the cusp of radical change with the potential for wider adoption of new mobility services and autonomous vehicles (Marsden et al., 2018). As city landscapes, working practices and transport systems change, so does the nature of the commute – traditionally a regularly repeated journey between a fixed home and work (or educational) location, but increasingly a more ‘slippery’ phenomenon (Le Vine et al., 2017). Commuting has always been an important focus of transport and land use policies in urban areas. During the morning and evening ‘rush hours’, transport networks are under pressure with peak period traffic having multiple negative impacts on the functioning of cities and on the quality of urban environments. Commuting has also been shown to affect the physical and mental health of workers (Chatterjee et al, 2019). Studies of commuting are carried out across different disciplines which makes it difficult to get an overall appreciation of the topic. In this issue of Built Environment, we aimed to bring together a variety of perspectives and assessments of the state of commuting in different parts of the world and how it is evolving. The ten papers in the issue cover three continents and seven countries presenting a true diversity of settings. Each paper offers new insights on how commuting journeys vary across space and how this is influenced by spatial development and economic, technological and cultural change. All of the papers give consideration to how commuting is changing in the context examined, whether explicitly by analysing longitudinal data or implicitly by interpreting their results in the context of broader developments.

The Importance of Informal Work in Supplementing Household Income

In recent years, the media has widely reported the rise of the so-called gig economy comprising short-term, independent contractor and informal work, which includes work for online platforms. Such work by its nature comes with little job security. In addition, because these workers are not employees of the organization for whom they work, they are not entitled to employer-provided benefits, nor are they covered by employment laws such as those setting minimum wages or by social insurance programs such as unemployment insurance and workers' compensation. Our research uses unique data from the Federal Reserve Board's Survey of Household and Economic Decisionmaking (SHED) to study informal, nonemployee work as a secondary work activity. Using these data, we are able to examine the socioeconomic characteristics of individuals engaged in a variety of types of informal work, the nature of employment in these individuals' main jobs, why they hold side jobs, and the contribution of secondary work to their incomes.

The Influence of Factors of Quality of Work-Life with Job Commitment, Job Satisfaction and Job Stress in the Transport Sector

Quality of work-life is an essential factor for the accomplishment of goals in any organisation throughout the world. The happy working environment plays a fundamental role in the personal and working life of the employees. Also, it is such an environment which helps the organisation to run effectively and efficiently. Most of the organizations who give much importance to the decent work-life of the employees have been successful in the effective running of their business. The present paper is a study aimed at analyzing the factors of the quality of work-life of the bus drivers and conductors of Puducherry Road Transport Corporation and their determining influence on job stress, job commitment, job satisfaction and work-life balance. The primary data were collected by using the questionnaire from the 445 respondents working from the four regions such as Puducherry, Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam at Puducherry Road Transport Corporation. The respondents also vary from the nature of employment viz., permanent, temporary, part-time and daily wages. The researchers employed statistical tools such as Cluster Analysis, Chi-Square analysis and Linear Multiple regression analysis for the study about the intrinsic relationship among the factors of quality of work-life and with other four effects of quality of work-life. The research found that there exists a deep association between quality of work-life of employees in the Puducherry Road Transport Corporation and their job stress, job commitment, job satisfaction and work-life balance. The study concluded that quality of work life is significant to permanent employees, whereas the quality of work-life is insignificant to contract employees. The research work emphasized that the quality of work-life directly depends upon the satisfaction level of the employees. Thus study concluded that the employees’ satisfaction level influences the quality of work life in the organisation. The study will facilitate the top management to consider all the grievances to help them to cop up with needs of employees and improve the Job Commitment, Job Satisfaction and Job Stress in the Transport Sector.

Employee Retention Management

The purpose of the proposed look at is to recognize the massive distinction within the opinions amongst personnel working in pharma quarter with reference to worker retention practices on the premise of their designation, qualification, nature of employment, marital repute and profits. Out of 150 employees, 100 personnel were taken because the sample for the existing take a look at from 3 districts of Telangana region (i.e., Nizamabad, Adilabad and Karimnagar). The statistics changed into gathered through a questionnaire and dispensed to the employees to fill their choices in the appropriate columns. The uncooked facts became analysed the usage of SPSS to find out the results in step with the hypotheses formulated. The findings of the study show that there may be no massive difference among scientific Representatives and vicinity income Managers, between graduates and postgraduates , between married and single. however, there may be a large difference between everlasting and settlement personnel operating in pharmaceutical quarter situated within the observe place. No enormous distinction become located amongst special income organizations of personnel also. it's far concluded that the opinion levels of MRs become barely higher than the ASMs. This might be because of the interest and involvement proven via MRs as they're new entrants to the sector.

BALANCING WORK AND STUDIES: THE OMANI STUDENTS' PERSPECTIVE

The study was conducted to describe the demographics of the working students and their work and study conditions; it also determined the relationship of the former to the latter. A total of one- hundred twenty-eight students from one private higher education institution (HEI) in the Sultanate of Oman participated in the study. The study adopted a quantitative method of research. The instrument which was designed by the researchers had high internal consistency and was validated by a group of researchers. Likert scaling was used to describe the conditions while frequency, mean, standard deviation were used to analyse the data. The relationship was tested through Pearson r. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents are young learners. Almost half are married; while majority are male; respondents were almost equally distributed in terms of private and government employment while a few have their own business. In regard to work and study conditions, three items were strongly agreed while only one was strongly disagreed; five items were agreed and another item was disagreed. As to relationship, respondents’ age, nature of employment, and study level were seen to have significant relationship with some of the work and study factors while marital status and gender were not found to have relationship. The findings in this study could be a starting point to obtain some relevant information about the conditions of students who are working while studying especially in the Sultanate; given that there is limited state—of the-art literature in terms of this research endeavour. The future study could be conducted involving a higher number of education institutions so to gather more pertinent information. Article visualizations:

Employment and poverty: Why work matters in understanding poverty.

This article synthesizes the work-related dynamics that contribute to economic inequality and identifies ways for psychologists to offer their expertise to mitigate poverty through employment and re-employment. We summarize scholarship from subspecialties under the umbrella of work psychology to explore concepts germane to understanding unemployment, underemployment, and reemployment. The review and synthesis is organized around 4 primary themes that concern the relationships between work, economic inequality, and poverty. First, unemployment has devastating financial and psychological consequences for individuals, families, and communities. Second, reemployment is challenging to acquire but crucial to recovering from unemployment and escaping poverty. Third, systemic and societal factors, such as employment bias and gaps in employment law, shape and constrain employment processes for individuals and organizations. Fourth, the nature of employment is changing because of technological advances, growth in the contingent labor force, and globalized business relationships that introduce new concerns for underemployment, unemployment, and reemployment processes for individuals. We conclude by charting important directions for future research, describing promising interventions for practitioners, and summarizing opportunities for psychologists to apply their knowledge and expertise to support policies that can alleviate poverty. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Trends in Cigarette Smoking in Kenya and the Challenges Impeding Cessation

Despite intense campaigns to minimize cigarette smoking owing to the socio-economic risks associated with it, cigarette smoking worldwide has continued to rise. This is a major concern to both public health authorities and medical practioners. This paper examines the Kenyan status on cigarette smoking through measurement of various parameters including mass media campaigns, taxation, level of education, nature of employment, and government legislation. Descriptive research design was employed because of its robust capability to give an in depth analysis of state of affairs as it exists in relation to cigarette smoking patterns in three Kenyan counties (Nakuru, Kisii and Migori). The study involved respondents above 18 years of age and was carried out between March and April 2018. Chi-square statistics was used to assess the association between various variables. It is clear from this study that most cigarette smokers had acquired high school education and above; representing 70% of the respondents. At 95% confidence limit, the p-value = 0.39 and confidence interval, CI = －1.965－4.156. Therefore, cigarette smoking is dependent on the level of education. The odd ratio (OR) of 3.10 indicates a strong association between smoking and the level of education. This study also revealed that majority of the respondents smoked between 6 and 10 cigarettes per day (36%). Besides, 50% of the target population admitted to being aware of the health hazards caused by cigarette smoking despite their continued smoking habits. This survey has demonstrated that most cigarette smokers are not only well educated but are aware of the dangers of cigarette smoking. Moreover, most respondents are addicted to cigarette smoking despite taxes imposed on tobacco products including cigarettes. This characteristic behaviour may be attributed to high unemployment rates in Kenya which this study has established as one of the major reasons for cigarette smoking.

Looking for work: youth, masculine disadvantage and precarious employment in post-millennium England

ABSTRACT The changing nature of youth (under)employment in England since the start of the new millennium is explored through a comparative analysis of three cohorts of young working class men searching for work in English towns between 2001 and 2017. Labour market changes, including the rise of precarious work and forms of self-employment, as well as increasing inequality and cuts in youth services since the financial crisis in 2008, are having a serious impact on the least qualified young men. However, changes in the nature of employment at the bottom end of the service suggest the re-evaluation of earlier claims about the relative disadvantage of (some) young men.

Factors Associated With Sexual Violence against Women in Mansa District of Punjab, India.

The sexual violence has been another type of domestic violence affecting the physical as well as mental health of the women. It refers to the sexual experience that range from the use of threats and intimidation to unwanted touching and forced sex. Sexual violence, mostly done by the intimate partners, is widespread in every the human society irrespective of culture, religion, caste or socio-economic status. This paper is mainly highlighting the relationship between socio-economic factors and extent of sexual violence. This study is based on primary data that is collected from Mansa district of Punjab. The result shows that little more than 40 percent of the women suffer from sexual violence irrespective of their employment status. The lesser income groups, rural women and less educated women are more prone to sexual violence as compared other segments. Nature of employment, education and income of husbands has sizeable influence on the extent of sexual violence. The husbands who are employed on regular basis are less inclined to commit sexual violence. The study states that sexual is widespread among all categories of women irrespective of their status, income, employment and so on. Therefore, there is lack of education in society regarding these facts. Hence, school curriculum berecasted and people should be educated in theses contexts to have a beautiful society free from such violence.

Investigation of relationships among nurse work environment, organizational commitment and intent to stay

Objective To investigate the status of the nurse work environment, organizational commitment and intent to stay, and explore the relationships among them, ultimately provide some references for the managers. Methods 1 168 registered nurses were recruited from seven hospitals in Zhejiang province. They were investigated with Nursing Work Environment Scale, Organizational Commitment Scale and Intent to Stay Scale. Multiple regression analysis utilized the intent to stay of nurses as the dependent variable, and the demographic data, the dimensions of work environment and dimensions of organizational commitment as the independent variables. Results The mean scores of work environment, organizational commitment and intent to stay were 2.78±0.39, 2.42±0.43, 3.30±0.67, respectively. Among nurse work environment, organizational commitment and intent to stay, there was a significant positive correlation between any two of them. Duty, affective commitment, position of work, sufficient manpower and resources, normative commitment, leadership and ability of manager, gender, shift, housing condition (rent house), employment nature and education are the main factors for the intent to stay, which can explain 40.3% of the variations of nurse retention. Conclusions The results of the study showed that the nurse work environment and intent to work of the 1168 registered nurses were at a medium level, and the organization′s commitment was at a lower-middle level. Managers can refer to the factors affecting the intent of nurses to stay, develop retention strategies, and increase their intent to stay. Key words: Nursing services; Environment; Organizational commitment; Intent to stay; Health manpower

Mapping Philippine Workers at Risk of Automation in the Fourth Industrial Revolution

The fourth industrial revolution (4IR) is expected to change the nature of jobs and the way people work. One of its prominent features is the automation of tasks, made possible by remarkable advancements in computing technology, artificial intelligence, and advanced robotics. While automation may increase labor productivity, it may also displace workers whose main tasks are automated. This study maps Philippine workers at different levels of automation risk across eight categories: economic sector, age, gender, educational attainment, income, type of organization, nature of employment, and administrative region.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ ЛЮДСЬКОГО КАПІТАЛУ В УМОВАХ ЦИФРОВОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ

У зв’язку з поширенням цифрових технологій основними вимогами до сучасного суспільства є зміна характеру праці, зокрема підвищення ролі інтелектуальної творчої праці, зміна характеру зайнятості, підвищення загальних вимог до рівня освіти та професійної кваліфікації. Досвід розвинених країн світу показує, що в умовах цифровізації економіки найвище ціняться знання, інформація та творчість, а також уміння їх своєчасно обробити, подати та використати. Цифрові технології трансформують людський капітал, висуваючи нові вимоги до освіти. У зв’язку з цим постає потребу у реформуванні системи підготовки, перепідготовки та підвищення кваліфікації кадрів, а також сприянні розвитку креативних здібностей людського капіталу відповідно до потреб цифрової економіки.

Exploring the Influence of Demographic Characteristics of Malaysian Citizens Towards Tax Evasion

The higher number of tax evasion cases and increase in the statistics of unpaid tax in Malaysia shows that Malaysian citizens still rationalize that the act of tax evasion as tolerable and acceptable. This study examines the linkages between citizens’ of Malaysia attitudes toward tax evasion with their demographic profile. This survey was undertaken in Malaysia, involving a representative sample of 173 of citizens.The scope of this study is limited to the salary earning citizens and retirees only. The salary earning and retirees are chosen as they are the potential taxpayers that may pay tax in future and thus their opinions seem reliable. This study found that Malaysian citizens find it acceptable to evade tax on all sizes of income regardless whether it is “a small part”, “a large part”, or “all part” of their income. From the demographic profile factor, it was found that only age and nature of employment have a significant difference on the attitudes towards tax evasion. On the other hand, the respondents’ gender, level of income and level of education seem to bear no significant difference to their attitudes towards tax evasion. In relation to age, this study found out that older people of above 55 are more opposed to tax evasion compared to citizens in the range of age 25 to 34 and 45 to 54. Such findings are expected as older people tend to become more compliant as they respect the law and the government compared to young people (Ross and McGee, 2011). Secondly, from this study, it appears that retirees are more opposed to tax evasion and there have a two-way tied for the least opposed to tax evasion which is self-employed taxpayers and employers. Retirees might be the ones opposed the most to tax evasion due to their age. Older people tend to respect the authority and law, hence are more averse. Self-employed people might be the ones who are the least opposed to tax evasion that could be due to availability of opportunities to evade tax is larger compared to other groups. In this study, it is also found that employers are the one who are the least oppose to tax evasion. Perhaps, employers earning high income may think that the tax system would reap all their hard work. Besides, employers may perceive that there are too many red tapes that might be a hassle for the employers to comply, thus they tend to evade tax. This study has provided useful insights to facilitate tax authorities in imposing actions and strategies regarding tax evasion.

Growth, New Technology and the Future of Work: International Evidence and Implications for India

This paper argues that one should go beyond the preoccupation with India maintaining its position as one of the world’s rapidly growing economies and focus instead on the future evolution of the labour market. Such an evolution—typically described as the ‘future of work’ agenda—will be critically shaped by how new technology affects job creation and the nature of employment. The paper seeks a middle ground between those who foresee a dystopian future of large-scale joblessness and those who espouse a romantic notion of a new and prosperous India shaped by millions of digitally empowered micro-entrepreneurs. The future of work in India and other developing countries is particularly challenging because policy-makers must also deal with endemic problems of poverty and deprivation in a twenty-first-century world. The appropriate response is to design innovative regulatory and policy frameworks for harnessing the benefits of new technology while containing its adverse consequences.

Work-Family Conflict among Married Female Professionals in Pakistan

Over the past few decades, a significant change in the nature of employment and family patterns has been observed globally. The objective of this paper is to determine how work requirements affect family by exploring the phenomenon of the work-family conflict (WFC) and how the family demands impinge the work life – the family-work conflict (FWC) by examining the key issues leading to this critical issue. The qualitative phenomenological case study method is used, the data were collected by conducting in-depth interviews from 50 female respondents working in 12 private and public organizations of Pakistan. The findings showed a strong negative relationship between long working hours and lack of spousal support with work-family conflict. The findings recommend that an effective way to reduce the work-family conflict is through developing a positive and comfortable working environment for employees. Furthermore, the findings stressed the need to frame guidelines for the administration of work family conflict at the organizational level as it is associated to the job contentment and performance of the employees.

Gender, precarity and hybrid forms of work identity in the virtual domestic arts and crafts industry in Canada and the US

Over the last several decades, there has been a growing recognition of the precarious nature of employment in creative economies, including craft industries. Despite this work, little research has explored how the rise of the platform economy is affecting labour market precarity. Our article explores the nature of precarity in craft blogging, looking in particular at the domestic arts and crafts. We examine how a growing number of women have left other forms of employment to engage in sewing, knitting, quilting, cooking and baking. Many women have also taken to blogging about their endeavors. However, there is a paucity of research on the variety of types of work that craft bloggers engage in and the challenges they face. Drawing upon interviews with female domestic arts bloggers in Canada and the United States, the article explores the work that craft bloggers engage in, the space and time of labour, and the variable sources of income that they access through their work. The article analyzes the experiences of precarious labour that arise at the interface of craft and the internet, and the multiple identities that stem from hybrid forms of creative work.

Role of Optimism Bias and Risk Attitude on Investment Behaviour

Purpose: The study undertakes to identify individual characteristics and their investment pattern. The individual characteristics include MBTI personality scores, risk taking behaviour, biases and investor demographics. Data and Methodology: A structured questionnaire was administered on 117 respondents in India. The questions were related to demographic variables, optimism bias, investment pattern and MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator®) personality assessment. The results were analysed using chi-square and ANOVA. Findings: The results show that presence of optimism bias in investors is influenced by marital status, nature of employment and work experience of investors. The Indian investors are majorly balanced or conservative out of the total sample in terms of risk taking behaviour. Risk taking attitude is affected by personality of individuals. Investment in high risk instruments is different among males and females, various age groups, marital status, and work place activity. Investment in medium risk instruments significantly differ for work experience on gender basis. Investment in low risk instruments does not differ for demographic variables of investors as all investors invest equally in safe investment mode. MBTI personality type is a less significant variable which directly affects investment patterns of Indian investors. The study can be useful for portfolio managers, investment advisors who can use it for designing investment portfolios and products for their clients based on their demographic, and behavioural profiling. Originality: This study identifies relationship between investment pattern, behavioural biases and demographic characteristics of Indian investors. MBTI personality assessment is one new dimension which is less researched in studying investment behaviour in Indian context.

Precarious employment: Methodology of measurement

The article considers approaches to the measurement of precarious employment for numerous studies suggest various ways to estimate its scale based on empirical data. To systematize various methodological solutions, the author identifies three approaches to the measurement of precarization: at the macro-, meso- and micro-level. Each approach is described and illustrated with examples from Russian and foreign scientific literature. The first approach (at the macro-level) studies the prevalence of specific indicators of precarization in dynamics or different social-demographic groups that can be considered precariat. The second approach (at the meso-level) compares different types of non-standard and standard employment in terms of the quality of jobs and working conditions to identify types of employment that can be considered precarious. The third approach (at the micro-level) focuses on the individual employment instability, its subjective perception, lack of employment security, and develops precarization indices. The comparison of indicators within such indices allows to identify common components of precarization: characteristics of wages, social and legal protection, and feeling of insecurity. The article emphasizes features of each approach for the measurement of precarization: the first takes into account not only the employed population but also other categories; the second compares groups representing different types of employment but does not take into account the internal heterogeneity of these groups and considers them as having a high or low level of precarization; this disadvantage is overcome in the third approach that measures precarization at the individual level and takes into account not only types and conditions of work but also voluntary/forced nature of employment.

Understanding the Present and Future of Work in the Fissured Workplace Context

The fissuring of business structures fundamentally changes the nature of employment and work in industries and the economy as a whole. This article describes the core elements comprising fissuring, distinguishes them from the narrower concepts of contingent work and alternative work arrangements, and provides an estimate of its size. Work restructuring arising from fissuring alters wage determination inside and outside firms affected by it and provides an alternative explanation for a growing empirical literature on earnings inequality. The fissured workplace perspective requires different policies for the workplace and labor market than traditional approaches including those regarding worker rights and protections, employment responses to the business cycle, workforce education and training, and job and career mobility.

Trends in Cigarette Smoking in Kenya and the Challenges Impeding Cessation

Despite intense campaigns to minimize cigarette smoking owing to the socio-economic risks associated with it, cigarette smoking worldwide has continued to rise. This is a major concern to both public health authorities and medical practioners. This paper examines the Kenyan status on cigarette smoking through measurement of various parameters including mass media campaigns, taxation, level of education, nature of employment, and government legislation. Descriptive research design was employed because of its robust capability to give an in depth analysis of state of affairs as it exists in relation to cigarette smoking patterns in three Kenyan counties (Nakuru, Kisii and Migori). The study involved respondents above 18 years of age and was carried out between March and April 2018. Chi-square statistics was used to assess the association between various variables. It is clear from this study that most cigarette smokers had acquired high school education and above; representing 70% of the respondents. At 95% confidence limit, the p-value = 0.39 and confidence interval, CI = －1.965－4.156. Therefore, cigarette smoking is dependent on the level of education. The odd ratio (OR) of 3.10 indicates a strong association between smoking and the level of education. This study also revealed that majority of the respondents smoked between 6 and 10 cigarettes per day (36%). Besides, 50% of the target population admitted to being aware of the health hazards caused by cigarette smoking despite their continued smoking habits. This survey has demonstrated that most cigarette smokers are not only well educated but are aware of the dangers of cigarette smoking. Moreover, most respondents are addicted to cigarette smoking despite taxes imposed on tobacco products including cigarettes. This characteristic behaviour may be attributed to high unemployment rates in Kenya which this study has established as one of the major reasons for cigarette smoking.