Nature Of Corruption Research Articles

An empirical analysis using new instrumental variable methods of distributional effects of corruption on public expenditures in developing countries.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43546-023-00452-1.

Can Focusing on the Ethics of Public Office Address the Challenge of Contemporary Political Corruption? - Emanuela Ceva and Maria Paola Ferretti: Political Corruption: The Internal Enemy of Public Institutions. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021. Pp. 232.)

Ceva and Ferretti have written an important book on how we should understand political corruption, which they argue entails a public official acting in their institutional capacity as an officeholder but pursuing an agenda that cannot be justified by the specific mandate of their role. Their definition, in stressing the relational nature of political corruption, underpins their argument that its wrongfulness must be understood as a breach of interactive justice and addressed from within. Only by ensuring that individual public officeholders remain accountable and mutually answerable for their conduct (because institutions are constituted by individuals who have interactive duties to their colleagues) can the threat of political corruption be meaningfully addressed. Office accountability as the core duty of officeholders, to be exercised through the practice of answerability, is crucial to developing a meaningful defense against the risk of corruption within organizations and institutions. The central argument of Ceva and Ferretti's book is both powerful and persuasive and makes a significant contribution to the literature on identifying and tackling political corruption.

Socio-Anthropological Understanding of Corruption and its Control

Corruption is the misuse of power to obtain an unlawful advantage which depends on the power of actors, the profiteers, initiators, mechanisms and society where it takes place. Level, colour and activities are prime basis of classification of corruption. Before emergence of modern political thought religions have predominance over the corruptive act. Power and authority to misuse the position for involving improper actions and mistreatment by the agent to principal considered as an interactional, deterioration in morality as a normative and class based domination as a structural approaches of corruption. Socio-anthropological aspect elaborates corruption in terms of social norms such as democratic, psychological, micro analysis of gender as well as religious which vary with the structure of society. Klitgaard provided both conceptual and anti-corruption related formula to understand and control corruption. Different school and scholars provided different ideas regarding causes and dimensions of corruption. It is considered that the best socio-anthropological mechanisms to control corruption would be the legal, behavioural, gender, religious and collective approach with the primary focus against chronic corruption and clanism. However, the global nature of corruption, anti-corruption actions either institutional or legal provisions are established in each democratic country. As the value of CPI of In case of Nepal both types of mechanisms are established to control corruptive offences, but the value of CPI is low. That’s why the voice to control corruption differently, is raising now.

The concept, essence and multidimensional nature of corruption

The concept, essence and multidimensional nature of corruption

The Impact of Corruption on International Human Rights Standards

Corruption represents a multifaceted global challenge that undermines human rights recognized by International Law. This research paper delves into the intricate interplay between corruption and human rights, aiming to shed light on the potential of international human rights frameworks in combating corruption. Drawing upon a comprehensive review of existing literature and international legal instruments, this study examines the transboundary nature of corruption and its adverse impacts on human rights. The study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by advocating for a holistic approach to combating corruption, recognizing its adverse human rights impacts, and presenting recommendations to bridge the gap between corruption and human rights in policy and practice.

Black economic empowerment, development and seeking justice at South African municipalities: A closer look at two case studies

Although South African and international research has been enriched by a wide variety of empirical findings regarding supply chain management (SCM) corruption in South Africa, there is a significant gap in the literature, particularly in terms of the direct and indirect connections of black economic empowerment (BEE) entrepreneurs, local government and to processes of SCM at South African municipalities. This study is based on an inductive, qualitative and interpretative methodology aimed at analysing and dissecting relationships in the context of BEE entrepreneurs engaging in corruption. Within this realm of corruption, the article also looks at the role of supply chain and procurement at two South African municipalities. The municipalities selected were situated in both urban and rural areas in KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape. The eight interviewees represented the political, administrative and workers’ sections of the municipalities. The findings pinpoint the realities of aspects of BEE associated with the nature of corruption in public procurement in the municipalities and the influence of BEE entrepreneurs in processes of corruption, particularly in SCM functions and processes.Contribution: Corruption remains a key threat to South Africa’s young democracy. This is particularly true at the local level, the central pivot in our society building exercise. A multidisciplinary journal of this nature will benefit from the focus of this article, particularly in light of the fact that it also hopes to ignite thought around the moral ramifications of rampant corruption in South Africa.

An Exploratory Study of Police Corruption in Ghana: Why Does it Exist?

A culture of corruption within an institution, such as the police, could be indicative of a failure from various directions. The Ghanaian public often views the police service as the most corrupt of all their institutions. This paper aims to explore the issue of street-level police corruption and why it exists from the perspective of police officers, delving into their understandings, critiques, and explanations of this phenomenon. Based on qualitative interviews with Ghanaian police officers, this article reveals two factors that characterise street-level police corruption in Ghana. First, corrupt practices may be instigated by members of the public (e.g. through bribes) without any pressure from the police themselves. Second, police officers adopt various neutralisation techniques to rationalise their involvement in corruption. This article examines how police officers interviewed for this study normalised corruption to gain a better understanding of the prevalent nature of police corruption in Ghana.

Marginalization or risk aversion? Using big data to examine why women are found to be less corrupt in court judgments

AbstractPrevious studies have argued that women are less corrupt because they are marginalized or because they are risk averse. However, because of the insidious and hidden nature of corruption, the subjects of theoretical reasoning in previous studies were individuals who were not involved in corruption. This produces a lack of observations and analyses of individuals who are actually corrupt. For this reason, the present study used text mining of Taiwanese district court judgments to examine why women are less corrupt. The results reveal that, following the rise of gender equality in Taiwanese society, women are now less marginalized and are as likely as to be as corrupt as men. Furthermore, the level of corruption (reflected by the prosecution and conviction rates) among women who are less marginalized (elected civil servants) is higher than among those who are more marginalized (typical civil servants). These findings suggest that women are less corrupt because they are marginalized rather than because they are risk averse.

How Effective are China’s Anti-corruption Campaigns?

As the second largest economy in the world, China is ranked 66th out of 180 countries ranked by Transparency International with the Corruption Perceptions Index. Due to the clandestine nature of corruption, it is arduous to generate concrete statistical analyses of corruption, and the most accessible data that reflect corruption base their results on perceptions of corruption. Our research utilizes multiple published indices to analyze the effectiveness and development of Chinese President Xi Jingping’s anti-corruption efforts. Despite the potential biases of the data caused by participants’ level of education, Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP), occasionally inconsistent policies, and potential manipulation through social media, this research is capable of presenting a comprehensive analysis towards existing data and CCP’s anti-corruption effort. Our findings suggest that the various investigated indices reflect that people perceive that China has become less corrupt over the last decade. However, China is still far from corruption-free.

Rethinking corruption in international business: An empirical review

A reliable understanding of corruption in IB has prescriptive implications for MNEs’ strategies to manage it. We propose three means by which research on corruption can improve its reliability: (i) develop theorizing and empirical modelling on mechanisms at the firm level; (ii) develop conceptual and empirical clarity and alignment on the distinct nature of corruption being investigated (i.e., scale versus predictability); (iii) develop acute measures of the types of corruption that an MNE's experience can seek to manage. Given this broad research setting, we revisit four published empirical studies on corruption and take a diagnostic approach by looking at the concepts and empirical analysis involved in this research. The four studies are Habib & Zurawicki (2002), Cuervo-Cazurra & Genc (2008), Sartor & Beamish (2018), and Qi & Nguyen (2021). By systematically replicating their findings in three ways, we conclude that theorizing on corruption at the country level is the most effective for making core conjectures about corruption's effects on overall measures of economic activity; however, understanding of the different dimensions of corruption alongside how experience leads to effective management requires greater theoretical and empirical precision and substantiation.

Exploring corruption impacts on MNE performance through the lens of risk and uncertainty

PurposeThis paper aims to apply a risk/uncertainty lens to corruption to explore how different types of corruption (formal vs informal) in a multinational enterprise’s (MNE) operating environment have different relationships to firm performance.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses a portfolio approach to measure the formal and informal corruption impacts of an MNE’s entire set of operating locations and test the hypotheses using both accounting- and market-based measures of performance on a sample of 648 firms.FindingsThis study hypothesizes and finds that because formal corruption represents risk, it is typically included in the a priori evaluations of trade-offs between market attractiveness and costs made by MNEs prior to market entry, higher formal corruption in the firm’s environment is positively related to its financial performance. Conversely, the uncertainty associated with the generally intangible and pervasive nature of informal corruption prevents similar, accurate cost consideration before entering the market, resulting in a negative relationship between higher levels of informal corruption and firm performance.Originality/valueThis study provides unique empirical support for the notion that MNEs can both gain and lose by investing in corrupt institutional environments, grounded in an understanding of the differences between risk and uncertainty, reinforcing the importance of considering the potential impacts of both the formal and informal dimensions of corruption in a firm’s operating environment.

LKPD Examination and Audit Mechanism (Considering The Opinion Of The WWTP Conducted To Assess Regional Accountability And Financial Transparency By The BPK)

<span lang="EN">The analysis of the audit and audit game theory of the Supreme Audit Body was carried out by conducting an interview approach with several experts in order to develop a modeling game to measure the usefulness of the players involved in the audit and audit process. Game theory analysis is carried out to compile based on the utility modeling obtained by each player, then each utility modeling will be measured and will be obtained using the backward induction method. This method will look for solutions starting from the last sub-game. The rewards made for the final decision makers in each sub-game will be compared with the solutions of the previous sub-games. The optimal solution obtained from the backward induction process at each stage of this game. Based on the results of the game modeling, it was found that at the BPK examination when the government had an obedient or non-compliant nature of the negotiation process it became a very credible process. with the negotiation process, optimal results are obtained. This is in accordance with the existing inspection mechanism because the BPK has an advantage in terms of inspection (superbody). The negotiation process caused the government and the BPK to meet and continue to carry out corrupt actions. The difference between the examination of the government and the poor nature of the institution with credible institutions, namely the corrupt nature of the government will result in a negotiation process that can be carried out easily even though the BPK conducts professional expert examinations (PE), the government's initiative to establish communication with the BPK is used by extortion (P) so that the utility of the BPK increases. Corrupt behavior initiatives can be started from both sides. This shows the corrupt practices caused by the excellence of the institution and the existence of an information gap check carried out by the BPK. These institutional advantages and gaps have led to the practice of manipulating findings (MT) or false findings (T.False), both government financial records (P) and non-compliance (TP). Keywords: Game Theori, backward induction, Highest Audit Body</span>

A Comparative Study of Administrative Corruption Identification in Islamic Sharia, International Documents and Afghanistan’s Legislative Documents

The aim of this research is that to compare the nature of Administrative corruption in Islamic law international documents and the Afghanistan’s legislative documents. To see if these legal systems have similar or different positions in this issue. If similar, what would be the reason? If different, what would be the reason? And for what reasons would be prefer one over the others? We used library method for research and collected materials from reliable resources, after analysis, we concluded that the nature of Administrative corruption in Islamic sharia, international documents and Afghanistan’s legislative documents have different definitions, the reason for which is the different conditions prevailing in different societies and the different reactions of peoples to them, because corruption is a social phenomenon and occurs in society It was also concluded that the nature of corruption is prevalent in Islamic legal system than the other two, because it is definition is broader and comprehensive than the other two. It is comprehensive because it includes public, private and mixed institutions, as well as every wrongdoing, whether it is large or small, is covered and cannot be left out. Time is of the essence, whether it is the accepted forms of corruption in today's advanced 7th century and if it becomes known in the future, it will cover all, and ultimately, the status of heads up whether it's superior or inferior. But the definitions of the nature of corruption in international documents and in the legislative documents of Afghanistan do not have all these advantages, but by the way have the problems, about which comprehensive information is included in the research material can be read there.

Typology of corruption: theoretical and applied criteria

Corruption as a social phenomenon is the subject of scientific analysis of many sciences. We are convinced that the analysis of not only its nature but also its species is important for the characterization of any phenomenon. The typology of corruption plays an important role in this task. Given the complex and ambiguous nature of corruption, as well as the lack of a unified scientific approach to the interpretation of its essence, in scientific circles there is no single vision of distinguishing types of this phenomenon.
 The meaning of classification is always essential and dualistic: conceptual and applied. So, conceptuality is that for more optimal development of the essence of concepts, phenomena, processes, categories they are divided. Therefore, the study of the views of individual jurists is always associated with the analysis of typologies (classifications), as they provide an opportunity to clarify the views of the scientist on the nature of corruption, its criminal law and criminology. Applied element: the classification of corruption makes it easier to identify and develop strategies to combat this phenomenon, identifies trends in updating and supplementing laws, outlines the activities of public authorities in general and law enforcement agencies.
 The purpose of the article is to highlight the criteria for classifying corruption and characterize their essence.
 We propose to analyze several approaches to the typology of corruption. The first typology is based on the level of corruption. According to this criterion, corruption is inert, gradual, and active.
 The second typological criterion is the scope of implementation. According to him, there is corruption in the legislature, executive, judiciary, and corruption in the activities of legal entities under private law and persons providing public services. The third typology of corruption is based on the criteria of periodicity of corruption. According to this criterion, corruption can be accidental, systemic and kleptocratic.
 According to the fourth typological criterion, it is proposed to divide corruption into gradual and sudden.
 The fifth typological criterion is based on the degree of organization and prevalence of corrupt relations. According to this criterion, there is corruption at the grassroots, regional, political, and international levels.

The EU Common Regional Market Proposals for the Western Balkans

The EU and the Western Balkans in 2020 launched a regional economic integration initiative entitled ‘The Western Balkans Common Regional Market’, aimed at economically integrating the Western Balkans based on the EU Single Market rules by 2025. The economic integration initiative has been met with challenges, and this contribution provides an assessment of EU-led initiatives to promote economic integration within the Western Balkans between 2014 and 2021, analysing some of the challenges to ensuring that the Western Balkans Common Regional Market is operational by 2025. The contribution conceptualises the mode of governance approach used by the EU in engaging with the Western Balkans since 2014 and suggests that it is largely based on soft law. The contribution finds that the action plan for establishing a regional common market is flawed, as it has not taken on board the high level of corruption and the lack of rule of law in the Western Balkans. The contribution provides new insights into the nature of corruption taking place in the Western Balkans and argues that corruption and the lack of the rule of law could be a major barrier for the proper function of the regional common market. Western Balkans, Berlin Process, Common Market, Open Balkan, Corruption, Rule of Law, Economic Integration, European Neighbourhood and Enlargement Policy

Locating Civil Society’s Anti-Corruption Role Through Configurational Analysis: Towards A Policy and Research Agenda

While corruption studies abound, there is a dearth of scholarship that deals with corruption from the perspective of set relations. A configurational analysis of corruption is helpful in understanding the complexity of such phenomenon. For one, given the complex nature of corruption, democratic governments and civil society are prompted to address it via holistic and integrative anti-corruption strategies. This complexity seems to resonate with what qualitative comparative analysts hold regarding the import of contexts and with the configurational character of much of social life. From the perspective of set-theoretic, configurational analysis, in particular qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), corruption should also thus be seen as a conjunctural, equifinal, asymmetrical, and multifinal phenomenon.

HISTORICAL ANALYSIS AND LEGAL FEATURES OF CORRUPTION PREVENTION IN UKRAINE

The article emphasized that corruption in Ukraine is the number one problem throughout the history of the formation and functioning of Ukrainian statehood. The catch phrase uttered two hundred years ago by the historian Karamzin, reflecting the essence of the Ukrainian state in one phrase "Steal", is still relevant today. The main problem of corruption in Ukraine is that the laws themselves lay the corruption space, due to the ambiguity of their interpretation and wording. Traditionally, after the adoption of any program, concept, law in the field of combating corruption, additional formal support takes place in the form of mandatory publication in the media, and the most interesting thing in each structure is the creation of public councils that do not perform those functions, which are assigned to them, and historical features show and prove, that any action aimed at combating corruption gains the opposite result. Today there is no unified understanding in the prevention of this phenomenon, due to the fact that it is necessary to start with a change in the psychology of people, from the moral and political climate in a society that does not see or do not trust the state guidelines that exist today. Due to this, a public opinion has been formed that the government itself is corrupt at all levels and in order for a turning point in the consciousness of the people to occur, it is necessary to show the inevitability of punishment. Only after that will there be a really intolerant attitude towards corruption in society, when the government itself will increase its responsibility to society, when the judicial system will be completely independent of power then and there will be a certain shift in the prevention of corruption. It was concluded that it is necessary that the fight against corruption should have a systemic form where the main principles in the fight against corruption should be the legality and openness of power. The most important thing is that criminal offenses of a corrupt nature always go unpunished due to what they have committed.

Anti-corruption legal policy: nature and content

The article is devoted to the study of the nature and content of anti-corruption policy, ways to improve its formation and implementation. It is substantiated that at the present stage of social development corruption remains one of the most threatening problems of economic, political, legal, social development of states. In the context of globalization, the spread of corruption is accelerating, as economic crises go far beyond nation-states and acquire international significance, which contributes to the establishment of the view of corruption as a transnational problem.
 Based on the analysis of modern scientific research of domestic and foreign scholars, it is proved that in theory there are several approaches to defining the concept of "corruption" and emphasize the bilateral nature of corruption: corruption acts as a kind of "agreement" mutually beneficial for officials in with him in the appropriate relationship. It is proved that the essence of anti-corruption policy remains a debatable issue in theory. The anti-corruption policy of the state is considered as a set of multidirectional measures, as a direction of action, as a vector of building the system of public administration.
 It is substantiated that anti-corruption policy should be considered as a comprehensive activity that includes a variety of measures aimed at different social relations. In the content of anti-corruption policy can be divided into three blocks of measures: measures to prevent corruption, countermeasures and measures to combat corruption. A distinction is made between the means of general prevention and the means of special prevention of corruption. It is proved that the fight against corruption includes the development and implementation of effective anti-corruption legislation, building the institutional system of anti-corruption policy, ensuring proper interaction between its elements. The fight against corruption is aimed at identifying, stopping, investigating and disclosing corruption offenses, restoring violated rights and legitimate interests of citizens, as well as bringing the perpetrators to justice. The implementation of such activities is ensured by criminalizing corruption and schemes, the introduction and use of procedural procedures and actions that allow you to effectively detect and detect these crimes.

Corruption in Higher Education

The research is aimed at studying the opinion of university students on corruption in higher education. Researchers give ambiguous assessments of the nature of corruption in higher education, therefore, the purpose of the work is to determine the nature of corruption, the causes of its reproduction, as well as factors that, according to students, can reduce its level based on the study of students’ opinions on corruption in higher education. The methodological basis of the research was the works of leading foreign and Russian scientists. The study was conducted using general scientific methods, such as system analysis, questionnaires, generalization and systematization, and comparisons. The results of student survey (N=400) and 12 individual semi-structured interviews of students of the Ural State University of Economics and St. Petersburg State University collected in 2021 constitute an empirical base. It was found that the majority of university students have a superficial understanding of the essence of corruption and tend to tolerate it. The majority of students did not participate in corruption relations, but a third of respondents consider it as a means suitable for solving private problems. According to the students, the factors that have the greatest impact on the reproduction of corruption relations at university are the low level of remuneration of teachers, the low moral level of teachers and staff, as well as the lack of proper administrative control. The greatest impact on reducing corruption in higher education, in the opinion of the students, are the factors of increasing responsibility for corruption offenses, raising teachers’ salaries and strengthening administrative control at the university.

International implications of corruption in Eastern European prosecution offices: a field report

PurposeThis paper aims to explore the effect of corruption in the Eastern European legal system as it implicates German-speaking jurisdictions in cases of international cooperation, especially pertaining to white-collar crimes and mutual legal assistance. This field report considers how during the course of the career of a prosecutor, corruption comes into play and creates a culture which prevents the execution of justice in the native country and in collaboration with the European Union. The invocation of compulsory measures in criminal case proceedings is examined carefully.Design/methodology/approachThe first author is an internationally active lawyer and provides an insight referring to the personal experience of Eastern European prosecutors and the wider impression he has gained of the system in which they operate. This is enforced by his teaching at the International Anti-Corruption Academy in Vienna, where he trains public prosecutors from Eastern Europe and through this collaboration, learns of their experience in the system. The impressions gained from real life are supported by an extensive understanding of the literature, often showing that a key problem is the lack of open discussion on the matter.FindingsGerman-speaking countries cannot make international proceedings dependent on the findings from Eastern European prosecutor offices. Although there are highly qualified prosecutors at work, there is a systemic corruption evident which threatens the reliability of investigative results. Corruption is evident from the inception of a prosecutor’s career to the most senior positions, showing that bribes account for an adverse selection of prosecutors.Originality/valueThis is a report based on first-hand sources. It elucidates the existing literature with testimony of the current culture and its tangible influence. The implications for international proceedings are paralleled with the history of possible corruption in a prosecutor’s career, the juxtaposition of which depicts a striking reality. Above all, the cyclical nature of corruption in the legal system is highlighted.