Typology of corruption: theoretical and applied criteria

Abstract

Corruption as a social phenomenon is the subject of scientific analysis of many sciences. We are convinced that the analysis of not only its nature but also its species is important for the characterization of any phenomenon. The typology of corruption plays an important role in this task. Given the complex and ambiguous nature of corruption, as well as the lack of a unified scientific approach to the interpretation of its essence, in scientific circles there is no single vision of distinguishing types of this phenomenon.
 The meaning of classification is always essential and dualistic: conceptual and applied. So, conceptuality is that for more optimal development of the essence of concepts, phenomena, processes, categories they are divided. Therefore, the study of the views of individual jurists is always associated with the analysis of typologies (classifications), as they provide an opportunity to clarify the views of the scientist on the nature of corruption, its criminal law and criminology. Applied element: the classification of corruption makes it easier to identify and develop strategies to combat this phenomenon, identifies trends in updating and supplementing laws, outlines the activities of public authorities in general and law enforcement agencies.
 The purpose of the article is to highlight the criteria for classifying corruption and characterize their essence.
 We propose to analyze several approaches to the typology of corruption. The first typology is based on the level of corruption. According to this criterion, corruption is inert, gradual, and active.
 The second typological criterion is the scope of implementation. According to him, there is corruption in the legislature, executive, judiciary, and corruption in the activities of legal entities under private law and persons providing public services. The third typology of corruption is based on the criteria of periodicity of corruption. According to this criterion, corruption can be accidental, systemic and kleptocratic.
 According to the fourth typological criterion, it is proposed to divide corruption into gradual and sudden.
 The fifth typological criterion is based on the degree of organization and prevalence of corrupt relations. According to this criterion, there is corruption at the grassroots, regional, political, and international levels.