Nature Of Blockchain Research Articles

BLOCKCHAIN TEKNOLOJİSİNDE YENİ DÖNEM VE DAHA İYİ MUHASEBE BİLGİSİ

The magnitude of the potential blockchain has been so powerful that the way of doing business in all sectors could change dramatically. The nature of blockchain seems well suited to meeting the needs of accounting as well. If the potentials offered by blockchain can be fully realized, today’s accounting practices are likely to change drastically in a way we have never seen before. In this study, it is tried to determine what kind of impact the blockchain holds for the future of accounting and auditing. “Decentralization” and “triple entry accounting” are revolutionary features blockchain could bring for accounting. In this study, it is understood that these changes seem theoretically possible, but not easy to use them effectively, because it turned out that there are many large and small obstacles ahead that had to be overcome before we could say full adoption of blockchain in accounting. It looks like there is a long way to go, at least for near future. However, considering the magnitude of innovative impact that blockchain will generate, it seems it is worth putting necessary effort in action to overcome these obstacles for high standards in accounting.

NFT 기반 디지털 작품 인식 현황 연구

Recently, NFT, an irreplaceable token called convergence art that combines digital technology and art, is attracting attention in the field of design and art. The purpose of this study is to analyze NFT technology-based digital works that are rapidly growing along with rapid demand for IT technology through issues of the times, the development of cryptocurrency blockchain technology, and the trend change in the art market through text mining. As a method of research, text mining is conducted by setting the last year as a collection period from March 2021 to February 2022, when NFT grew the most rapidly using TextStom of Big Data tools. As a result, first, it was confirmed that works, sales, metaverse, and media, which are major controversial keywords in the NFT field reviewed in previous studies, are the main keywords that provide the foundation of potential means in planning NFT technology-based digital works. Second, NFT's "coin", "sales", "game", "metaverse", and "work" keywords showed that NFT art was provided in the form of a metaverse, or was considered to be the value of content creation in the form of a game or brand character. Third, it can be seen that it is considered as a new platform closely related to NFT digital work creators, such as guaranteeing intellectual property rights in virtual exhibitions related to copyrights in the nature of blockchain and securing accessibility to digital works. Fourth, although it was a small proportion in word sentiment analysis, it was found that NFT could cause financial losses in terms of negativity, and art or profits as investment products had a bubble in market prices, so it was necessary to be cautious. Starting with the analysis map proposed in this study, it is hoped to be helpful as current status data that can be referred to when constructing digital works based on NFT technology.

An Evaluation of Security in Blockchain-based Sharing of Student Records in Higher Education

Blockchain has recently taken off as a disruptive technology, from its initial use in cryptocurrencies to wider applications in areas such as property registration and insurance due to its characteristic as a distributed ledger which can remove the need for a trusted third party to facilitate transactions. This spread of the technology to new application areas has been driven by the development of smart contracts – blockchain-based protocols which can automatically enforce a contract by executing code based on the logic expressed in the contract. One exciting area for blockchain is higher education. Students in higher education are ever more mobile, and in an ever more agile world, the friction and delays caused by multiple levels of administration in higher education can cause many anxieties and hardships for students as well as potential employers who need to examine and evaluate student credentials. Distance learning as a primary platform for higher education promises to open up higher education to a wider range of learners than ever before. Blockchain-based storage of academic credentials is being widely studied due to the advantages it can bring. As with any network-based system, blockchain comes with a number of security and privacy concerns. Blockchain needs to meet several security-related requirements to be widely accepted: decentralization; confidentiality; integrity; transparency; and immutability. Researchers have been busy devising schemes to ensure that such requirements can be met in blockchain-based systems. Several types of blockchain-specific attacks have been identified: 51% attacks; malicious contracts; spam attacks; mining pools; targeted DDoS attacks; and others. Real-world attacks on blockchain-based systems have been seen on cryptocurrency sites. In this paper, we will evaluate the specific privacy and security concerns for blockchain-based systems used for academic credentials as well as suggested solutions. We also examine the issues for academic credentials which are stored “off-chain” in such systems (as is often the case). In this case, a Distributed File System (DFS) implemented with a peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture is often the choice for the storage of the academic credentials since it matches the decentralized nature of blockchain. Blockchain then contributes much to the usefulness of such a DFS, making it in turn a good match for a P2P DFS such as IPFS.

Blockchain-Based Smart Contract: Advancing Digital Consumer Protection and Preventing Private International Law E-Commerce Cases

<em>Blockchain has functioned as a ledger that decentralizes controls with immutable and irreversible character and have the potential to overcome the deficiency of traditional contracts, especially in today’s digital era such as the e-commerce industry. Unfortunately, although famous to be used for blockchain and smart contracts have not been applied widely in Indonesia and there is no regulation that specifically regulates the use of blockchain technology and smart contracts. This article will analyze the application of smart contracts to escalate consumer rights in e-commerce services. This research showed that the self-executory characteristic of smart contracts helps the consumer to have an equal bargaining position with businesses actors in determining the contents of the contract. In response to those curative efforts, the smart contract will be advantageous as a preventive scheme for PIL cases. The self-executory character of the smart contract will prevent many PIL cases which are potentially occurred. The immutable nature of blockchain records will also be helpful for any dispute settlement scheme. This might be led to the tendency that international e-commerce cases should not be litigated or to be set for an arbitration tribunal. Those international e-commerce cases might not require settlement of judicative branch and may be settled at the administrative level. Consequently, this would create a more effective and efficient settlement, both in time and money. Those advantages have made blockchain-based smart contracts will be prospective in Indonesia, in the upcoming future</em>

Distributed ledger technology - Addressing the challenges of assurance in accounting systems: A research note

Background: With the progressive development of blockchain technology, its potential influence on the accounting and auditing professions is of interest to academia and practitioners. As the technology gains acceptance in businesses such as banking, stock exchanges, insurance, law, government services, and e-voting, business leaders are beginning to recognise its potential to transform their organisations. Despite concerns about how this technology will marginalise the accounting and auditing profession, blockchain continues to lag behind in adoption and there is time for accountants and auditors to reflect on their current practice and update their knowledge and skills to maintain their relevance to the industry. Motivation: The literature has not fully examined the implications of distributed ledger technology and its implications for the accounting and auditing profession. The intent of this research note is to identify opportunities for research that are of significance to the application of distributed ledger technology to accounting and auditing. Research Question: To identify possibilities that exist in researching the adoption, implementation and application of a distributed ledger solution in the context of accounting and auditing. Framework: Based on the literature, the study proposes a framework for a blockchain model of a simplified triple-entry bookkeeping system using smart contracts to automate self-verification and replication of transactions in a public distributed ledger. Findings: Drawing on the framework the article develops a series of research questions that may significantly reduce barriers and challenges facing organizations that want to implement blockchain technology in their accounting systems. Contribution: Given the complex nature of blockchain, cross disciplinary research is proposed to bring together information technology, accounting, assurance, economics and psychology resulting in further understanding of the technology as it relates to, and influences the accounting and auditing profession. In doing so, the paper makes several contributions to the literature.

Rise, Fall, and Recovery of Blockchains in the Maritime Technology Space

Blockchain technology, since its introduction, has been expected to be implemented in many areas. Cryptocurrency is one unique example that established a functioning application. On the other hand, blockchain technology is not immune to various challenges related to the nature of itself, privacy management, and antitrust laws, among others. This study lays out the nature of blockchain and applications in the maritime industry, while highlighting the bottlenecks. Potential resolutions and anticipated developments are proposed. To do this, we adopt a systematic approach and present an overview of blockchain in maritime literature. In addition, the fundamental problems with blockchain are investigated, beginning from their essentials to the pain points that are claimed to need improvement. For establishing a legitimate and practically meaningful blockchain platform, stakeholders need to achieve pluralism (consensus validation), privacy, and security of the system.

De-Centralized Certificate Creation and Verification using Block Chain (DCCVuB)

The rapid growth in the population has lead to generation of large amount of data from each individual. Each and every individual holds several physically signed documents. Currently, the documents, certificates, and contracts are all printed in papers and manually signed. It is difficult for other party say a recruiter, or a government official or any other custom officer to verify the validity of the certificates and other documents of the individual. It consumes a tremendous amount of time for validating and verifying such documents manually. Thus we propose a system to develop a Decentralized application (DApp) for implementing a Blockchain[1] to store and verify the documents. By the nature of blockchain, the documents are securely stored with high integrity, and no further modifications can be done to the blocks in the chain which in turn reduces the creation of forged documents. Also using Distributed Ledger technology(DLT)[5] and IPFS the data is decentralised so that it is readily available with integrity. Also, using MultiSig[3] concepts, the system is more secured by two step authentication. Thus, blockchain creates trust and DLT provides integrity ease of access. And with use of IPFS the DApp is decentralized4]

Regulating the Crypto World - New Developments from France

After the ICO frenzy in 2017 and the turmoil of cryptocurrencies in 2018, will 2019/20 be the year of wisdom where regulators finally accept that it is neither desirable to leave this sphere unregulated nor is it recommended to artificially push it into legal categories that have been conceived for a centralized world and are not necessarily adapted to a distributed environment? Facebook’s release of its white paper on its native currency Libra on 18 June 2019, which has already provoked a lot of reaction from regulators, is likely to be a wake-up call for regulating this evolving environment. But regulating such an evolving and borderless environment is not easy. Fintech and particularly blockchain have a tendency to challenge the scale, scope and the speed of traditional financial system. Through blockchain it is now possible to tokenize almost any asset or right and to transfer and trade it easily. The scope of finance broadens and its borders become blurred. This poses particular challenges for regulators. On the one hand, they need to grasp this evolving environment and its implications for investor protection and financial stability. Regulating this continuously-developing and still quite recent ecosystem too quickly risks hampering its evolution and potential. Regulating it in a disparate way at a national level might favor regulatory arbitrage. On the other hand, regulators cannot let this environment evolve without scrutiny and wake up someday to a private currency like the one considered by Facebook. Furthermore, there are already existing risks favored by the anonymity or at least pseudonimity of crypto-assets, like anti-money laundering (AML) issues, combatting the financing of terrorism (CFT) or general crime, that need to be addressed. However, the ubiquitous nature of blockchain and distributed ledger technology (DLT) poses some challenges for regulators. Thus, the regulatory approach is to target the gatekeepers who allow physical and legal persons to access this environment. Most of the time these service providers are easy to identify. This is precisely what France has tried to do. For better or for worse, France for once did not wait for a wake up call. It enacted a new genre of regulation through a law voted on 22 May 2019 (the ‘PACTE’ law). Putting to one side the preferences of the European regulator, France decided to provide for an optional visa for Initial Coin Offerings (“ICO”) and a mix of mandatory registration for some intermediaries coupled with a voluntary license for all intermediaries. This optional regime (or so it seems) is a new type of regulation: neither totally soft law, nor a default rule, nor totally hard law. Most provisions require an opt-in but once the option is exercised, there are constraining rules that will apply. This carrot and stick method smartly combines a seemingly optional setup with some very persuasive incentives, which in practice makes it anything but voluntary. But the devil is very often in the detail: a smart mix of voluntary and mandatory requirements can only be successful if the advantages outweigh the constraints. The success or failure of the French initiative will also depend on enforcement and in this regard some obstacles still seem to pave the way.

A flexible method to defend against computationally resourceful miners in blockchain proof of work

Blockchain is well known as a decentralized and distributed public digital ledger, and is currently used by most cryptocurrencies to record transactions. One of the fundamental differences between blockchain and traditional distributed systems is that blockchain’s decentralization relies on consensus protocols, such as proof of work (PoW). However, computation systems, such as application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) machines, have recently emerged that are specifically designed for PoW computation and may compromise a decentralized system within a short amount of time. These computationally resourceful miners challenge the very nature of blockchain, with potentially serious consequences. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a general and flexible PoW method that enforces memory usage. Specifically, the proposed method blocks computationally resourceful miners and retains the previous design logic without requiring one to replace the original hash function. We also propose the notion of a memory intensive function (MIF) with a memory usage parameter k (kMIF). Our scheme comprises three algorithms that construct a kMIFHash by invoking any available hash function which is not kMIF to protect against ASICs, and then thwarts the pre-computation of hash results over a nonce. We then design experiments to evaluate memory changes in these three algorithms, and the findings demonstrate that enforcing memory usage in a blockchain can be an effective defense against computationally resourceful miners.

Blockchain Technology for Data Entirety

This paper studies blockchain technology - which is getting strong attention from the industry and also being applied in many fields. Based on the nature of blockchain's data security, the paper analyzes the application of blockchain technology to deal with the problem of data entirety and transparency for text documents. Firstly, the paper presents an overview of some technology components constituting to blockchain and its relevance and optimization to the data authentication/protection problem. Next, an experimental application of blockchain to form a network which stores documents and maintains the entirety of data stored in the network for external queries.

Block-Chain Based E-Voting For Indonesia

Indonesia is the third largest democracy in the world. Election is a means for Indonesians to deliver votes to elect leaders and representatives of the people. Existing elections still use traditional methods. Watch the development of blockchain technology being the favorite in the world of research and development, blockchain will be designed based on e-voting for Indonesia. Based on the design created, the benefits of the blockchain can fulfill the principles in Indonesia which were introduced in Law No. 7 of 2017. The principles of the election include direct, public, free, confidential, honest and fair can be fulfilled with the nature of blockchain which consists of anonymity, autonomy, fairness, secrecy, and transparency. Other things that become the advantages of blockchain are distributed and auditable