Source Of Natural Carotenoids Research Articles

Evaluation of Carrot Quality Using Visible-Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis

Carrot has a relatively high content of Vitamin C and it is a major source of natural carotenoids. However, carrot has a short shelf-life and is better consumed fresh. A quick assessment of its quality attributes is important to preserving its freshness. The objective of this study was to apply Vis-NIR spectroscopy to noninvasively assess and predict the various quality attributes of carrot (cv. Nectar), namely color (L*a*b*), moisture content (MC), total soluble solids (TSS), firmness, Vitamin C, and β-carotene. Two spectroscopic sensors (400-1,000 nm and 900-1,700 nm) were utilized and samples included whole root and 25.4 mm thick sliced disc. The best prediction models using partial least squares regression yielded correlation coefficient, r, and ratio of performance to deviation or r(RPD) of 0.50(0.73), 0.84(0.88), 0.86(2.07), 0.69(0.66), 0.97(1.44), 0.90(1.49), 0.47(1.47), and 0.92(1.76) for color indices, L* a* b*, firmness, MC, TSS, Vitamin C, and β-carotene, respectively. However, using only the wavelengths selected by interval partial least squares, the r(RPD) values for the aforementioned attributes improved and are presented as follows: 0.92(1.97), 0.96(2.83), 0.98(5.85), 0.99(6.65), 0.98(3.91), 0.99(5.93), 0.98(4.16), and 0.98(4.43), respectively. Generally, Vis-NIR region had higher prediction performance than NIR region, and whole roots had similar prediction performance as sliced samples. This study shows that rapid determination of quality parameters of carrot is possible through non-destructive Vis-NIR sensing, which could be useful for quality tracking during carrot supply chain. Moreover, results of this study could be improved using a larger sample size.

In Vitro Antioxidant, Antihemolytic, and Anticancer Activity of the Carotenoids from Halophilic Archaea.

Halophilic archaea represent a promising natural source of carotenoids. However, little information is available about the biological effects of carotenoids from halophilic archaea. In this study, the carotenoids produced by seven halophilic archaeal strains Halogeometricum rufum, Halogeometricum limi, Haladaptatus litoreus, Haloplanus vescus, Halopelagius inordinatus, Halogranum rubrum, and Haloferax volcanii were identified by ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The C50 carotenoids bacterioruberin and its derivatives monoanhydrobacterioruberin and bisanhydrobacterioruberin were found to be the predominant carotenoids. The antioxidant capacities of the carotenoids from these strains were significantly higher than β-carotene as determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay. The antihemolytic activities of these carotenoid extracts against H2O2-induced hemolysis in mouse erythrocytes were 3.9-6.3 times higher than β-carotene. A dose-dependent in vitro antiproliferative activity against HepG2 cells was observed for the extract from Hgm. limi, while that from Hpn. vescus exhibited a relatively high activity in a dose-independent manner. These results suggested that halophilic archaea could be considered as an alternative source of natural carotenoids with high antioxidant, antihemolytic, and anticancer activity.

Optimization of carotenoids extraction from blue crab (Portunus pelagicus ) and shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus ) wastes using organic solvents and vegetable oils

Extraction of carotenoids from crustacean wastes was optimized in this research by the response surface methodology via organic solvent extraction (OSE) and vegetable oil extraction (VOE). Among the solvents, acetone and sunflower oil had the highest amount of carotenoid yield. The OSE and VOE were optimally applied to extract crab wastes by a solvent ratio of 4:1 (v/w) when the extraction was repeated 5 times (9.777 µg/g) and the oil to waste ratio was 5:1 at 78°C in 95 min (0.372 µg/g), respectively. The optimal conditions for extracting shrimp wastes were at a solvent ratio of 6:1 (v/w) by repeating the extraction 4 times (81.798 µg/g) and the oil to waste ratio was 5:1 at 40°C in 180 min (5.553 µg/g), respectively. Results revealed that the extraction of carotenoids by the OSE method is more efficient than the VOE method, and the amount of carotenoid yield in shrimp wastes is higher than crab wastes. Practical applications Shrimps and crabs are one of the most important natural sources of carotenoids among crustaceans. Crab and shrimp wastes could be used as the cheapest raw materials for carotenoid recovery, and also as an alternative to synthetic carotenoids. The recovery of these valuable components from the waste could improve the economy for crustacean processors and minimize the pollution potential of these wastes.

Effects of dietary supplementation of golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) egg on survival, pigmentation and antioxidant activity of Blood parrot.

This study aims to evaluate the effects of supplementing golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) eggs powder (EP) in the diet as a source of natural carotenoids on survival, pigmentation and antioxidant activity of Blood parrot. A total of 90 fish were divided into three treatment groups with three replicates per treatment. Blood parrot were fed with diets containing 0 (control), 5 % (EP 5 %), and 15 % (EP 15 %) dry powder of golden apple snail egg for 60 days, and nine fish per group were sampled at 20, 40, and 60 days. No differences in survival of the fish among treatments were found throughout the experiment. The body coloration of Blood parrot was enhanced in the skin and caudal fin with increasing content of golden apple snail egg powder in the diet. At the end of the experiment, the carotenoid content in the caudal fin and the number of scale chromatophores of the fish fed dietary with EP were higher (P < 0.05) than those of the control group. The EP 15 % treated fishes showed a significant higher (P < 0.05) in the activities of SOD after 60 days, but we could not observe significant changes (P > 0.05) in CAT activities. Results demonstrated that golden apple snail eggs can be used as a colorant to promote the pigmentation efficacy of Blood parrot.

Effects of Hot and Sweet Red Peppers (Capsicum annuum) as Feed Supplements on Pigmentation, Sensory Properties and Weight Gain of Rainbow Trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss)

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of diets, including 0.5, 2 and 4.4% dried hot or sweet red pepper and a control diet without added red pepper, on pigmentation, sensory properties and weight gain of rainbow trout, with average initial weight of 60 g, for a rearing period of 80 days. Both red pepper types had similar effects on the carotenoid accumulation, weight gain and sensorial properties of the fish (P&gt;0.05). Total carotenoid accumulation in the fish muscle increased significantly with increasing inclusion of red peppers. However, only the diet consisting of 4.4% hot or sweet red pepper provided adequate carotenoid accumulation in the fillet of the fish, that is, the desired colouration in the fish. Fish fed diets containing red peppers exhibited higher appearance and colour scores compared to control group (P&lt;0.05). Irrespective of being hot or sweet, red pepper can be successfully used as an alternative natural carotenoid source in rainbow trout diets.

Influence of natural and synthetic carotenoids on the color of egg yolk

Carotenoids are incorporated into the diet of laying hens in order to modify the yolk color. A natural source of carotenoids in tropical countries is annatto, which could be used in the diets of hens. This study aimed to evaluate the addition of natural (annatto) and synthetic carotenoids to the diet of laying hens (commercial and alternative) and their effects on yolk color and consumer sensory perception of fresh and stored eggs obtained from two different preparations (boiled and fried). Physicochemical analysis of proximate composition, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), emulsion activity and instrumental color were performed. Cooking caused significant alterations to the moisture in the preparations and this may have directly affected the color intensity, influencing factors related to egg appearance. In this study, 85 % of the panelists indicated that yolk color is an important attribute of the product’s quality. There was no antioxidant effect of the carotenoids in raw eggs. Synthetic additives should be better dosed to obtain the desired effect. Storage did not alter the proximate composition of the eggs.

Pressurized liquid extraction of Neochloris oleoabundans for the recovery of bioactive carotenoids with anti-proliferative activity against human colon cancer cells

In recent years, the green microalgae Neochloris oleoabundans have demonstrated to be an interesting natural source of carotenoids that could be used as potential food additive. In this work, different N. oleoabundans extracts obtained by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) have been analyzed in depth to evaluate the influence of different culture conditions (effect of nitrogen, light intensity or carbon supplied) not only on the total carotenoid content but also on the carotenoid composition produced by these microalgae. Regardless of the cultivation conditions, lutein and carotenoid monoesters were the most abundant carotenoids representing more than 60% of the total content in all extracts. Afterwards, the effect of the different N. oleoabundans extracts and the dose-effect of the most potent algae extracts (namely, N9, PS and CO2 (−)) on the proliferation of human colon cancer cells lines (HT-29 and SW480) and a cell line established from a primary colon cancer cell culture (HGUE-C-1) were evaluated by an MTT assay whereas a stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to get additional evidences on the relationship between carotenoid content and the antiproliferative activity. Results revealed that, as a general trend, those extracts with high total carotenoid content showed comparably antiproliferative activity being possible to establish a high correlation between the cell proliferation values and the carotenoid constituents. Monoesters showed the highest contribution to cell proliferation inhibition whereas lutein and violaxanthin showed negative correlation and diesters and zeaxanthin showed a positive significant contribution to cell proliferation.

ADSORPSI β-KAROTEN YANG TERKANDUNG DALAM MINYAK KELAPA SAWIT (CRUDE PALM OIL) MENGGUNAKAN KARBON AKTIF

&#x0D; Crude palm oil (CPO) is the richest natural source of carotenoids which gives the reddish-orange color in crude palm oil. The reddish color in unprocessed palm oil is disliked by consumer. This research is aimed to adsorb the β–carotene from the CPO using activated carbon, then the kinetics, isotherm models and thermodynamics data of the adsorption process were obtained. The main materials used in this research were CPO and activated carbon. The observed parameters were final concentration and the amounts of adsorbed β–carotene in activated carbon. The adsorption process was conducted by mixing the adsorbent with CPO with the variation of adsorbent: CPO (w/w) ratio = 1 : 3; 1 : 4; 1 : 5 and 1 : 6 with mixing speed 120 rpm and the temperature of 40, 50 and 60 oC. The sample of CPO and activated carbon was analyzed at every 2 minutes until the equilibrium was achieved. The final concentration of the unadsorbed β–carotene was analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the more CPO used in the process, the lower the adsorption percentage. The higher the adsorption temperature, the higher adsorption percentage. Moreover, the maximum adsorption percentage was 95.108% obtained at ratio 1 : 3 and T = 60 oC. The adsorption isotherm model which fit with the β–carotene adsorption at T = 60 oC was Langmuir model with the correlation coefficient of 0.959. The adsorption kinetics model which fit with the β–carotene adsorption was the second order kinetics model with the correlation coefficient of 0.998. The value of free energy Gibbs (ΔG) = -24,482.484 ; -24,708.059 and -24,933.634 J/mol for each temperature respectively, value of entropy changes (ΔS) = 22.557 J/mol K, and value of enthalpy changes (ΔH) = -17,421.987 J/mol.&#x0D;

Carotenoid Production by Halophilic Archaea Under Different Culture Conditions.

Carotenoids are pigments that may be used as colorants and antioxidants in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Since they also benefit human health, great efforts have been undertaken to search for natural sources of carotenoids, including microbial ones. The optimization of culture conditions to increase carotenoid yield is one of the strategies used to minimize the high cost of carotenoid production by microorganisms. Halophilic archaea are capable of producing carotenoids according to culture conditions. Their main carotenoid is bacterioruberin with 50 carbon atoms. In fact, the carotenoid has important biological functions since it acts as cell membrane reinforcement and it protects the microorganism against DNA damaging agents. Moreover, carotenoid extracts from halophilic archaea have shown high antioxidant capacity. Therefore, current review summarizes the effect of different culture conditions such as salt and carbon source concentrations in the medium, light incidence, and oxygen tension on carotenoid production by halophilic archaea and the strategies such as optimization methodology and two-stage cultivation already used to increase the carotenoid yield of these microorganisms.

Natural bixin as a potential carotenoid for enhancing pigmentation and colour in goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Discovering natural carotenoids for colour enhancement and health benefits of fish is important to develop new feed formulations. We have purified natural bixin from achiote seeds and evaluated the effect of colour enhancing and pigmentation in goldfish. Varying levels of bixin-based diets were prepared with 420 g kg−1 of crude protein and 120 g kg−1 of lipid content. Our results clearly showed that bixin (0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.60 g kg−1) based diets significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the skin and fin colour at 30 and 60 days compared to diet without bixin. Interestingly, diet which contains 0.20 g kg−1 bixin and commercial feed (with astaxanthin) had similar effect on carotenoid deposition in skin. Moreover, total carotenoid deposition in fin was higher than in skin of all bixin-containing diets. However, 0.60 g kg−1 bixin-containing diet had lower specific growth rate (1.01 ± 0.01) and higher feed conversion ratio (2.05 ± 0.19) compared to the control group. The present results demonstrate that achiote bixin can be successfully used as an alternative natural carotenoid source against synthetic astaxanthin in fish feed. Our data indicate that 0.20 g kg−1 is a suitable dietary level of bixin to ensure strong pigmentation, acceptable growth and feed utilization in goldfish.

Northern Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) Processing Waste: Effect of Supercritical Fluid Extraction Technique on Carotenoid Extract Concentration

Huge amount of shrimp waste are produced annually in Denmark. This is a natural source of carotenoids and particularly astaxanthin (ASX). In this study, supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) was used as a green technique and the effects of pressure (200, 300, and 400 bar), temperature (35, 45, and 55 °C), and three green co-solvents (ethanol (EtOH), sunflower oil (SF), and its methyl ester) on ASX yield and total extract yield were investigated. The results showed that high temperature and pressure had a positive influence on ASX yield and total extract yield. Conducting the process at 400 bars and a temperature of 55 °C resulted in ASX yield of about 23 mg/ kg of dried shrimp waste (DW). This amount is comparable to the ASX extraction yield obtained by the conventional organic solvents; however, the total extract yield was significantly lower. Adding 5 % EtOH increased the ASX concentration in the extract almost twice, while the total extract yield did not changed significantly. In addition, by using SF and its methyl ester as alternative co-solvents ASX yields of about 25 and 35 mg/ kg of DW, respectively, were achieved.

Evaluating Effect of Di-potassium Hydrogen Phosphate (K2HPO4) on Accumulation of Some Secondary Metabolites in Spirulina cyst

Marine microalgae constitute natural sources of carotenoids used in a variety of drugs, and pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic applications. In this study, inducible effects of K2HPO4 on the accumulation of some apo carotenoids including chlorophyll-a and b, beta carotene, astaxanthin, lycopene and pheophytin were explored using a completely randomized design with five treatments and three replications. Cellular extracts were carried out with dimethyl sulfoxide solvent. A Duncan’s test was performed on data obtained through spectrophotometric absorption of studied metabolites. Our results showed a significant difference among the treatments. The metabolites content in cellular extracts at the stationary phase of algae were estimated at the highest level of 4.5 and 3.58 mg/g for chlorophyll-a, and beta carotene, respectively, in the fifth treatment level. Astaxanthin and lycopene were 1.505 and 2.84 mg/g, respectively, in the second treatment. There was no significant difference between the chlorophyll-b and pheophytin pigments when compared to the control.

Recovery of carotenoids from tomato processing by-products – a review

Industrial tomato processing generates large amount of low-value by-products, primarily used as livestock feed or disposed of; however, being a rich source of natural carotenoids, tomato waste can be used to produce high value-added products for food, cosmetics, or pharmaceutical applications. The objective of this review is to summarize and give an overview of the extraction methods available for the recovery of carotenoids and, especially, lycopene from tomato processing by-products. Organic solvent extraction techniques are presented and the effect of extraction conditions on carotenoids recovery is evaluated. In particular, the use of Ultrasound Assisted (UAE), Microwave Assisted (MAE), Enzyme-Assisted (EAE) and Extraction at High Pressure (HPE) for the recovery of carotenoids is assessed. Also, this review examines the efficiency of Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) and in particular the effect of process parameters on carotenoid recovery from industrial tomato waste.

Carotenoids and egg quality

DOI: 10.15414/afz.2014.17.02.55–57 Received 9. May 2014 ǀ Accepted 29. May 2014 ǀ Available online 23. June 2014 From the viewpoint of consumers, great emphasis is placed on the colour of yolk. Hens cannot synthesize the pigments and thus the feed mixtures are source of pigments. Moreover, synthetic carophylls are used for colouring effect of yolk, but in this case, the limits must be observed in terms of human health. Therefore, natural alternatives are searched, which will have a similar colouring effect and will not negatively affect the egg quality. Natural sources of carotenoids such as carrot, alga Chlorella , marigold or lutein increase the concentration of health-promoting carotenoids in yolks and increase the quality of eggs. For practical use, there must be taken into account the price of natural sources of carotenoids. Keywords : carotenoids, carophyll, yolk colour, vitamins

Identification of lipophilic bioproduct portfolio from bioreactor samples of extreme halophilic archaea with HPLC-MS/MS

Extreme halophilic archaea are a yet unexploited source of natural carotenoids. At elevated salinities, however, material corrosivity issues occur and the performance of analytical methods is strongly affected. The goal of this study was to develop a method for identification and downstream processing of potentially valuable bioproducts produced by archaea. To circumvent extreme salinities during analysis, a direct sample preparation method was established to selectively extract both the polar and the nonpolar lipid contents of extreme halophiles with hexane, acetone and the mixture of MeOH/MTBE/water, respectively. Halogenated solvents, as used in conventional extraction methods, were omitted because of environmental considerations and potential process scale-up. The HPLC-MS/MS method using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization was developed and tuned with three commercially available C40 carotenoid standards, covering the wide polarity range of natural carotenoids, containing different number of OH-groups. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C30 RP-HPLC column with a MeOH/MTBE/water gradient. Polar lipids, the geometric isomers of the C50 carotenoid bacterioruberin, and vitamin MK-8 were the most valuable products found in bioreactor samples. In contrast to literature on shake flask cultivations, no anhydrous analogues of bacterioruberin, as by-products of the carotenoid biosynthesis, were detected in bioreactor samples. This study demonstrates the importance of sample preparation and the applicability of HPLC-MS/MS methods on real samples from extreme halophilic strains. Furthermore, from a biotechnological point-of-view, this study would like to reveal the relevance of using controlled and defined bioreactor cultivations instead of shake flask cultures in the early stage of potential bioproduct profiling.

Optimization of carotenoids extraction from Penaeus semisulcatus shrimp wastes

Global production of fish and shrimp has been steadily increasing over the last decade and this trend is expected to continue. Of the estimated 131 million tons of fish produced in 2000 in the world, of which nearly 74% (97 million tons) was used for direct human consumption[1]. Shrimp waste is one of the important sources of natural carotenoids. Carotenoids are responsible for the color of many important fish and shellfish products. Most expensive seafoods, such as shrimp, lobster, crab, crayfish, trout, salmon redfish, red snapper and tuna, have orange-red integument and/or flesh containing carotenoid pigments[2]. Oxidation of lipids and proteins during processing and storage of food products decreases consumer acceptability of foods by causing undesirable changes in flavour, texture, appearance and nutritional quality, as well as by producing toxic compounds[3]. Consumption of these potentially toxic products can give rise to several diseases. Oxidation of foods can be minimised by removing prooxidants, such as free fatty acids, metals and oxidised compounds, by protecting foods from light and air, and by adding antioxidants. In practice, it is very difficult to completely remove all the pro-oxidants and air from foods. Therefore, antioxidants are PEER REVIEW ABSTRACT

Proteomic analysis identifies proteins related to carotenoid accumulation in Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis)

Carotenoids are powerful antioxidants that affect many physiological functions. As an important source of natural carotenoids, marine mollusks contain various types of carotenoids and are receiving increasing research attention. To better understand the molecular mechanism underlying carotenoid accumulation in marine mollusks, a new variety of carotenoid-enriched Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis), named “Haida golden scallop”, was used in this study. A proteomic approach was applied to explore the differences between the new variety and common individuals, resulting in seven differentially expressed proteins. Real-time PCR showed that four of the corresponding genes were also significantly up-regulated at the mRNA level in the new variety. Genes involved in various biological processes, such as lipid and glucose metabolism, protein-folding and degradation, were altered. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) may play a vital role in these changes. This study represents the first step towards future work on the genetic basis of carotenoid accumulation in marine mollusks.

A Comparison of Retinyl Palmitate and Red Palm Oil β-Carotene as Strategies to Address Vitamin A Deficiency

Vitamin A deficiency continues to be an international public health problem with several important health consequences including blindness and overall increased rates of morbidity and mortality. To address this widespread issue, a series of strategies have been put into place from dietary diversification to supplementation and fortification programs. Retinyl palmitate has been used successfully for decades as a supplement as well as a way to fortify numerous foods, including vegetable oil, rice, monosodium glutamate, cereal flours and sugar. Recently, there has been rising interest in using a natural source of carotenoids, β-carotene from red palm oil (RPO), for fortification. Although RPO interventions have also been shown to effectively prevent Vitamin A deficiency, there are numerous challenges in using beta-carotene from RPO as a fortification technique. β-Carotene can induce significant changes in appearance and taste of the fortified product. Moreover, costs of fortifying with beta-carotene are higher than with retinyl palmitate. Therefore, RPO should only be used as a source of Vitamin A if it is produced and used in its crude form and regularly consumed without frying. Furthermore, refined RPO should be fortified with retinyl palmitate, not β-carotene, to ensure that there is adequate Vitamin A content.

The effects of Spirulina platensis meal as a feed supplement on growth performance and pigmentation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This study evaluated the effects of diets containing 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% Spirulina platensis, and 50mg of synthetic astaxanthin kg−1 on skin and fillet pigmentation, and growth performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A completely randomized experimental design was developed with six treatments and three replicates. Two hundred and sixteen rainbow trout with average initial weight of 101±8g were assigned to eighteen experimental tanks. The experiment lasted for ten weeks. Rainbow trout fed 5% S. platensis showed a significant lower growth performance than those fed 7.5 and 10% S. platensis (p<0.05). However, carotenoid concentrations of skin and fillet significantly increased with increasing the levels of the alga (p<0.05). Inclusion of 10% S. platensis as a natural pigment source resulted in the highest carotenoid deposition in both tissues. The highest values of a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) were observed in fish fillet fed 10% S. platensis. In the skin, however, the highest value was found for fish fed synthetic astaxanthin. In addition, feeding on control diet significantly increased L* (luminosity), C* (chroma), and H° (hue) in both skin and fillet compared to feeding with other diets. The present results demonstrate that S. platensis can be introduced as an alternative natural carotenoid source instead of synthetic astaxanthin in rainbow trout diets. Inclusion of 7.5% S. platensis was found to be a suitable dietary level to ensure pigmentation as well as no negative effects on fish growth.

Enhancement of Growth Performance and Pigmentation in Red Oreochromis mossambicus Associated with Dietary Intake of Astaxanthin, Paprika, or Capsicum

Diets for tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, were supplemented with astaxanthin, paprika, or capsicum to determine their effects on growth performance and pigmentation. Seven isonitrogenous (37% crude protein) and isoenergetic (18 kJ/g) diets were formulated to contain 40 or 60 mg carotenoid per kg diet. Triplicate groups of 210 fish were stocked in 21-l plastic boxes and fed one of the three experimental diets or the control diet for 45 days. Significantly better final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and food conversion ratio were obtained with the diets containing 40 or 60 mg/kg paprika than with control diet (p&lt;0.05). In general, the carotenoid-supplemented diets significantly increased the values of redness (a), yellowness (b), and chroma (C), and decreased the values of lightness (L) and hue (Hoab) on the tail, body, and head areas (p&lt;0.05). Results show that paprika or capsicum oleoresin can be used as an alternative natural carotenoid source in O. mossambicus diets to ensure good pigmentation, better growth, and feed utilization.