Natural Science Cycle Research Articles

Methodology in chemistry teaching: towards practical class organization in higher school

This study aims to investigate the problem of organizing practical classes in the disciplines of the natural science cycle at the oil and gas university. One of the unsolved issues is the problem of improving the content of the methodological preparation for conducting the course "Oil and Gas Chemistry" in higher education. It is reported that the logic of delivering the lectures and classes should correspond to the logic of students' assimilation of the subject matter, the formation of skills and abilities, motivation and stimulation of learning, and other components of the pedagogical process. It is spoken in detail about the theoretical prerequisites for developing a methodology for organizing a lesson in teaching the discipline "Oil and Gas Chemistry" on the basis of psychological and pedagogical laws of the algorithmic scheme for constructing a classical lesson in the natural science cycle. The quality assessment of the methodology of structuring the practical lesson proposed by the author was carried out according to the average value of the coefficients Kt or Kp; there was a significant increase, which indicates the effectiveness of the methodology proposed by the author.

Сравнительный анализ дистанционной и очной форм обучения в вузе

Researched is the problem of implementing distance learning in the higher education system during the coronovirus pandemic. The results of a survey of 186 students of Kurgan State University studying in various scientific fields are considered. A comparative analysis of distance and full-time forms of education showed that half of the students of the humanities and mathematics/technical areas formed a positive attitude to the distance learning format; about a third of these students with a desire and the same number without a desire went to full-time form; they consider the ratio of 50/50% to be the optimal ratio of full-time and distance learning; and the quality of training and teaching, in their opinion, does not depend on the form of educational activity. Among the representatives of the natural science cycle, only 16% of students formed a positive attitude to distance learning and almost half of them (45%) were willing to go to full-time training; 51% believe that the motivation for learning is higher with full-time knowledge acquisition, and the optimal ratio of full-time and remote forms should be 70/30%; at the same time, in their opinion, the quality of education and teaching deteriorates in the distance. This is due, in our opinion, to the specifics of the disciplines studied. Most of the students of all training profiles (76–92%) are sure that it is easier to pass exams, pass border control, and pass certification remotely. 60–70% of all students experienced technical difficulties during the distance learning period. The main advantages of the distance form, according to students, are: the ability to study without leaving home (89–92%), in an individual mode, at a pace (88%); the ability to use hints (80–83%); no need to create a business image (78–86%). The main disadvantages: the lack of "live" communication (56–81%); technical problems (63–57%); reduced availability of material (40–70%); harm to health (40–50%), and others. The main advantages of the full-time form are: the presence of “live” communication (95%), the ability to get an explanation of a difficult question from the teacher (84–96%), the availability of perception of the material (53–76%), the completeness of participation in the educational process (60–67%), etc. Significant disadvantages of the full-time form are material costs for travel and meals at an educational institution (87–88%), loss of time due to the need to get to the place of study (85–87%), difficulties to use hints during control tests (50–75%), the need for regular preparation for classes (20–70%), and others.

Особенности преподавания физики на английском языке в средней школе

This article reveals the essence of teaching the disciplines of the natural science cycle in English in high school. When preparing for the lesson, there is a need for careful selection of educational material, the teacher thinks out a specific algorithm for working with the text in a foreign language using subject terminology, while not forgetting the basic grammatical and syntactic models characteristic of the English language. In such a language environment, foreign speakers actively acquire solid knowledge, eliminating language difficulties in professionally-oriented lessons. Given this problem, we decided to create a methodological guide for teachers, which will contain tasks for formative assessment in physics lessons in English. Its lexical and grammatical material meets the requirements for mastering the English language (B1) in educational and cognitive activities. The presented progress tests also meet all the requirements of the corresponding stage of training of non-native speakers and help to consolidate the skills of professionally oriented communication. The purpose is to reveal some principles that should be taken into account when preparing assignments for physics lessons in English, as well as to provide a methodological guide for teachers. This article shows several principles that are most effective when conducting lessons. All the data of the article was confirmed by a computer survey of students, the answers were analyzed and collected for publication. Given the results we have presented, secondary school teachers can improve the quality of the material provided, as well as spend less time preparing for lessons. Physics is one of the fundamental sciences that can combine both the subject content and the language component. Here we present various methods of subject- language integration to improve communication skills. Thus, the preparation and conduct of physics lessons in English requires a strict and careful selection of educational material and takes into account the educational profile of secondary school students.

Evelopment the Professional Competence of Students on the Continuous Natural Scientific Education in the Uzbekistan

The article summarizes the experience of teaching natural science disciplines for various areas of training of students in pre-university educational institutions. The purpose of the disciplines “Chemistry”, “Physics” and “Biology” is to form a holistic natural science worldview among students, which determines both the scope of tasks and the list of general cultural and general professional competencies being formed. The study revealed that in lyceums that implement continuing education in the “college-university” and “lyceum–university” systems, it is advisable to study general subjects of the natural science cycle at two levels: basic and advanced degrees. The study showed that in the course of general education natural science disciplines, it is advisable to allocate professionally significant information in a separate block (module).

GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS IN CLIL LESSONS AS A WAY TO ACTIVATE COGNITIVE PROCESSES

This article deals with the issues related to the formation and improvement of cognitive skills of students of schools in Kazakhstan in the framework of the updated content of education. The article presents the results of an applied research aimed at finding effective ways to use graphic organizers when working with texts in English as a foreign language lessons in secondary school. The features of teaching the disciplines of the natural science cycle in a foreign language are considered from the point of view of CLIL technology. The authors’ ideas on the use of graphic organizers as a productive tool for activating cognitive processes and improving students' cognitive skills are described. The variable forms of graphic organizers develop the skills of formulating high-order questions, teach you to express your opinion, structure information, and argue your point of view using the subject knowledge obtained from the text in a foreign language. In this way, students develop the skills that underlie the formation of critical thinking.

Интерактивные технологии как средство формирования мотивационно-ценностного отношения к предметам математического и естественнонаучного цикла в школе и в вузе

Интерактивные технологии как средство формирования мотивационно-ценностного отношения к предметам математического и естественнонаучного цикла в школе и в вузе

РАЗВИТИЕ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ИСТОРИИ РУССКОЙ И СОВЕТСКОЙ ШКОЛЫ

The article examines the formation and development of the theory and practice of biological education — from the prerevolutionary Russian school to the Soviet school. Based on the presented curricula, it is possible to judge the priorities of educational policy, the importance attached to biology and other academic subjects of the natural science cycle. The dependence of their teaching on the development of scientific research is shown.

Archaeological Science and Education in Siberian Universities at the Turn of the Epochs

This research is devoted to archaeological science and education in Siberia at the end of the 19th century – the first third of the 20th century. The purpose of the article is to analyse the development of Siberian archaeology at the turn of the epochs when high-level professionals first appeared in the region running away from the Bolsheviks from the European part of Russia and evacuated by A.V. Kolchak from Kazan and Perm universities. The reasons for the intensification of archaeological activity in Siberia in 1918–1926 were identified recreating an integral picture of its development. Particular attention is paid to identifying the specifics of the process of training researchers of antiquities at Tomsk and Irkutsk universities. Tomsk University, on the initiative of Professor S.I. Rudenko and lecturer S.A. Teploukhov, provided individual training of paleoethnologists as part of the natural science cycle of disciplines, while Irkutsk University established the first archaeological school in Siberia. The modernisation of higher education in the first years of the Soviet power led to the destruction of emerging historical education at Siberian universities and to the termination of archaeologists’ training as a result

Comparative Analysis of Approaches to Teaching Students with Hearing Impairments and Students without Disabilities at a Technical University

This paper provides a comparative analysis of approaches to teaching natural sciences disciplines on the example of chemistry to hearing impaired students and students without disabilities. Hearing impaired students make up the most difficult category of students at university of a general type with a verbal form of education due to their hearing impairment and concomitant disturbances in body functions that cause their disability. The key problem of their training at technical university is the limited content accessibility of the disciplines of the natural science cycle, including chemistry. They can master these disciplines only as subjects of adapted (inclusive) basic professional educational programs with creating special (distinctive) learning conditions for them. The authors developed and tested a methodological approach to solving the problem of content accessibility of educational resources in chemistry for hearing impaired students at technical university by creating special conditions for their mastering, taking into account their limitations. Particular educational conditions include support of hearing impaired students by additional adaptational course of chemistry with a focus on individualized teaching applying a number of cognitive technologies. In this regard, the offered approach is compensatory in nature. It allows teachers to identify the individual educational and rehabilitation needs of students with hearing impairment and meet those using organizational, technological and pedagogical solutions, thus leveling their educational opportunities with ones of students without disabilities. Due to the use of assistive tools and technologies compatible with the educational environment, it is possible to make it accessible to various categories of students.

ПРЕЕМСТВЕННОСТЬ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ПРЕДМЕТОВ ЕСТЕСТВЕННО-НАУЧНОГО ЦИКЛА В НАЧАЛЬНОЙ И СРЕДНЕЙ ШКОЛЕ

ПРЕЕМСТВЕННОСТЬ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ПРЕДМЕТОВ ЕСТЕСТВЕННО-НАУЧНОГО ЦИКЛА В НАЧАЛЬНОЙ И СРЕДНЕЙ ШКОЛЕ

Особенности построения индивидуальных образовательных траекторий обучения дисциплинам естественно-научного цикла (на примере информатики)

The paper discusses the features of constructing individual learning paths for the disciplines of the natural science cycle (on the example of Computer Science) in the context of a ranking system for assessing the knowledge of students in Higher Education in the context of the introduction of Federal State Educational Standards for higher education 3++ in various areas of training. Various options are proposed for constructing learning paths that provide an individual approach to learning, achieving the required level of formation of general professional competencies in the discipline of “Computer Science” and increasing motivation in learning, as well as the formation of an adequate student self-esteem. In particular, options are considered for constructing an individual learning path for differentiated control points (exam or test with “satisfactory”, “good” and “excellent” grades) and undifferentiated control points, implying an assessment of the level of formation of general professional competencies in the form of “pass” and “fail”.

Influence of the specialty of respondents on the effect of using chewing gum when solving a mathematical test

The paper presents the results of studies of the influence of the specialty of students on the effect of using chewing gum when solving a mathematical test. It is shown that in respondents studying in specialties for which the disciplines of the physics and mathematics cycle are basic and are taught in a large volume of credit points, the use of chewing gum in solving test tasks in mathematics has a negative effect. In respondents for whom the basis of the specialty is subjects of the natural science cycle, and physical and mathematical disciplines are taught to a lesser extent, chewing gum does not have a reliable effect on the result.

Stem-Education in Modern School Within the Framework Of Design Activity in Natural Scientific Disciplines

The issue of STEM education in a modern school and methodological approaches to its implementation on the subjects of the natural science cycle as part of project activities are considered. An example of the stages of work on a project, a breakdown into subject areas, is given. Since STEM education involves not only gaining knowledge in individual subjects, but also putting them into practice, the key point in working on a project is practical application. Within the framework of the subject area of mathematics and computer science, this involves making calculations and presenting the final results using modern technical means. Thus, the subject of mathematics moves from the framework of academic knowledge to the framework of practical skills. In particular, the article provides an example of the formation of a student’s financial literacy as part of a project. STEM-training allows you to combine scientific methods, mathematical modeling, technological applications and engineering design. Thus, innovative critical thinking is formed, the opportunity and need for integrated training on topics within the framework of which active communication of students occurs and a new educational space is formed.

ПРОБЛЕМА ПРИКЛАДНОЇ СПРЯМОВАНОСТІ НАВЧАННЯ ХІМІЇ В СИСТЕМІ ШКІЛЬНОЇ ОСВІТИ

It has been researched that applied nature of teaching chemistry is implemented in the framework of non-variant and variable components of the education subject-matter and it is realized at the lessons, optional and extra-curricular lessons, through the integration of chemistry with other school subjects of a natural science cycle. It has been grounded that applied nature of chemistry subject-matter can be realized with help of various means: to include applied knowledge into the contents of educational material; to add applied information to the texts of chemical calculation tasks and to the instructions how to carry out practical work; to use chemical experiment aimed at practice; to carry out integration of chemistry with other school subjects of a natural science cycle; to implement the realization of activity approach to education. Applied knowledge is the way to increase the motivation of teaching and to better acquire chemical knowledge. Its great didactical value consists in the fact that it facilitates acquiring scientific knowledge. There are several methods how to include applied knowledge into the process of teaching chemistry, namely: to support students who study by the curriculum with some additional materials concerning the meaning of a substance, principles and phenomena which occur in nature; to add it to the lessons at which the issue of applied nature are studied; to work out role-play lessons which contain a system of problem tasks connected with practical activity of man; to include applied information into a text part of calculation chemical tasks, into the instructions how to carry out practical work; into the contents of excursions and other extra-curricular lessons. It has been proved that the implementation of applied nature of teaching chemistry is challenging particularly in extra-curricular work. One of the forms of the organization of students’ educational activity aimed at the development of the skills how to apply acquired knowledge and to realize activity approach to studying is a training expedition. Training expeditions envisage such organization of the educational process when students, applying the acquired knowledge about the practices of studying the object of nature at the lessons of chemistry, biology, geography, can carry out independently their field experiments aimed at researching the ecological condition of the components of the environment. Key words: applied nature of teaching chemistry, applied knowledge, school course of chemistry, cognitive activity, extra-curricular work, training expedition.

On the Effectiveness of the Training Programs in the Learning Process

One of the main problems of the education system is to improve the training quality of the younger generation for professional activities in the information society. At the present stage of higher education development, many methodological innovations are associated with the use of IT-based teaching. One of the areas of computer technology use in education is e-learning tools that help to better and more quickly master the most difficult sections of a particular subject. The use of computer-based teaching programs in the educational process, in particular, the Photoshop Graphic Editor program in the Delphi programming environment, allows the teaching process to differentiate, contributes to increasing the motivation and motivational readiness of students to apply acquired knowledge and skills in real life. The authors single out a comparative analysis of pedagogical literature as one of the leading methods in the study of this problem. It was revealed on its basis, that the study of the Adobe Photoshop graphics editor within the school curriculum is not considered, and attention should be paid to the pedagogical experiment that justified the use of the Photoshop Graphic Editor program in the Delphi programming environment when studying basic disciplines. The main result of the research is the development of the Photoshop Graphic Editor teaching program in the Delphi programming environment. The significance of the results obtained is in solving such a major scientific problem as the development of basic competence in the field of computer graphics by future teachers in the natural science cycle. The research results fill in the existing gaps in the theory of higher education and also contribute to the solution of questions on the motivation in learning computer sciences by students of pedagogical departments of universities.

NATURAL DISCIPLINES AS A MEANS OF FORMING THE SPIRITUAL VALUES IN FUTURE SPECIALISTS OF PRESCHOOL EDUCATION

The urgency of the problem of the formation of the spiritual values of future teachers lies in the need to create new axiological foundations of spirituality in education (in particular, preschool), since the value system established in the past has largely ceased to function. The appeal of pedagogical science to the spiritual values of the national identity of the Ukrainian people, the reinterpretation of values in modern conditions and the transformation of a hierarchy of values is a logical and logical phenomenon. Such an approach will contribute to the development of future educators' skills in assessing their own spiritual values and anticipating the process of their formation in children of preschool age, the formation of the experience of spiritual assessment activities. The purpose of the article is to determine the most important directions in the study of the problem of the formation of spiritual values of future educators of children of preschool age in the process of studying the disciplines of the natural science cycle. In the process of performing tasks, due to the purpose of the article, the methods of scientific and pedagogical research were used: a method of analyzing scientific sources on the research problem; methods of analysis and synthesis in determining the goals and objectives of the study; method of content analysis of regulatory documents. The programme for training preschool education specialists provides for the introduction of disciplines in the natural science cycle in stages. Students study, «Fundamentals of natural science with the methodology», «Technology of environmental education for preschoolers», «Technology of teaching disciplines of the natural science cycle». Thus, in the process of studying the discipline «Methods of familiarization with nature and environmental education of preschoolers (with a practical work in natural science)», students receive basic knowledge of methods and techniques for familiarizing preschoolers with nature, acquire the ability to grow plants at the site of pre-school education, the device corners of nature and the like that. Taking into account the content of the modern system of knowledge about the features of development and upbringing of children of preschool age and the features of the organization of the educational process, the discipline «Basics of natural science with methodology» consists of two parts: the foundation of natural science and the methodology of familiarization with nature. Discipline is considered as a component of the content of bachelor of pre-school education training and is built on the relevant theoretical, scientific foundations and practical training. The main principle of constructing educational material for the course is environmental, the essence of which in constant emphasis is on identifying relationships in nature, establishing those dependencies and laws of nature that should guide people in their behavior. It is this that determines the formation of the moral qualities of the personality of the future teacher, which are based on the love of his native land, the desire to protect it.

Development of critical thinking of master’s degree students using STEM cases

Introduction. Today, a modern state needs people capable to regular intensive implementation of innovative activity in order to keep competitiveness in a dynamically changing world that is undergoing a significant increase in the amount of new information and its fast obsolescence. The need of modern economy for innovators inevitably leads to the shift of priorities in education from memorising and reproducing of a specified amount of knowledge to the development of students’ independent thinking, which, accordingly, requires teachers’ certain qualities and critical mentality. The aim of the research was to identify the components of critical thinking important for innovative activity and search for the ways of development of these components in young teachers, entering a master’s programme Modern Natural Science. Methodology and research methods. In the course of the research, the methods of the analysis and synthesis of scientific and scientific-methodological publications devoted to the development of higher order thinking skills and the concept of STEM education (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) were employed. The assessment of the level of students’ thinking and its changes was carried out through diagnostic tasks and empirical observation of educational and project-based activity of undergraduates and school students. Results and scientific novelty. The key components of critical thinking for the implementation and realisation of innovative activities were identified: creative, rational, logical, reflexive and metacognitive. To assess the development of components, a set of problem-situational tasks (STEM cases) was developed. Diagnostic tools were introduced to measure the level of critical thinking skills formation. The authors described the methodology for working with STEM cases through the example of the development and presentation of hybrid technology of lifting the sunken ship with a damaged hull, based on the students’ understanding of characteristics of the aggregate state of water. The results of approbation of the presented methodology used in small groups at various educational levels prove that its implementation contributes to the development of critical thinking in students, if the plots of cues are based on real problems of science and technology, and the solution requires contextual use of educational material, building a mathematical model, generating rational ideas of new or improved technologies. Practical significance. The research demonstrates the possibilities of acquisition by students of higher order thinking skills within the studied academic disciplines in the natural-science cycle without introduction of a special course in educational programmes.

Направленность личности как фактор повышения качества профессиональной подготовки курсантов вуза МЧС

Article is devoted to a research of orientation of the identity of future experts of fire and technosphere safety. The orientation of the personality is considered as the most important manifestation of a deep essence of the personality and plays a special role in self-updating of the personality, exerts impact on results of educational and professional activity of the personality. Results of a research of structure of orientation of the identity of cadets of the 1st course at the beginning of their training at the Ural State Fire Service Institute of EMERCOM of Russia are presented in the article. Existence of the dominating personal orientation of cadets and the reason of a similar situation is revealed. Differences in structure of orientation the personalities at cadets of various directions of preparation are identified and also influence of orientation of the personality on results of training in disciplines of a natural-science cycle is revealed.

THE IMPROVEMENT OF NATURAL SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES TEACH-ING OF STUDENTS PSYCHOLOGISTS

The article examines the issues of improvement of natural science disciplines teaching among student’s psychologists on the basis of organizing and activating independent extracurricular work of students on educational material. The main approaches to independent work during the natural science disciplines teaching, the features of planning and conducting various types of independent work are considered in detail. The basic elements of the tasks for independent out-of-class work of student’s psychologists for the disciplines of the natural-science cycle are given.

Пропедевтическое ознакомление учащихся четвёртых классов с физикой

The article discusses the problem of the discrepancy between the logic of constructing the content of the subjects of the natural science cycle for the most sensitive periods of development of modern children of primary school age, which hinders the physically substantiated understanding of the phenomena of the surrounding world by students, the formation of scientific thinking and cognitive experience, and does not meet their cognitive interests. Resolution of this problem the author sees in the use of elective courses on which there is an earlier acquaintance of younger schoolchildren with the physical principles and which is a basis for all natural phenomena and actions of technical systems. The technique developed by the author for conducting a propaedeutic elective “On the way to physics” for pupils of the fourth grade, suggesting the possibility of sensory perception by children of the actions of physical laws, active participation in experiments, mini-studies is described. An analysis of the results of the elective has shown that this methodological approach allows to ensure continuity in the teaching of the physics course between the primary and secondary levels of schooling, to increase the general level of training of the primary school graduate.