Natural Recreation Research Articles

Do drivers of nature visitation vary spatially? The importance of context for understanding visitation of nature areas in Europe and North America

Nature visitation is important, both culturally and economically. Given the contribution of nature recreation to multiple societal goals, comprehending determinants of nature visitation is essential to understand the drivers associated with the popularity of nature areas, for example, to inform land-use planning or site management strategies to maximise benefits. Understanding the factors related to nature, tourism and recreation can support the management of nature areas and thereby, also conservation efforts and biodiversity protection. This study applied a Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) to quantify the spatially varying influence of different factors associated with nature visitation in Europe and North America.Results indicated that some explanatory variables were stationary for all sites (age 15 to 65, population density (within 25 km), GDP, area, built-up areas, plateaus, and mountains). In contrast, others exhibited significant spatial non-stationarity (locally variable): needle-leaf trees (conifers), trails, travel time, roads, and Red List birds and amphibians. Needle-leaf trees and travel time were found to be negatively significant in Europe. Roads were found to have a significant positive effect in North America. Trails and Red List bird species were found to have a positive effect in both North America and North Europe, with a greater effect in Europe. Red List amphibians was the only spatially variable predictor to have both a positive and negative impact, with selected sites in North America and northern Europe being positive, whereas Iceland and central and southern Europe were negative. The scale of the response-predictor relationship (bandwidth) of these locally variable predictors was smallest for Red List amphibians at 1033 km, with all other spatially variable predictors between 9558 and 12,285 km.The study demonstrates the contribution that MGWR, a spatially explicit model, can make to support a deeper understanding of processes associated with nature visitation in different geographic contexts.

Measuring the Economic Use Values of Recreation Resources in Protected Areas, Evidence from Nyerere National Park in Tanzania

Natural recreation resources play a central role in tourism activities in most part of the world as they are main source of tourist attractions. Despite this, little is known on the economic use values of natural recreation resources in Tanzania. Little information on the economic use values of natural recreational resources is attributed by market failure issues embedded with these resources as they belong to non-market goods and services which normally do not have actual market prices. In most instances these resources are considered free gifts of nature and in case they are priced their values are usually under estimated. Environmental valuation techniques can quantify the economic use value of non market goods and services such as natural recreation resources. This study employed the Individual Travel Cost Method to measure the economic use value of recreation resources in Nyerere National Park (NNP). Specifically, the study measured the consumer surplus per tourist per trip and estimated the annual recreation use value of the park. The study involved 215 tourists who were grouped into resident and non-resident tourists. Data were analyzed using STATA version 14 and a Zero Truncated Poisson Regression Model was employed to estimate tourists’ demand function. The findings show that consumer surplus for resident, non-resident and when the two groups were combined together were $62.25, $490.48 and $517.01 respectively. The annual recreation use value for resident, non-resident and both resident and non-resident tourists were respectively $89,017.5, $4,255,404.48 and $7,251,661.36. The recreational value estimated in this study underscores the significance of conserving recreation resources in NNP. It also demonstrates that recreation activities can contribute significantly to the country economy like other economic activities thus natural recreation resources should not be underrated due to their embedded market failures. The study concludes that NNP has a significant economic value which calls for the responsible institutions in the country to properly manage the park so as to ensure a continuous flow of these benefits. Specifically, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism and Tanzania National Parks could use the findings of this study to improve tourism activities in NNP and the country at large by designing sustainable nature based tourism strategies which meet tourists’ preferences and country tourism goals. This will attract more tourists in the country which will increase the recreation values of NNP and other natural recreation areas.

ГЕОПРОСТОРОВА ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯ ТУРИСТИЧНИХ ТЕРИТОРІЙ В КОНТЕКСТІ РЕКРЕАЦІЙНОГО ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ

The purpose of this article is a theoretical justification and practical study of the geospatial organization of tourist areas in the context of recreational nature. Method. General scientific methods were used in the research, in particular analysis and synthesis, methods of comparison and generalization, system approach, induction and deduction and specifically scientific methods: historical-geographical, comparative-geographical. As a methodological basis used developments, which are set out in the scientific works of Yu.A. Vedenina, O.O Beydika, О.О. Lyubitseva, M.Y. Rutinsky., V.I. Stafiychuk, V.L Petranovsky, L.I. Topalova and others. Nature management is considered as an applied scientific field based on natural science knowledge and a set of fundamental socio-economic disciplines. Research results. Theoretical and methodological provisions of research of geospatial organization of tourist territories taking into account recreational nature use (in this case it is considered as practice and social experience of use of natural conditions of natural and recreational resources) in the context of balanced development are developed. Scientific novelty. A comprehensive approach to the optimization of tourist areas in terms of recreational and tourist activities, taking into account the needs of recreational nature, the balance of interests of society and nature. Research and evaluation of the mechanism of formation of geospatial organization of tourist areas, taking into account the use of emerald objects. Practical significance. It consists in the development and practical application of the theoretical basis for the study of tourist areas in the context of recreational nature. The results of research can be implemented during the development of measures to adapt areas to recreational loads, changes in environmental conditions and the reverse impact of recreational and tourist activities, in teaching disciplines "Theory and practice of recreational and tourist nature", "Nature", "Rural green tourism". "Fundamentals of green tourism and recreation", forming the consciousness of the younger generation during training in the Free Economic Zone.

МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ЗАСАДИ КЛАСИФІКАЦІЇ ТЕРИТОРІЙ ЗА ПОКАЗНИКАМИ РЕКРЕАЦІЙНОГО ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ

The article presents theoretical and methodological principles of researching the system of recreational nature resources use on different areas. Definition of the system, assessment of the resources, the territories’ recreational potential and their following differentiation are the paper’s tasks. Several academician and scientific methods have been applied: the structural analysis (composition of recreational resources), generalization (assessment of the industry’s status), mathematical (evaluation of the territories’ recreational potential), statistical analysis (classification of the territories by economic indicators), grouping the territories, and synthesis (elaboration of the multilevel algorithm of their differentiation). Recreational natural resources use is the part of the general system of the nature use. It is broader term than the recreational industry, since it includes protection and restoration of the resources. The multiplicative economic effect and joint use of recreational resources with other users are key features of the industry. Significant discrepancy between the scope of available recreational resources and intensity of their use are inherent for all Ukraine’s regions. The multilevel algorithm of the complex classification of the territories according to models of recreational nature use is to differentiate territories by type of settlements (urban, rural, intermediate), their proximity to urban centres (urbanized and peripheral), recreational potential (high, medium, low), and economic efficiency of industry (effective, moderately effective, inefficient). Accordingly three types of a territory’s development strategy have been identified: recreational specialization, major recreational industry, and internal recreations. The novelty of the research are the approach to determine essence, structure and functions of the system of recreational nature use, the set of criteria and indicators to evaluate recreational potential of the regions, and multilevel algorithm to classify territories and define models of their recreational use.

Картографирование экосистемных услуг национального парка Колхети (Грузия) на основе их эколого-экономической оценки

The research area—the Kolkhety National park (Georgia)—is situated in the western part of the Kholhida lowland and includes coastal waters of the Black Sea. It was established in 1998, but its economic value was not assessed. The purpose of the work was to identify the ecosystem services of the park’s geosystems, to carry out an ecological-economic assessment of part of the ecosystem services, and to create map of ecological-economic assessment, which is necessary for its nature management regulation, including its buffer zones, as well as nature conservation and recreation activities. Using our field data and thematic publications we compiled a map, presenting 4 large areas of ecosystems: the Kolkhida woodlands, wetlands, the lake Paleostomi, the Black Sea water area. 25 ecosystem services were identified within them. The following were among them: resource ecosystem services—provision of feed for cattle, commercial products of water bodies, etc.; regulating—creation of the coastal line, wetlands water filtration, etc.; supporting—carbon deposition by terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; information—recreation services. Information data base was compiled for several of them and used for assessments based on the widely used international methods. The assessment result of only seven ecosystem services demonstrated their cost—10.5 mln dollars annually. The results of ecological-economic assessments were used for compiling of an ecological-economic map presenting spatial distribution of different ecosystems services costs. The results may be used for the Georgian coastal area territorial planning and demonstrate the economic value of nature protected lands.

The Lonely Humans, and: Time, Rampant and Flourishing

The Lonely Humans, and: Time, Rampant and Flourishing Jennifer Chang (bio) The Lonely Humans About solitude, I don't need proofit's lost. Outside, the rain practicesloss, is losing to infinitude. Now there'sa river the city can't contain, rushingagainst the wishes of infrastructure.I know these streets, and then I don't.I carry my child with the current,and we are the rain, the falling songand the song of rain. Have I ever felthappier. Felt the human wrongnessof crossing human streets, carsstalling on waterlogged curbs. I had thought words could makenew oceans, my thoughts tiltingabove all like a lighthouse. Suchsovereignty, bearing a lightneither wave nor sail could regard,my goddamn power ablazein the peerless dark. Bicycles goingnowhere. The noise of strangerssoundless in so much rain. To survivewhat must perish: if we want,want not as water wants, to floodand to fathom us, our perishing. [End Page 193] Time, Rampant and Flourishing Certain forests, like this one, invokethe twentieth century, though this is not a forest but a city park, land cordonedfor natural recreation—a manmade stream,black willow trees loved by honeybees, paper-white moths,and so loved by the wood thrush. Often a trailis taken with little thought as to wheretime leads, what place permits the bodyto think and be [End Page 194] more, then who measures the centuries anddoes a forest conclude?This one, tucked away like a dream, belongs first to the municipalityand then to a population of white-tailed deer, some say rampant,some say flourishing. Once it belongedto a senator of a western state, who set a small stone housenear that loamy clearing. He found these trees peculiar. Hardwood, deciduous,not unlike the woman he loved but would notmarry. Why not? It was a different century.Consider the tree of heavenconsider the bamboo. What is not nativetakes over, and here their roots tangle [End Page 195] underfoot, form an unexpected grove,an alteration within all this green. The senator's househas turned now into a heap of ruin. Otherwise unremarkable,he was not so prosaic as to wed himself to habit: how easilybeing young can be a habitof being wrong, of writing lettersonly to hear one's own voice. Love is hardbecause who it affirmsis not always the loved one, is not always the lover, so what does it affirm?I used to never care about affirmation. I merely followed younight after nightuntil one morning I grew tired [End Page 196] of particularity and was alone. Does it matter, then,that the senator never married, dithering instead between such mute trees,which, yes, we may have passed once,tenderly, and a meadow of copious grasses, the names becominga secret lexicon, each name a blade of law. It is a parkor it is a forest. It is olderthan any heart. [End Page 197] Jennifer Chang jennifer chang is the author of Some Say the Lark, which received the 2018 William Carlos Williams Award. She is the poetry editor of New England Review and teaches at the University of Texas in Austin. Copyright © 2021 Yale University

Urban Wilderness: Nature and the Potential in the Urban Cracks

Urban wilderness is the remnant nature existing within the cracks of urban context, which can provide habitats for wildlife and natural recreation areas, with significance in optimizing urban ecological resilience. On the one hand, the unprecedented urbanization processes and the public’s negative hypotheses on the concept have caused continuous reduction of urban wilderness; on the other hand, opportunities are seen in reconstructing and activating urban wilderness when natural processes return to dominate the idle lands resulting from industrial recession and urban shrinkage, and the rewilding concept and techniques develop gradually. With ecological civilization construction, the initiative of a systematic management of the mountains, waters, forests, farmlands, lakes, and grasslands, and the advance of adopting Nature-Based Solutions in China, it is the best time to acknowledge urban wilderness in depth, identify its connotations and values, construct identity recognition, and carry out practices of conservation and restoration.

Проблеми та перспективи екологізації туризму в Україні

The article considers modern tendencies in tourism development and analyzes the existing approaches to greening tourism; ecological problems of managing tourism development in Ukraine. The article aims at substantiating scientifically and theoretically the prospects for developing the national tourism market in Ukraine, taking into account the environmental factor. To attain the aim, the following general scientific and special methods were used: analysis and synthesis were used to study the scientific principles of tourism development; statistical analysis, comparison and generalization helped us to study the impact of environmental factors on the tourism market development in Ukraine. The authors draw attention to the need to increase the level of environmental safety of travelling in accordance with the sustainable development criteria. It is determined that greening tourism is a consistent implementation of the ideas within the "green" economy paradigm and international experience in nature conservation and sustainable environment in environmental legislation, recreational tourism, regional management, development of "green" technologies, environmental education and recreational nature management. The main directions of greening tourism at the macro- and micro-levels have been identified by analyzing the state of the environment and the tourism industry in Ukraine. Thus, the authors believe that an ecologically safe tourist product should include the following points: environmentally friendly transportation, food consumption, garbage collection and processing throughout the journey; environmentally friendly building materials used for tourist accommodation; participation of tourism business entities in solving environmental problems in the region

FORMATION OF THE TOURIST AND RECREATIONAL FOREST POTENTIAL: METHODOLOGICAL AND STRATEGIC GUIDELINES FOR SYSTEM ASSESSMENT

The current state of spatial and territorial development of recreational nature management in Ukraine is characterized by the fact that the country has significant natural resource potential, unique recreational resources, as well as a valuable natural reserve fund. This proves that the possibility for further development and forestland use for recreational purposes, and the formation of spatial-territorial recreational systems with the involvement of forestlands can be widely developed. At the same time, this is a prerequisite for the active development of market relations in the field of recreational and tourist management, since the diversity and uniqueness of forest resource potential creates the opportunity to gain competitive advantages in using separate recreational resources that will provide high demand and prices for them. From these perspectives, the purpose of the paper is to deepen economic assessment of recreational forest resource potential for ensuring the formation of territorial forest resource assets (natural capital) in the context of strategic guidelines for sustainable forestry spatial development. The main principles of formation of the territorial and recreational forest resource potential (capital) have been considered in this paper. Also, it should be taken into account that, at present, the methods of economic (cost) estimation of certain types of natural resources, which are involved in economic activity and recreational activities, are well-developed and widely used. Therefore it should be noted that the problem of an integrated system assessment of territorial forest resource capital is relevant for the recreational use of forest lands, since it is necessary to evaluate, as far as possible, and more fully, all of its components, for the effective decision-making in the management mechanism. The scheme of the system assessment of the territorial and recreational forest potential (TRFP) has been developed and represented. The main objectives of ecosystem management of forest areas in the context of providing balanced recreational forestland management have been determined. It was concluded that comprehensive and system assessment of recreational forest resource capital based on the application of the natural capital methodology and the concept of total economic value (value) should become an effective lever in the market-oriented mechanism of forest management in the spatial and territorial format. The article identifies theoretical and conceptual guidelines for system assessment of territorial forest capital in the context of spatial development strategies.

Influence of physical activity on prevention and occurrence of spinal deformities in children during development

Background/Aim. The published data indicate that the appearance of spinal deformities in children is significantly influenced by physical activity. The aim of our study was to examine the influence of physical activity on prevention and occurrence of spinal deformities in children. Methods. The study was conducted as observational, clinical study in the period from 2016 to 2018. Participants were children with spinal deformities, which were examined, for the first time, by physiatrists and pediatric surgeons. The sample included 100 children with spinal deformities, aged 7?17 years. The control group consisted of 100 children without spinal deformity, of similar age. The study instrument was a questionnaire based on a survey filled by children or parents/legal guardians. The questions were related to different parameters of the possible significance for the existence of spinal deformity and especially to the influence of physical activity. The collected data were processed using methods of descriptive and analytical statistics. Results. Scoliosis the most common deformity of the spinal column, represented in about 67% of children (p = 0.0006). Respondents from both groups did not differ significantly in terms of gender. Children in the group with spinal deformities were older (11.5 ? 3.1 years vs. 10.4 ? 3.1 years, p = 0.016), with increased body weight (43.9 ? 16.0 kg vs. 39.3 ? 16.6 kg, p = 0.046) and height (151.7 ? 17.2 cm vs. 145.8 ? 18.2 cm, p = 0.019), as well as with less physical activity (81.0% vs. 92.02%, p = 0.001). Over 80% of children were regularly engaged in physical activity, more often recreationally and on average 2.5?3 hours per week. Conclusion. Children in the spinal deformity group were significantly less involved in physical activity than the control group, but there was no significant difference in the frequency and duration of time spent in physical activities during the week. It is important for children to be involved in physical activities of a recreational nature, and according to our research, 3 hours during the week.

To the Question of Inventory of Flora Species Diversity of «Dolgaya Spit» of the Krasnodar Territory

The article examines the state of floristic diversity of higher vascular plants of the nature monument “Dolgaya Spit” (Yeisk district). The floristic diversity of the “Dolgaya Spit”, including 133 plant species based on the study of steppe, littoral and anthropogenically altered communities was established. The data on the taxonomic structure of the flora, the occurrence of species, the number of rare plant species are given in the research. Phytocenoses on the “Dolgaya Spit” are subject to significant anthropogenic impact, which requires the development of regulated sustainable recreational nature management.

Ecological State of the SPNA «Sudzhuk Lagoon»

The article examines the current ecological situation in the lagoon, as well as the changes caused by anthropogenic impact. The dynamics of tourists and the dynamics of vehicles in the adjacent territory, as well as the consequences of construction work (based on the study of the state of the protected area) were given in the research. It is necessary to take measures for the development of regulated sustainable recreational nature management.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫХ МЕТОДОВ ЛЕСОВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЯ ЗЕЛЁНЫХ ЗОН РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The article examines the advantages and disadvantages of methods for restoring forest areas lost due to forest fires, illegal logging. The most relevant methods of reforestation measures for the reproduction of green zones in Russia have been identified, taking into account the reasons for the negative impact and the relationship of tree and shrub plantations with the nature of recreation. A comparative analysis of the methods of reforestation used in the formation and reconstruction of forestry areas is presented. The study determined that the most effective method for restoring forest areas is artificial reforestation. Today, most of the forest area is restored using traditional methods, including natural methods. It should be noted that regular forest fires have a detrimental effect on forestry and the country's ecology as a whole; here it is necessary to use the most effective methods aimed at accelerating the renewal of forest resources. The use of the artificial method of reforestation allows the use of seedlings both with an open root system and with a closed one, which are more resistant to various pests and diseases.

IMPERATIVES OF INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT IN RECREATIONAL NATURE MANAGEMENT

Topicality. The tourist and recreational sphere is one of the largest users of natural resources. Hence, there are urgent questions on how not only to increase the efficiency of their usage but also to ensure accessibility, preservation of qualitative and quantitative characteristics for future generations; also, the formation of recreational services for urgent recreational needs of all segments of the population. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the study is to form the conceptual basis for the development of inclusive recreational nature usage. The following tasks for achieving this goal: to define the conceptual provisions of inclusive development that are relevant to the recreational sphere and recreational nature management; to offer an interpretation of inclusive recreational nature usage; specifying its features, principles, goals, criteria. Research results. Based on the dominants of inclusive development, the basic provisions of inclusive recreational nature management have been developed: equal opportunities in access to recreational resources; equal opportunities for the right to rest, restoration of psycho-physical conditions; equal opportunities to ensure the harmonious development of personality; improving the quality of life of people through the availability of recreational services; ensuring socio-economic activity, well-being and employment opportunities in the field of tourism and recreation and related businesses and fair distribution of results; improving the efficiency of the use of publicly available natural resources and conditions. The essence of inclusive recreational nature is to provide equal opportunities for the usage of natural recreational resources and areas to meet socially significant and individual recreational needs that positively affect the well-being and quality of life. Conclusion. It is advisable to use an inclusive approach to equalize the opportunities for the use and consumption of valuable recreational resources and conditions for recreation, health, comprehensive human, and economic development. The formulated essence, features, principles, criteria, and goals of inclusive recreational nature usage have indicated the directions of transformation processes designed to ensure the necessary changes to guarantee equal opportunities for the population of the country.

MARKETING STRATEGIES OF DEVELOPMENT ON THE EXAMPLE OF GREEN TOURISM

Current economic conditions for the development of business entities are characterized by oversaturation with goods and services, as well as high levels of industrial progress. Tourist services are not an exception and their effectiveness depends primarily on the degree of satisfaction of target customers and the coverage of both individual clients as well as corporate ones by the market. At the same time, advertising has become one of the main elements of a marketing strategy in the tourist services system. But the introduction of innovative advertising measures is now unreasonably ignored by tour operators. Therefore, the most promising latest advertising technologies in the implementation of the international marketing strategy of the tour operators are identified in the research paper. Today, in both global and domestic practices, demand for natural rest and recreation is increasing. It is precisely in line with such demand and peasant traditions of Ukraine, so it is necessary to use this opportunity and develop rural green tourism. Green tourism has many different definitions and interpretations. A significant cohort of domestic and foreign scientists distinguishes it as a separate tourist destination; no less opponents consider it an integral part of the ecological tourism structure. However, even extensive research does not allow one to interpret this phenomenon uniquely and individually. Balancing the rural green tourism market is possible when effective state regulation is in place, the condition and feasibility should be investigated. The subject of research is the theoretical and methodological foundation of competitive advantages of rural green tourism. The purpose of this study is to develop and form factors taking into account the competitive advantages of rural green tourism, identify the main stages and possible marketing strategies of rural tourism entities to enter the international market and explore promising methods of lead generation through innovative advertising technologies. To achieve this purpose, the author uses a dialectical method of scientific knowledge and a number of general and special research methods, interconnected and consistently applied according to the general logic of analysis: theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis, systemic analysis, statistical analysis, comparison, classification and modeling. Logical methods of analysis that summarize the functioning of rural green tourism; methods of statistical processing taking into account statistical data; method of comparative analysis. Conclusion. As a result of research on the basis of the offered factors influencing development of rural green tourism, the theoretical analysis of competitive advantages was checked. Rural green tourism can provide demographic stability and solve socio-economic problems in rural areas. The development of rural green tourism needs support from the state, the establishment of regulatory measures for employment opportunities for the rural population. Rural green tourism can become an organizational and economic component to solve the problems of rural residents.

Interdyscyplinarność w przekładzie tekstu naukowego. Francuski i włoski język akademicki w tłumaczeniu na język polski

The aim of this article is to demonstrate the differences appearing in French and Italian scientific texts and their translations into Polish. The specificity of the scientific text causes enormous difficulties faced by novice translators. On the one hand, one must faithfully reflect the merits of work, and, on the other hand, take care of the appropriate style of the target text. As Stanisław Gajda [1982] states, each discipline produces a completely separate language termed “scientific sublanguage”, and the basic difficulty in the case of translation by people not familiar with the scientific language seems to be the recreation of the specific nature of the scientific language of the source text in the target text. The multidimensionality and interdisciplinary nature of scientific translation should also be considered because only on the basis of interdisciplinary knowledge can the translator choose the appropriate translation strategy.

INVENTARISASI SERANGGA TANAH DI TAMAN WISATA ALAM GUNUNG TUNAK KABUPATEN LOMBOK TENGAH

Gunung Tunak Nature Tourism Park is a nature conservation area which is mainly used for tourism and nature recreation. Gunung Tunak Nature Tourism Park is one of 17 conservation areas managed by the Natural Resources Conservation Center (BKSDA), located in Mertak Village, Pujut District, Central Lombok Regency. Geographically located between 08º53'30.08º57'30 South Latitude, and 116º24'00” East Longitude. The purpose of this study was to determine the types of soil insects found in the Gunung Tunak Nature Park. This type of research is exploratory descriptive. The sampling method uses pitfall traps. Sampling locations include the park area in front of the butterfly breeding, and in front of the camping ground as posts 1 and 2. Sampling was carried out in the morning (07.00-09.30 WITA), and in the afternoon (16.00-17.30 WITA) with 3 repetitions. Soil insect samples obtained were identified at the level of the order and family at the Biology Laboratory, Mandalika University of Education. The results showed that 6 soil orders were found, namely: Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, and Scorviones. The highest group of individuals found was the Hymenoptera Order with 93 individuals.

How do childhood nature experiences and negative emotions towards nature influence preferences for outdoor activity among young adults?

Although negative perceptions of wildlands may play a role in outdoor recreational preferences, little is known about whether childhood nature experiences change people’s negative perceptions towards nature and their preferences for outdoor recreation later in life. We conducted a questionnaire survey of university students in Tokyo, Japan, to explore their disgust and fear-evoking episodes in early outdoor activities and how those experiences influenced later preferences for nature-related activities. We constructed a structured equation model (SEM) to analyze structural relationships across a variety of factors: sociodemographics, amount of green space in childhood environments, childhood nature experiences, disgust sensitivity and fear expectancy arising from outdoor activities, and preferences for outdoor activity later in life. We found that disgust and fear-evoking experiences in early outdoor activities decreased levels of disgust sensitivity and fear expectancy later on. The SEM results showed that disgust sensitivity towards outdoor activities significantly and negatively influenced preferences for outdoor activities, whereas fear expectancy did not. Childhood nature experiences were a strong predictor of disgust sensitivity to, and fear expectancy for, outdoor activities, suggesting that increasing contact with nature during childhood would be useful for decreasing negative perceptions of nature later on. In addition, the quantity of green areas around residential settings significantly positively impacted childhood nature experiences, highlighting the important role of accessible urban green space for childhood recreation and durable positive perceptions of nature.

THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF THE SETTLEMENT SYSTEM IN ELLESMERE ISLAND (NUNAVUT TERRITORY, CANADA

Within the framework of a project aimed at structuring the settlement system in Ellesmere Island (the territory of Nunavut, Canada), we explored the microclimate, topography, geological structure, fauna, available research background and existing infrastructure of the locality. Based on our findings, we have developed natural recreation, environmental, eco-cultural, and tourist recreation frameworks to specify planning characteristics and identified the main planning constraints that determine the geometry of the settlement pattern. An optimal settlement model has been developed for the central-eastern part of Ellesmere Island with the Dobbin-Scorbey Bay conurbation elaborated in detail. A functional zoning concept is suggested for the main conurbation of Ellesmere Island; an individual domed residential cell has been designed. Thus, by simulating an environment designed for comfortable living in extreme cold climate conditions, a design proposal has been developed that would ensure effective settlement patterns in northern areas and solve the problem of uneven population density in Canada and the Arctic as a whole.

А. С. Пушкин в творчестве Р. Гамзатова

The work aims to identify the role that A. S. Pushkin plays and the place that he takes in R. Gamzatov’s creative work, specifics of his relation to the great Russian poet, as well as to determine the degree and nature of influence and recreation of Pushkin’s image in creative work of the national poet of Dagestan. As a result of the study, it was found that Pushkin’s traditions and motifs are represented not only in R. Gamzatov’s literary work but also in his public activity. They manifest themselves in direct parallels to Pushkin’s poetic traditions and also in the form of quotes, expressions and associations related to the poet’s personality and writings. Scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that it is the first work attempting to consider Pushkin’s traditions and implementation of his image in R. Gamzatov’s creative work in a comprehensive manner. For the first time, materials from R. Gamzatov’s epistolary (the 1948 letter from Moscow), publicistic (speeches), poetic (poems “The Monument”, “To Irakly Andronikov”) heritage, making for the most prominent illustrations of creative connection between him and A. S. Pushkin, are introduced into scientific use.