Native Orchids Research Articles

Inventory of the Orchidaceae Family in Jorong Harapan Tinggam Community Forest Talamau Pasaman Barat District West Sumatera

Tinggam Community Forest is a highland tropical forest area in which many types of orchids are found. Orchids generally live as epiphytes, but there are also terrestrial ones. The purpose of this study was to determine the types of natural orchids found in the forest in the Jorong Harapan Tinggam Community Forest, Talamau District, West Pasaman Regency West Sumatera. The research method used is a descriptive survey using a roaming technique by tracing the forest from the outskirts to the forest as a whole. From the results of the study, it was found that there were 16 species, consisting of 13 epiphyte orchids, while the terrestrial orchids obtained were 3 species. The orchid species obtained were: Agrostophyllum lampongense Blume., Arundina graminifolia Hochr., Bulbophyllum sp., Bulbophyllum angustifolium Lindl., Bulbophyllum plavescens Blume., Coelogyne rochussenii Vriese., Cymbidium Rchb.fcrumenatum spp . dayanum De., Eria iridifolia Hook.F., Eria pilifera Ridley., Grammathophyllum speciosum Blume., Phaius tankervilleae Blume. Robiquatia spatulata Blume., Spathoglottis plicata Roxb., Thelasis carinata Blume. It can be concluded that the Jorong Harapan area is an ideal habitat for orchid growth.

Symbiotic Seed Germination and Seedling Development of Epidendrum geminiflorum Knuth from Ecuador

A greater understanding of the relationship between native orchids and their mycorrhizal symbionts is needed to ensure more effective orchid conservation strategies. A protocol for symbiotic seed germination and seedling development was developed for E. geminiflorum. Mature seeds were collected from a naturally occurring orchid population in Ecuador. Putative mycorrhizal fungi isolated from other native orchid species were used to screen their ability to facilitate germination and seedling development in vitro in either a 0/24 h or 12/12 h light/dark photoperiod at 20 °C. The mycorrhizal fungus Tulasnella calospora (UAMH 9824) isolated from Spiranthes brevilabris in Florida, USA, was also included in this study. Sterilization treatments using 0.3%, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite/ethanol or 2% calcium hypochlorite were tested for their effectiveness as sterilant and their subsequent effects on seed germination percentage. Effective surface seed sterilization was achieved with either 0.5% NaClO/ethanol or 2% calcium hypochlorite. However, significantly higher percentages of germinated embryos developed into protocorms when NaOCl solutions were used compared to the other treatments. Seed germination occurred in both photoperiods tested; however, delayed germination was observed under complete darkness. Seeds of E. geminiflorum germinated without fungal inoculation; however, co-culture with Tulasnella strains improved germination significantly. Seedling development was only observed when seeds were cultured in asymbiotic medium or co-cultured with T. caloscopa (UAMH 9824). Significantly longer seedlings were obtained when T. calospora was present in the culture compared with seedlings cultured in asymbiotic medium. The establishment of mycorrhizal associations was confirmed by the presence of pelotons in the roots of E. geminiflorum seedlings.

In vitro and ex vitro production of Schomburgkia crispa: effect of flask sealing systems and different light sources

Abstract The extraction of native orchids from natural habitats is relevant for the reduction of populations in the Cerrado biome, making it necessary to establish practices aiming their production both for reintroduction and commercialization. The objective here is to evaluate light sources and sealing systems on the in vitro and ex vitro growth of Schomburgkia crispa. Two flask sealing systems were tested: conventional (CSS) and with gas exchange (SSGE), and eight light sources: FL1-100% white LED, FL2-100% blue LED, FL3-100% red LED, FL4-50% white + 25% red + 25% blue LED, FL5-50% red + 50% blue LED, FL6-25% red + 75% blue LED, FL7-75% red + 25% blue LED, and FL8- with fluorescent lamp, with five replications in each treatment. A completely randomized design was adopted with a 2x8 factorial scheme (vial sealing system x light sources). After 120 days of cultivation in vitro and 180 days ex vitro, the plants were evaluated as for number of leaves, roots and shoots, plant height, pseudobulb diameter, length of the largest root, largest leaf, and fresh mass. For the in vitro growth, the use of SSGE together with the light sources blue and red favors the cultivation of S. crispa. For the ex vitro growth, the cultivation in vitro in SSGE together with FL4 affects the acclimatization of plants.

Efek Radiasi Sinar Gamma pada Pertumbuhan Vegetatif Anggrek Vanda Hibrid

Orchids are one of the most important ornamental plants in the world. The existence of natural orchids in their habitat is approaching extinction rate, so it is necessary to increase the diversity of orchids by crossing them. The Vanda orchid is one of the famous orchids in Indonesia because of its uniqueness. Vanda orchids have a very abundant diversity, so they can increase the potential of orchid plants. This study used a hybrid orchid plant <em>Vanda celebica</em> x <em>Vanda dearei</em> irradiated by Gamma-rays with a dose of 0 Gray, 10 Gray, 20 Gray, 30 Gray, 40 Gray, and 50 Gray. The data obtained from the observations will be analyzed using descriptive methods by observing each plant in various doses of Gamma-ray radiation compared with control treatment and presented in the form of boxplot images. The irradiation dose of hybrid Vanda orchids (<em>Vanda celebica</em> x <em>Vanda dearei</em>) increased the diversity in the parameters of plant height and leaf width. The application of a dose of Gamma-ray irradiation did not cause a significant interaction with the variable number of leaves. The diversity value decreased in the parameters of leaf length and number of roots. Application doses of Gamma-ray irradiation of 10, 20, and 30 Gray can change the leaves into grooves compared to control plants. Mutant plants had lower chlorophyll content than control plants (0 Gray).

In vitro seed germination and acclimatization of Encyclia cordigera (Kunth) Dressler

• 100% germination of E. cordigera was achieved in MS ½-strenght + 0,15 g L-1 Ac. • Efficient protocols for in vitro propagation and acclimatization of E. cordigera were established. Encyclia cordigera is a Mexican native orchid, of major ornamental importance due to its beautiful and fragrant flowers. The said characteristics also create a risk for the extinction of the species, thus, the urgent necessity to stablish propagation strategies to prevent its loss. The objective of this study was to establish a protocol for asymbiotic seed germination and acclimatization of E. cordigera . For asymbiotic germination, different concentrations (¼ and ½ and full-strength) of MS medium were evaluated, adding 0.15% of activated charcoal (AC). MS medium without AC was used as a control treatment. The germination percentage was evaluated after 16 weeks of culture. The treatments used for the germination stage were also used for the development of seedlings which lasted 20 weeks, then plant length, number of roots, root length, number of shoots, and number of leaves per shoot were measured. Finally, the plants obtained were acclimatized. The ½-strength MS + 0.15% AC resulted in 100% seed germination, while ¼-strength MS + 0.15% AC yielded longer seedlings (1.53 cm long). As for the number and length of roots, MS + 0.15% AC proved to be the best medium, with 2 roots and 2 cm respectively. No significant differences between culture media were found for the number of shoots and number of leaves per shoot. The plants obtained were transferred to an acclimatization process for eight weeks in the greenhouse, 209 plants (97% survival rate) were obtained during the acclimatization process. The presented protocols will contribute to the propagation and conservation of E. cordigera , an orchid species with ornamental and economic importance.

Inventory of orchid diversity in Merauke District, South Papua Province, Indonesia

Abstract. Pammai K, Al Muhdhar MHI, Sari MS, Sueb, Yuhanna WL. 2022. Inventory of orchid diversity in Merauke District, South Papua Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 6082-6092. The Orchidaceae is a family with the highest diversity among flowering plants. One of the regions that have high biodiversity is Papua, Indonesia, with an estimate to have around 2869 species of orchids. Nonetheless, such wealth of diversity might be threatened due to habitat loss caused by regional development, thus periodical assessment might be required to see the status of orchid diversity. This study aims to inventory orchids in Merauke, South Papua as Indonesia's natural wealth. We used an exploratory method, collecting samples and documentation, then analyzing the results qualitatively by identifying orchid species using several literature. The results of this study obtained 65 species. Among the species found, there were 10 endemic species to Papua, 19 species included in the IUCN Red List and 65 species included in the CITES list. When compared with the previous study, we also recorded several species which were not documented in the previous study, although there were several species that were no longer found. The absence of some species is likely due to overexploitation and human activities in the form of land conversion which causes a decrease in orchid habitat and changes in the microclimate. Based on this research, it can be concluded that the forest in Merauke District still has the potential to become a natural orchid habitat. However, it should be noted that some human activities can be the cause of the decline in the orchid population in Papua.

Spatial distribution and its limiting environmental factors of native orchid species diversity in the Beipan River Basin of Guizhou Province, China.

To understand the distribution of biodiversity and its determinants, particularly that of ecologically sensitive ones, has long been intriguing to the science community and will help formulate conservation strategies under future climate changes. To this end, we conducted extensive field surveys on the distribution of orchid flora in the Beipan River Basin in Guizhou Province, which is one of the biodiversity conservation priorities in China. The data we acquired, together with those published previously, were converted into orchid species richness for each of the 3km × 3km grid cells covering the study region. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) were then applied to determine which of the 30 environmental factors are potentially critical for the spatial distribution of orchid flora we have observed. Despite a moderate spatial extent, we found that the Beipan River Basin harbors about 249 native orchid species belonging to 74 genera, equivalent to 14.5% of orchid flora of China. Orchid species richness in this area follows a descending gradient from the southeast to the northwest, 70.41% of its variation among grid cells can be explained by environmental factors and spatial variables, and spatial variables accounted for 63.90% of the spatial variation of orchid distribution, indicating that spatial variables played a dominant role in the distribution of wild Orchidaceae species richness. In addition, the main environmental driver is the mean temperature of the wettest quarter. Our study provides a good example for revealing the main drivers of orchid distribution characteristics and has a certain reference value for the development of orchid conservation strategies.

Conserving Native Orchids

Conserving Native Orchids

In vitro asymbiotic germination, seedling formation and tuberization of Orchis sancta

Plant tissue culture techniques have recently become attractive tools for propagating rare and endangered species and producing their economically important natural products. Here, we introduce a protocol for an effective, fast and reliable production route of plantlets and tubers from salep orchid, Orchis sancta, a native orchid species growing wild in Turkey. In the course of this study, the efficacy of basal media and plant growth regulators on asymbiotic germination of mature seed, seedling formation, tuberization and glucomannan contents of tubers were assessed. Amongst all basal media evaluated, Orchimax including activated charcoal gave the best germination rate (62.46%). Supplementing this medium with 1.0 mg/L zeatin resulted in the highest germination rate (81.18%). Lowest thidiazuron concentration (0.25 mg/L) was very effective on shoot elongation while kinetin (0.5 and 1.0 mg/L) promoted leaf formation. The aforesaid basal medium with IBA favored root extension (31.16 mm) and root formation (4.5 roots per plantlet) at 1.0 mg/L and 2.0 mg/L IBA, respectively. Cytokinins, zeatin (2.0 mg/L) in particular, promoted tuber formation and glucomannan accumulation. Plantlets were successfully adapted to soil step by step.

Conservation Horticulture: In Vitro Micropropagation and Acclimatization of Selected Florida Native Orchids

Florida is home to 106 native orchid species, of which 77 are listed as endangered or threatened by the State of Florida. The Institute for Regional Conservation (IRC) has classified 62 of these species as either critically imperiled, imperiled, or rare in South Florida. Because of lack of endosperm, orchid germination rates are very low in nature, as they depend on an obligate relationship with mycorrhizal fungi for nutrients. Most orchid seeds can be germinated in vitro without the need for specific mycorrhizal fungi. This study aims are to establish a fast and efficient protocol for in vitro seed germination using different nutrient media and plant growth regulator (PGR) combinations, and to optimize seedling acclimatization protocols using different greenhouse media. To determine germination preferences, three different in vitro seed germination media were tested supplemented with PGRs, including 1) Murashige & Skoog (MS) (control), 2) MS supplemented with 1.5 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and 3) MS supplemented with 1 mg/L BAP and 0.5 mg/L 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) on Cyrtopodium punctatum, a state-listed endangered, IRC critically imperiled epiphytic orchid. There was no significant difference amongst the treatments after 2 and 6 weeks of seed sowing culture. To understand post-culture survivorship, two epiphytic and one terrestrial native species (Trichocentrum undulatum, Encyclia tampensis, and Oncidium ensatum) were chosen for the acclimatization study with two commercially available potting substrates (coir, sphagnum). To measure seedling growth rates, phenotypic measurements [leaf number, leaf length, root length, plantlet height, light intensity, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC)] and Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values were recorded monthly for five months. All media/PGR combinations resulted in an initial high percentage of stage I growth but inhibited Protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) development, suggesting more research is necessary to determine later improvements or detriments to MS basal media with BAP and NAA. Comparing acclimatization media with the three species of orchid chosen for this experiment, neither O. ensatum nor E. tampensis showed a marked preference for sphagnum moss or coir. However, T. undulatum did perform better with coir compared with sphagnum. This research will help botanical gardens and commercial plant tissue culture laboratories to have a better understanding on selection of PGR combinations for in vitro cell culture and acclimatization media on increasing the viability and plant health and decreasing the mortality of endangered plants.

Supplying the Missing Links: Providing immediate access to the taxonomic literature from our taxonomic databases

A fundamental limitation of existing taxonomic databases is that they don't explicitly link to the primary literature (Page 2016). The taxonomic literature is the foundation of our understanding of biodiversity and tracks how that understanding has changed over time. It is the authoritative source of taxonomic names, descriptions, nomenclatural changes and taxonomic revisions and, as such, is an essential reference for taxonomists describing new species, undertaking taxonomic revisions and conducting threatened species assessments. The taxonomic literature is the source of truth for the publicly accessible taxonomic databases that provide the backbone for the names index in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and other large scale data aggregators. However, the citations in these databases vary enormously in their format and completeness, and the vast majority are unlinked text strings. Our inability to link directly from taxonomic databases to the source literature is not just a serious impediment to taxonomic and conservation research, it is archaic and annoying. Taxonomists need these links. Specifically, they need links in the form of persistent identifiers to both publications (journal articles, books, etc) and (particularly for botanists) to the specific pages in publications where taxonomic treatments begin. Efforts to extract treatments and present them in isolation, while invaluable when the work itself is behind a paywall, remove the treatment from valuable contextual information. It is of greater value to provide links to specific pages within the entire work, enabling scrolling to previous and subsequent pages. Mapping unlinked citations to modern publications is straightforward; they are generally published online, they usually have complete, machine-readable metadata, and, most importantly, they have DOIs (Digital Object Identifiers). Despite this, citations of modern publications in taxonomic databases still frequently appear as dead strings. Linking to historic publications was difficult in the past, but this is no longer the case. Digitisation efforts, particularly by the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL), mean that much of the legacy taxonomic literature is now freely available online. Discoverability of the content on BHL has been dramatically improved by the retrospective addition of article level metadata. Over 325,000 articles have now been “defined” within the BHL (73% by the BioStor project). These articles now have article landing pages and (as of March 2022) pre-generated PDFs (Richard 2022), bringing them in line with modern publishing standards. Since 2020, the BHL’s Persistent Identifier Working Group (Team #RetroPIDs) has been assigning DOIs to these articles, bringing them into the linked network of scholarly research and making them as discoverable and citable as contemporary literature (Kearney 2021). These retrospectively assigned DOIs are now appearing in the reference lists of new publications, as well as in Wikipedia articles, social media posts and Open Researcher and Contributor ID (ORCID) profiles. We know this because, now they have DOIs, we can track their impact and reach (Kearney et al. 2021). The BHL is most appreciated for the access it provides to historic literature, but the BHL community is increasingly uploading recent publications. For example, BHL Australia spent much of 2021 uploading contemporary orchid journals in response to an urgent request from researchers studying the impact of Australia's devastating 2020 bushfires on native orchid species. These journals contain vital information about past distribution and abundance. If taxonomic efforts, such as Taxonomy Australia's mission to discover and document all remaining Australian species in a generation, are to have any chance of success, we need to make it as easy as possible for taxonomists to access the taxonomic literature (Thiele et al. 2022). This presentation will detail Team #RetroPIDs’ newest project: to replace the unlinked citations in taxonomic databases with links that will provide immediate access to the taxonomic literature.

PENGEMBANGAN BOOKLET TUMBUHAN ANGGREK ALAM SEBAGAI BAHAN AJAR PADA TOPIK PLANTAE UNTUK SMA/MA

This study aims to develop a booklet of types of natural orchids that are used as teaching materials on plantae material for junior high school students. The booklet contains pictures of the original types of orchids found in the Jorong Harapan Tinggam Community Forest, Talamau District, West Pasaman by describing the characteristics, morphology, classification, reproduction and role of orchids in life. The development of this booklet uses a 4-D model consisting of define, design, develop, and disseminate phase. The research carried out is only up to the develop stage, namely the validity test. This research was conducted in February 2022 at the PGRI Sumatera Barat University. The instrument used is a validity questionnaire, which be judged by of three validators, namely botanists, learning media experts and junior high school biology topics experts. The booklet validator includes three aspects of the assessment in terms of the feasibility of the content getting a score of 89%, the linguistic aspect is 87%, the didactic aspect is 86%, and the graphic aspect is 85%. The booklet that was developed as a whole got very valid results with a validation value of 86.75%.

Natural Orchid Diversity and Its Conservation Strategies in Wonosobo Aqua Biodiversity Park

This study aims to determine the diversity of natural orchids and to design a strategy for preserving natural orchids in the KEHATI AQUA Park, Wonosobo. The data sought in this study were the type, number, diversity of orchids, and questionnaire respondent data. The results showed that there were three types of natural orchids in KEHATI AQUA Wonosobo Park, namely Dendrobium crumenatum, Eria retusa, and Liparis sp. Overall, the total number of orchids found was 487 individuals. The three types of orchids found were epiphytic orchids found on 6 types of host trees. Based on the questionnaire respondents' data which was carried out by a SWOT analysis, there were several strategies designed, namely optimizing the land for orchid conservation, utilizing existing facilities in cultivation ( green house ), increasing the types of orchids to be cultivated and caring for and maintaining existing vegetation for orchid host trees, making policies aimed at preserving orchids and establishing cooperation with the orchid conservation community. The conclusion of this study is that there are 3 types of natural orchids in KEHATI AQUA Wonosobo Park, namely Dendrobium crumenatum with an INP value of 1.04, Eria Retusa with an INP value of 0.87, and Liparis sp with an INP value of 0.09, a diversity index value of 0.72, an evenness index value of 0.66 and the species richness index value of 0.32 and the alternative strategy used in the conservation of natural orchids in the KEHATI AQUA Park Wonosobo is the SO strategy or a strategy that is made to take advantage of all strengths to seize and take advantage of opportunities as much as possible.

Perkecambahan Asimbiotik Biji Anggrek Dendrobium bicaudatum pada Media dengan Penambahan Ekstrak Tomat secara In Vitro

Asymbiotic Germination of Dendrobium bicaudatum Orchid Seeds on Media with In Vitro Addition of Tomato Extract. Dendrobium bicaudatum is a natural orchid that needs to be preserved. Orchid seeds propagation naturally (symbiotic) has a low success rate. Orchid seeds do not have an endosperm. Asymbiotic germination with in vitro culture techniques can be an alternative solution for the propagation of orchid seeds. This study aimed to determine the effect of giving tomato extract on modified media on the asymbiotic germination of Dendrobium bicaudatum orchid seeds. This research used the Completely Randomized Design with five treatments of tomato extract concentration, namely 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, with 4 replications. The variables observed in this study were the time and percentage of phase 1; time and percentage of phase 2; time and percentage of phase 3; time and percentage of phase 4; time and percentage of phase 5; and time and percentage of phase 6. The results showed that the tomato extract treatment had a significant or very significant effect on the germination of Dendrobium bicaudatum orchid seeds and the best treatment for the fastest and the highest percentage of germination from protocorm to First Leaf Primodium was the addition of tomato extract with a concentration of 15% or 20%, and a concentration of 0% tomato extract for the early stages of swelling of the embryo.

Keragaman Anggrek (Orchidaceae) di Kecamatan Purwodadi Kabupaten Musi Rawas, Provinsi Sumatera Selatan

This study aims to determine the types of orchids in Purwodadi Subdistrict and Musi Rawas District, South Sumatra Province which have not been recorded in detail. Samples were taken by exploratory method. Data collection techniques consisted of observation, interviews, and documentation. The study revealed that there are 22 species, consisting of 9 genera and 2 types of orchids, namely natural orchids and cross orcids in sample areas. The 6 from 9 genera was natural orchids and it has 6 species, namely Arachnis flos-aeris, Arundina graminifolia, Bromheadia finlaysoniana, Spathologttis plicata, Dendrobium crumenatum, and Vanda douglas. Meanwhile, there are 5 hybrid orchids found and it consist of 16 species, named Aeridachnis apple-blossom, Aranda christine-alba, Phalaenopsis amabilis, Dendrobium blue-angel, D. caesar, D. eddy-djaya, D. haseltii, D. liberty-white, D. mangosteen, D. pink-stipe, D. popeye, D. sonia-white, D. valentine, D. white-dragon-angel, Vanda tricolor, and V. orange-delight.  Key words: diversity; orchids; Musi Rawas.

Choosing a Favorable Substrate to Cultivate Native Orchids Symbiotically: Examples Using Goodyera tesselata and Platanthera blephariglottis

U.S. native temperate terrestrial orchids are of horticultural and conservation interest but are considered difficult to propagate from seed due to complex ecological requirements and a variable need for a mycorrhizal fungus. Although there has been significant research on germinating seeds and in vitro seedling development on a variety of temperate terrestrial orchid taxa from around the world, few studies have combined germination experiments with appropriate mycorrhizal fungi that support establishment and continued growth for purposes of ex situ collections development, conservation, or restoration. We conducted experiments with two species of asymbiotically propagated U.S. native orchids [Goodyera tesselata Lodd. and Platanthera blephariglottis (Willd.) Lindl.] to determine the effect of four substrates [Bog garden mix (peat:all-purpose sand) (B), New Zealand sphagnum (NZ), NZ sphagnum + 10% powdered tulip tree wood (NZ/W10), and NZ sphagnum + 50% powdered tulip tree wood (NZ/W50)] and whether inoculating with an appropriate mycorrhizal fungus grown on cellulose sorba rods would support orchid growth and survival in containers and subsequently in outdoor conditions. Morphological measurements and survival data were used in conjunction with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to assess fungal abundance in containers and the impact of fungal presence on growth and survival characteristics. The addition of appropriate mycorrhizal fungi increased the growth and survival of both species across three (NZ, NZ/W10, and NZ/W50) of four substrates. The addition of a mycorrhizal fungus was not a universal solution to improving growth, but the addition resulted in increased abundance of the fungus and better plant performance. This novel experiment suggests that although addition of appropriate mycorrhizal fungi to orchids may increase performance, environmental and horticultural parameters also play an important role in successful orchid cultivation.

Addition of fungal inoculum increases germination of orchid seeds in restored grasslands

Grasslands restored on arable land often retain high residual nutrients, modified soil biota, and lower plant species diversity. Establishment of rare plant species with complex multitrophic interactions, typical of undisturbed nutrient-poor environments, may be hindered by the absence of interacting organisms. We hypothesised that the addition of a mycorrhizal symbiont improves the seed germination of orchids that crucially depend on fungi. We focused on grasslands restored on arable land 1–15 years ago featuring residual mineral nutrients and low organic matter contents compared to semi-natural grasslands and on four orchid species differing in the level of mycorrhizal specificity: high – Anacamptis pyramidalis and Orchis mascula – and low – Platanthera bifolia and Gymnadenia conopsea. Five fungal isolates obtained from non-green underground mycorrhizal orchid seedlings (protocorms) or adults' roots were tested for orchid-fungus compatibility under conditions in vitro. Orchid seeds inserted in retrievable seed packets were subsequently co-introduced with selected fungal isolates grown either on agar or sterilized hay into the soil of nine restored grasslands and incubated for twelve months. The identity of mycorrhizal fungi in retrieved protocorms was verified by molecular methods. The isolates that supported protocorm establishment in vitro enabled also protocorm formation in situ, but success rates differed among orchid species. While mycorrhizal specialists produced most protocorms after inoculation, the mycorrhizal generalists took advantage of naturally occurring fungi and produced some protocorms both in inoculated and uninoculated treatments. We showed that the addition of mycorrhizal fungi enhanced protocorm formation regardless of the modified soil environment, especially in mycorrhizal specialist orchids. This method may help to restore populations of native orchid species in their former distribution ranges, including farming-altered habitats.

나도 풍란을 이용한 속간 교잡종의 수정 및 배형성과 종자 발달에 대한 연구

On 5-7 days after artificial pollination using NadoPungRan(Phalenopsis japonica), native orchid in Korea, pollen were germinated in sticky stigma and pollen tube elongation in style were observed. on 14 days after pollination. In this period, ovule primodia appeared to round pronunciation shape. But filament shape and Megaspore Mother Cell were appeared on 34 days after pollination. Ovule which is ready fertilization, was matured in 40-50 days after pollination. In these time, pollen tube elongation were continued and entirely surrounded ovule sac. On 54-64 days after pollination, pollen tube penetrated to ovule sac and fertilization were completed. After fertilization, zygote was divided to two cell in longitudinal division and upper small cell was developed into proembryo and bottom large cell divided two cell which make suspensor cell. On 110 days after pollination, matured embryo and suspensor which have 16 filament leg, were observed and seed were matured on about 140 days after pollination. To breed intergeneric hybrids between NadoPungRan and Moth orchid, pods were collected in week after pollination and seed germination using artificial medium were tried. Young ovules before 56 days after pollination were not germinated. Ovules on 69 days after pollination were good for germination and to get hybrids.

나도 풍란을 이용한 속간 교잡종의 수정 및 배형성과 종자 발달에 대한 연구

On 5-7 days after artificial pollination using NadoPungRan(Phalenopsis japonica), native orchid in Korea, pollen were germinated in sticky stigma and pollen tube elongation in style were observed. on 14 days after pollination. In this period, ovule primodia appeared to round pronunciation shape. But filament shape and Megaspore Mother Cell were appeared on 34 days after pollination. Ovule which is ready fertilization, was matured in 40-50 days after pollination. In these time, pollen tube elongation were continued and entirely surrounded ovule sac. On 54-64 days after pollination, pollen tube penetrated to ovule sac and fertilization were completed. After fertilization, zygote was divided to two cell in longitudinal division and upper small cell was developed into proembryo and bottom large cell divided two cell which make suspensor cell. On 110 days after pollination, matured embryo and suspensor which have 16 filament leg, were observed and seed were matured on about 140 days after pollination. To breed intergeneric hybrids between NadoPungRan and Moth orchid, pods were collected in week after pollination and seed germination using artificial medium were tried. Young ovules before 56 days after pollination were not germinated. Ovules on 69 days after pollination were good for germination and to get hybrids.

나도 풍란을 이용한 속간 교잡종의 수정 및 배형성과 종자 발달에 대한 연구

On 5-7 days after artificial pollination using NadoPungRan(Phalenopsis japonica), native orchid in Korea, pollen were germinated in sticky stigma and pollen tube elongation in style were observed. on 14 days after pollination. In this period, ovule primodia appeared to round pronunciation shape. But filament shape and Megaspore Mother Cell were appeared on 34 days after pollination. Ovule which is ready fertilization, was matured in 40-50 days after pollination. In these time, pollen tube elongation were continued and entirely surrounded ovule sac. On 54-64 days after pollination, pollen tube penetrated to ovule sac and fertilization were completed. After fertilization, zygote was divided to two cell in longitudinal division and upper small cell was developed into proembryo and bottom large cell divided two cell which make suspensor cell. On 110 days after pollination, matured embryo and suspensor which have 16 filament leg, were observed and seed were matured on about 140 days after pollination. To breed intergeneric hybrids between NadoPungRan and Moth orchid, pods were collected in week after pollination and seed germination using artificial medium were tried. Young ovules before 56 days after pollination were not germinated. Ovules on 69 days after pollination were good for germination and to get hybrids.