Natural Obstacles Research Articles

Noise from various types of heavy trucks and the influence from low-height solid safety barriers

Types of heavy trucks and their characteristics vary greatly, yet noise from these vehicles is often represented by a single heavy truck category for the purpose of predicting highway traffic noise. This paper presents a case study examining heavy truck pass-by events and their associated measured maximum broadband and 1/3-octave band noise levels, sorting the trucks by various attributes to determine if there are meaningful differentiations. The study further examines the measured heavy truck noise in the presence of a roadside solid safety barrier, installed to shield motorists from natural or man-made obstacles, and can also provide some noise reduction to nearby communities. Results with and without the shielding from solid safety barriers are presented.

Aggregation of adult parasitic nematodes in sex-mixed groups analysed by transient anomalous diffusion formalism.

Intestinal parasitic worms are widespread throughout the world, causing chronic infections in humans and animals. However, very little is known about the locomotion of the worms in the host gut. We studied the movement of Heligmosomoides bakeri, naturally infecting mice, and used as an animal model for roundworm infections. We investigated the locomotion of H. bakeri in simplified environments mimicking key physical features of the intestinal lumen, i.e. medium viscosity and intestinal villi topology. We found that the motion sequence of these nematodes is non-periodic, but the migration could be described by transient anomalous diffusion. Aggregation as a result of biased, enhanced-diffusive locomotion of nematodes in sex-mixed groups was detected. This locomotion is probably stimulated by mating and reproduction, while single nematodes move randomly (diffusive). Natural physical obstacles such as high mucus-like viscosity or villi topology slowed down but did not entirely prevent nematode aggregation. Additionally, the mean displacement rate of nematodes in sex-mixed groups of 3.0 × 10-3 mm s-1 in a mucus-like medium is in good agreement with estimates of migration velocities of 10-4 to 10-3 mm s-1 in the gut. Our data indicate H. bakeri motion to be non-periodic and their migration random (diffusive-like), but triggerable by the presence of kin.

Selected issues of hydropneumatic suspension design for a high-speed tracked vehicle.

The effective operation of high-speed tracked vehicles in a combat vehicle configuration depends primarily on the correct identification of the expected operating conditions, already in the design or modernisation phase. This applies to both terrain, meteorological and climatic conditions. This approach considers the most unfavourable driving conditions and the level of dynamic loads acting on the vehicle hull, crew and equipment when making calculations. The dominant source of dynamic loads is movement at high speed on unpaved roads, off-road and when overcoming natural and artificial terrain obstacles of a predetermined or random nature. An important system responsible for the safety and reliability of this type of vehicle is the suspension. An appropriate design of the suspension parameters allows to reduce the negative dynamic loads (research hypothesis). The aim of the research was to develop a preliminary project of an initial suspension element – a hydropneumatic spring for a high-speed tracked vehicle - that allows minimising dynamic loads. The study used both theoretical and empirical research methods, including analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, comparison and inference. The paper presents selected issues from the suspension design process for a high-speed tracked vehicle equipped with a hydropneumatic suspension. The problem was solved in three stages. In the first stage, the design of the hydropneumatic suspension unit, placed in the control arm, was made and the basic parameters were selected. In the second, the spring characteristic of the hydropneumatic unit was determined on the example of a hypothetical vehicle with assumed tactical and technical parameters. In the third stage, the strength of the control arm structure, under the heaviest load conditions, was checked using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The results obtained showed that the advantages of the hydropneumatic suspension, such as: progressive spring characteristics, improved vibration damping, possibility of introducing a semi-active or active suspension system, modularity of the structure and ease of maintenance and repair, make it more and more widely used in modern high-speed tracked vehicles.

FloatingBlue: A Delay Tolerant Networks-Enabled Internet of Things Architecture for Remote Areas Combining Data Mules and Low Power Communications.

Monitoring vast and remote areas like forests using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) presents significant challenges, such as limited energy resources and signal attenuation over long distances due to natural obstacles. Traditional solutions often require extensive infrastructure, which is impractical in such environments. To address these limitations, we introduce the "FloatingBlue" architecture. This architecture, known for its superior energy efficiency, combines Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology with Delay Tolerant Networks (DTN) and data mules. It leverages BLE's low power consumption for energy-efficient sensor broadcasts while utilizing DTN-enabled data mules to collect data from dispersed sensors without constant network connectivity. Deployed in a remote agricultural area in the Amazon region, "FloatingBlue" demonstrated significant improvements in energy efficiency and communication range, with a high Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). The developed BLE beacon sensor achieved state-of-the-art energy consumption levels, using only 2.25 µJ in sleep mode and 11.8 µJ in transmission mode. Our results highlight "FloatingBlue" as a robust, low-power solution for remote monitoring in challenging environments, offering an energy-efficient and scalable alternative to traditional WSN approaches.

Performance Evaluation of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces-Assisted Millimeter-Wave Network Using Stochastic Geometry-Based Model

Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) bands have received significant attention due to their large bandwidth and high frequency. However, mm-wave signals experience high attenuation primarily as a result of their high directivity and vulnerability to blockage, leading to non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions and signal outages. Buildings, structures, and natural obstacles can cause signal blockage, which increases connection challenges and creates coverage gaps. A reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a potential technique that can improve the coverage of mm-wave networks by intelligently reconfiguring the wireless propagation environment. RIS offers novel solutions to blockage issues by passively reflecting and rerouting mm-wave signals in desired directions. This paper presents a simulation-based evaluation of the signal-to-interference ratio coverage probability in RIS-assisted mm-wave networks based on stochastic geometry. We will use random shape theory to represent the blockages within the network. Furthermore, the impact of increasing the density of RIS and the number of reflective elements on network performance will be examined. The results show that RIS can enhance network coverage and decrease the effects of blockages, with considerable increases in coverage probability when compared to networks without RISs.

Motion Terminology in Septuagint Gen 12:6

This article1 is devoted to the analysis of movement terminology in LXX-Gen 12:6. The research problem aims to investigate the contextual differences in the usage of the Greek verbs διοδεύω, διαβαίνω and παρέρχομαι, which are the common counterparts of the Hebrew עָבַר in the Greek Bible. In particular, the article seeks to understand the precise meaning of the Greek verb διοδεύω used in LXX-Gen 12:6. It concludes that the choice of the very rare verb διοδεύω in LXX-Gen 12:6 can be well understood in the context of the geography and topography of Canaan and the ethnic ideology of the biblical writers. Namely, the itinerary in LXX-Gen 12:6-9 did not require Abram to overcome any natural obstacles (which would have required the use of διαβαίνω) or pass by somebody or something (best expressed by παρέρχομαι). He did, however, have to travel through a wider space - the country inhabited by a foreign and potentially hostile population.

TWO-LEVEL CONCEPT FOR SIMULATING UNIFORM INTERFERENCE-RESISTANT DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSION

The article formalizes, creates and provides for consideration the concept of a single secure interference-resistant data transmission channel. In modern cybersecurity theory and practice, there is the NIST Cybersecurity Framework, which is a set of recommendations for reducing risks for organizations. In order for high-level data to be secure, there are requirements for the SIA triad, namely confidentiality, integrity and availability of information. Therefore, in the future, the expediency of the work and its result will directly depend on the satisfaction of the SIA conditions. As you know, high-level data: such as e-mail, visual data in the GUI of various applications, etc., are transmitted over low-level communication channels: such as cables, wireless radio communication channels, and others. At each of the levels for safe transmission of information, there are specific pests. At high levels, the main threat to information is man and the human factor. The lower the level of information transmission becomes, the more nature, natural obstacles and random short phenomena begin to influence. In order for the user to be able to use various devices without a threat to the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information, it is necessary to actively and continuously develop, improve and improve the existing methods of data protection, restoration, transmission and storage. Each aspect in this struggle for security is both an advantage and a disadvantage: excessive security is not appropriate for mass traffic, complexity does not always provide adequate security, and so on. Therefore, the optimality and expediency of the methods used becomes an important factor. For these reasons, the paper proposes a relatively simple, but no less effective approach to maintaining SIA requirements.

Quantification of physiological and mental workloads of faster and slower finishers of a long-distance military training activity

BackgroundLong-distance runs with equipment are practised in military training establishments to develop physical stamina and prepare for battles. A study was planned to quantify and compare the physiological and mental...

The technique for approximation of three-dimensional surfaces in order to synthesize algorithms for preventing aircraft collisions with obstacles

The work marks the beginning of the practical application of algorithms for making the aircraft recovery maneuver from three-dimensional constraint surfaces, which are a combination of terrain and artificial obstacles. An analysis of events leading to aviation accidents was carried out, and a comparison of on-board systems for preliminary notification of aircraft crews about collisions with natural or artificial obstacles was made. It is shown that such systems are insufficient due to their passive-recommendatory nature of issuing warnings. A question has been raised about the need to implement an active automatic collision avoidance system with spatial obstacles. In order to apply existing algorithms for the aircraft recovery maneuver from spatial constraint surfaces, a technique has been developed for approximating three-dimensional surfaces (obstacles) specified on a digital terrain map in the form of discrete height readings with a certain step on a coordinate grid. A paraboloid of revolution was chosen as a continuous 2nd order surface approximating the obstacle, and its characteristic parameters were determined. To determine the characteristic parameters of the paraboloid, an algorithm for determining the intersection of a three-dimensional surface and a plane, based on the principle of determining the intersection of triangles in space, as well as a method for selecting the inflection point of the terrain, based on determining the value of the terrain height gradient, are proposed for use. The construction of an approximating paraboloid using the example of a natural obstacle in the form of a mountain range is given. When synthesizing algorithms for preventing collisions of aircraft with obstacles, the need to take into account not only the parameters of the constraint surfaces and dynamic characteristics of aircraft, but also the accuracy characteristics of data sources about their position is noted. Promising application areas of the developed methodology are shown.

Prospects of using functional training in the process of physical training of cadets

The professional activity of military personnel is always associated with high risk, which includes both psychological aspects and physical aspects. Work experience confirms that the quality of mastering combat techniques for use in extreme conditions depends on the level of development of mental preparedness and endurance. Including elements of functional training in physical training can significantly contribute to the development of endurance, strength, coordination, and psychological stability. Endurance as a physical quality is characterized by the ability to perform tasks for a long time. Modern conditions in which military personnel perform their tasks, despite the presence of the latest military equipment and vehicles, require them to have a high level of development of this quality in order to carry out foot crossings, overcome areas of terrain with various artificial and natural obstacles. In the course of functional training, strength endurance is developed, which allows you to perform physical tasks for a long period of time. This can be especially useful in military service or other situations where it is necessary to maintain a high level of physical activity for a long time.
 The basic idea of functional training is to use exercises that activate many muscle groups at the same time and imitate movement patterns that can be encountered in everyday life or during sports activities.
 Functional training also improves cardiovascular endurance by increasing the efficiency of the cardiovascular system and the body's ability to work at an elevated heart rate. Such training may include elements of exercises with weights, a functional simulator, aerobics and other forms of physical activity aimed at comprehensive development. This method of training can be useful for improving general physical fitness, particularly in the context of military-professional activities, as it promotes the development of functional strength endurance and adaptive readiness for various physical challenges.

সুন্দরবনের জল ও জঙ্গলে বাংলাদেশের মুক্তিযুদ্ধ: নব্য-নির্ধারণবাদী বিশ্লেষণ

In the Liberation War of Bangladesh, its geographical features were influential in many ways on the activities of the freedom fighters and their opposing forces. This is even more true in the case of the liberation war of the Sundarbans in water and jungle. In June 1971, Under Lt. Ziauddin's leadership, freedom fighter bases were established inside the Sundarbans. The group is organised in the deep forest, accepting and in some cases overcoming the various obstacles of nature. Using the natural obstacles to their advantage, they again engaged the Pakistani troops and their allied forces in the immediate area. Using their positional advantage, these freedom fighters played an effective role in sending refugees and trainees across the border. On the other hand, the freedom fighters in Sundarbans were used as a transit for many of the freedom fighters who came from July with training and weapons to the interior of the country, especially in the Khulna-Barisal region. This article analyses such activities of the Sundarbans freedom fighters in a neo-deterministic trend.

Impact of pre-modern war on forests: The case of the Hungarian-Ottoman Military Frontier (ca. 1521–1690)

The paper aims at demonstrating the impact of premodern wars on forest resources. The example studied is Transdanubia (Dunántúl) in present-day Western Hungary which in the early modern times was a site of a lasting military struggle between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by the Habsburgs for the time being. It is argued that in the military defense of the region, the Hungarian party heavily relied on the usage of natural obstacles, such as marshes, rivers, and woodlands. The region chosen for a qualitative analysis is Western Transdanubia with the River Rába/Raab at its center. Using surveys, defense plans, letters, and other sources it is demonstrated that forests combined with waterways were key elements of the military tactics of the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Hungarian defense system. Forests therefore had a strategic role in the period of the Ottoman wars, and as such were strictly taken care of and administered by landlords, and military personnel.

OBSTACLES TO AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE HAJAR LAMIS REGION OF CHAD IN THE PERIOD FROM 2005-2015

The study examined the obstacles to agricultural development in the Hadjer Lamis region of Chad, over the period from 2005 to 2015. Agriculture is one of the professions that founded civilization, and the first revolution of humanity in the history of mankind. It is a human activity that has been widely adopted by most peoples, because about half to two thirds of the world's population depends on it, including Chad, like other developing countries that largely depend on agriculture, where more than 60% of the population works there. It also contributes significantly to economic and social development, and the prolific lands for agricultural production are concentrated on vast expanses where natural and human conditions are favorable for agricultural production. Chad benefits from vast expanses of agricultural land where agriculture has been practiced for a long time, but despite the availability of all these lands, which represent about a third of the area of Chad, they are hindered by certain obstacles that limit their agricultural development, and for sustainable agricultural development to reach its objectives, it is necessary to find appropriate solutions to overcome these obstacles. in this study, we examine the problems facing agricultural production. The problem of the study: the study area suffers from several natural and human obstacles and that this region practices rudimentary agricultural methods. Its hypotheses are as follows: (1) the study area can produce agricultural crops that promote sustainable development. (2) The study area suffers from natural and human constraints that have led to a decrease in production and its decline. (3) The fluctuation of rainfall and the creep of the desert which limit it on the north side could compromise the agricultural development of the region. The study aimed to: (1) highlight the natural and human geographical characteristics of the study area (2) know the dominant cultivation models of the Hadjer Lamis area (3) Identify the main problems and obstacles to agricultural development in the Hadjer Lamis region (4). The main crops and agricultural tools used, it turned out that the importance is: (1) the identification of the natural and human constraints suffered by the region of Hadjer Lamis. (2) To urge stakeholders on the sufferings of the agricultural sector in this region and (3) to provide information on agricultural development that students and researchers can benefit from. The researcher followed a research methodology in the study of this topic, which included theregional program: According to this regional program, the natural and human characteristics and the geographical location of the study area were studied. The historical program that gathers information related to agriculture in the Hadjer Lamis region in a specific period and then analyzes and presents its results. Analytical descriptive approach: by which the nature of the dominant agricultural activity in the study area has been described and the data and results have been interpreted. The statistical approach: gathered statistical information on agricultural production and benefit from their analysis and interpretation in the agricultural field.She highlighted many natural constraints that contribute to the slow pace of agricultural development in the study area: fluctuations in rainfall and rising temperatures, as well as agricultural pests such as locusts, other insects, migratory birds and those fixed. The Government and the Ministry in charge of the Agricultural Sector should raise awareness and guide farmers, provide them with the necessary agricultural equipment that will increase production, look for improved and frugal seeds and reduce the cultivation of crops that require a large amount of water and a long period of time, due to the rainfall observed in the territory in addition to the desert sprawl

Lyzenga Algorithm for Shallow Water Mapping Using Multispectral Sentinel-2 Imageries in Gili Noko Waters

Bathymetric survey is an essential approach for gathering marine geospatial information. The use of an echosounder can provide highly accurate bathymetric data, yet it is expensive and time-consuming. To achieve an accurate chart of shallow water areas is challenging as they are difficult to access by large survey vessels due to their draft limitation. Bathymetric survey can also be carried out by using an Unmanned Surface Vehicles; however, it is restricted to small and calm areas. Thus, a Satellite Derived Bathymetry (SDB) come as a solution to take the place of bathymetric survey using an echosounder, especially in a shallow water with many natural or man-made obstacles. This study utilises Sentinel-2 image data, an optical satellite imagery to determine depth values of shallow water area using SDB approach. Several algorithms have been developed to collect depth values using the SDB. One of the algorithms is Lyzenga algorithm which aims to simplify the process of extracting water depths by comparing water reflectance factors using three bands of panchromatic sensor imagery. This study applied the Lyzenga algorithm to determine water depths using multiple linear regression and it is validated using an in-situ data. The RMSE and MAE values is 1.711m and 1.254m, respectively whilst the correlation coefficient is 0.946.

Sports training aids - as an effective means of to increase the speed of military servicemen artillery detection

Abstract. Given the peculiarities and importance of performing missile and artillery tasks, special requirements are imposed on the efficiency of artillery intelligence specialists. To increase the efficiency of operational tasks, high speed and coordination of all personnel is necessary in order to achieve a positive result in the performance of military and professional activities. It has been established that regular practical orienteering exercises allow servicemen to confidently move through unfamiliar terrain and overcome various natural obstacles, receive and analyze relevant information, and promptly make and implement decisions in extreme situations.
 Military-applied skills in terrain orienteering are especially important for servicemen of artillery, reconnaissance, airborne assault and other special units, who mainly perform combat missions in small groups outside of permanent deployment points, in forested and marshy areas, the conditions of which require rapid orienteering using the "properties of nature".
 The article discusses a way to improve the speed characteristics of an artillery scout by using elements of orienteering training. This method was chosen due to the comprehensive growth of important professional qualities, taking into account the performance of tasks for the speed of a specialist when using orienteering exercises and techniques.

The impact of full-scale armed conflict on water bodies as water supply sources

Water resources are the basic component of sustainable development of the country. Water resources are unevenly distributed across the territory of Ukraine, most settlements and enterprises located in the northern, eastern and southern regions use surface water for water supply. The armed conflict on the territory of Ukraine directly and indirectly affects the state of water bodies, as well as the provision of basic human needs - clean drinking water. With the beginning of conflict on the territory of Ukraine in 2014, water resources regularly suffer from russian terrorist actions. The aggressor uses water resources as natural obstacles, uses the destructive effect of water to kill Ukrainians and cause maximum damage to Ukrainian economy. Also, the destruction of the water treatment and water supply system is used by russian troops as a means of pressure creating water scarcity and terrible sanitary conditions in populated areas. The impact on water resources during armed conflicts in different parts of the world have common features and significant features depending on the level of the conflict and the technology of the water supply system itself. First of all, the impact of armed conflicts on water resources is direct and indirect. The direct impact on water resources as water sources is the direct destruction of water reservoirs, water intake structures and water pipes, contamination of water bodies with the remains of sunken military equipment, mines and chemicals released into the water during the decomposition of weapons. Indirect impact on water sources is in some cases more threatening than direct. The destruction of containers with oil products, chemical substances, fertilizers, which with rainwater or directly fall into water bodies, has much greater damage than the direct impact of sunk military equipment. Forest and meadows fires and other surface cover damages lead to the reduction of the lag time to the river on the catchment area, floods increasing, flooding of larger areas, increasing amount of litter, chemical pollution, and plastics in the rivers. In most of the military conflicts described in the literature, a significant deterioration of water quality in rivers is noted, associated with the discharge of both domestic and industrial wastewater. There is the destruction of wastewater treatment plants, the inability to deliver chemicals for treatment, the inability to control unauthorized discharges of wastewater leads to the contamination of the surface water sources. The report analyses the results of surface water quality researches which officially published by the Water Resources Agency of Ukraine and other governmental and scientific organizations. Monitoring of the surface water quality is carried out on the controlled part of the Ukraine, it is not yet possible to assess the consequences of armed conflict and russian activities on the captured territories.

Sensing and Artificial Perception for Robots in Precision Forestry: A Survey

Artificial perception for robots operating in outdoor natural environments, including forest scenarios, has been the object of a substantial amount of research for decades. Regardless, this has proven to be one of the most difficult research areas in robotics and has yet to be robustly solved. This happens namely due to difficulties in dealing with environmental conditions (trees and relief, weather conditions, dust, smoke, etc.), the visual homogeneity of natural landscapes as opposed to the diversity of natural obstacles to be avoided, and the effect of vibrations or external forces such as wind, among other technical challenges. Consequently, we propose a new survey, describing the current state of the art in artificial perception and sensing for robots in precision forestry. Our goal is to provide a detailed literature review of the past few decades of active research in this field. With this review, we attempted to provide valuable insights into the current scientific outlook and identify necessary advancements in the area. We have found that the introduction of robotics in precision forestry imposes very significant scientific and technological problems in artificial sensing and perception, making this a particularly challenging field with an impact on economics, society, technology, and standards. Based on this analysis, we put forward a roadmap to address the outstanding challenges in its respective scientific and technological landscape, namely the lack of training data for perception models, open software frameworks, robust solutions for multi-robot teams, end-user involvement, use case scenarios, computational resource planning, management solutions to satisfy real-time operation constraints, and systematic field testing. We argue that following this roadmap will allow for robotics in precision forestry to fulfil its considerable potential.

THE COASTAL MACRO-VORTICES DYNAMICS: A CASE STUDY IN HONG KONG WATERS

Coastal circulations are basic information when considering sediment transport and water quality in the oceanic environment, particularly the macro-vortices dynamics which greatly affected the mass transfer and extended the residence time (Hasegawa et al., 2009). Large-scale macro-vortices could be formed in the lee or around natural obstacles such as islands and headlands during the interaction between geographical features and coastal circulations induced by tides and winds. Pearl River is the second largest river in China considering discharge, delivering 3.26 × 1011 m3 freshwater every year into the South China Sea (SCS) through eight outlets (Wu et al., 2016). Hong Kong (HK) is located downstream of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), acting as a bridge between the PRE and the SCS, as shown in Figure 1. HK possesses more than 200 islands as well as narrow channels and complex coastlines, which have a great impact on shaping local flow structures. In addition, prevailing southwest winds blow during the summer, while stronger northeast winds gust during the winter. Embracing tides from the SCS and river discharge from the PRE, HK waters is an energetic and interesting area and worth a detailed investigation.

Fundamentals of formation of military applied skills of military officers through sports orientation

The article deals with topical issues regarding the improvement of applied military skills of servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine based on the use of sports orienteering tools. It is emphasized that regular practical orienteering exercises allow servicemen to confidently move through unfamiliar terrain and overcome various natural obstacles, receive and analyze relevant information, and quickly make decisions in extreme situations. Such military-applied skills are especially important for servicemen of special operations forces, reconnaissance, airborne assault and other special units, which mainly operate in small groups outside the permanent deployment points of military units. On the basis of the analysis of the problems of the organization of military applied training of personnel, the ways of increasing the effectiveness of the educational process of training the skills of orientation in the terrain in the power structures of the Armed Forces of Ukraine are presented.

Obstacles to Agricultural Development in the District of Samarra and AL-Dour

This article presents a comprehensive study conducted in Samarra and Al-Dour districts, focusing on the impact of agricultural components on development. The study aims to identify and analyze the natural, human, and economic obstacles that impede agricultural progress in the region. Through questionnaire data analysis, several key findings emerge. Natural factors such as inadequate rainfall, arid soil conditions, and soil salinization pose significant challenges to agricultural development. Insufficient utilization of water resources further exacerbates these constraints. Agricultural pests also cause substantial damage to crops, leading to farmer abandonment of agricultural practices. Roughly 30-35% of cultivated areas are affected. Moreover, a decline in agricultural labor is observed, with individuals deterred by constraints and limited financial returns. The increasing population in the region intensifies food demand and pressures agricultural land for housing, compounding challenges for farmers. Water scarcity emerges as a primary constraint, leading to neglect of agricultural areas due to inadequate irrigation. Progressive soil salinization and desertification, influenced by natural and human factors, worsen the situation. Approximately 22.38 km² of land are affected, particularly in eastern and southern Samarra and eastern Al-Dour. The study underscores the need for targeted interventions and policies to overcome these obstacles and foster sustainable agricultural development. Strategies should prioritize water resource management, pest control, technological advancements, and addressing labor shortages. Implementing these measures will contribute to long-term agricultural sustainability, food security, and economic growth in the studied regions.
 Highlights:
 
 Natural and human constraints hinder agricultural progress in Samarra and Al-Dour districts.
 Agricultural pests cause significant damage and discourage farming activities.
 Water scarcity and soil salinization negatively impact agricultural development.