Natural Gum Research Articles

A novel biopolymer technique for encapsulation of Bacillus velezensis BV9 into double coating biopolymer made by in alginate and natural gums to biocontrol of wheat take-all disease

Bacillus velezensis has been known for its high potential in controlling agricultural diseases. Technological advances have opened new perspectives for producing effective formulations by reducing some of the obstacles to their use, such as instability and loss of activity due to exposure to adverse environmental conditions. Encapsulation is one of the new approaches in agricultural science. This research describes discoveries related to processes for the microencapsulation of B. velezensis with natural gums. The efficiency, survival, and controlled release of B. velesensis BV9 encapsulated with alginate mixed with zedo gum, mastic gum, and tragacanth gum were evaluated for this aim. Furthermore, under greenhouse conditions, the encapsulated cells were assessed to control Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in wheat. The results indicated that all tested microcapsules protected >60 % of the bacterial cells. The Alginate-Zedo Gum (Alg-ZG) microcapsules showed a better-controlled release over two months. The greenhouse study indicated that treating wheat plants with Alg-ZG microcapsules was the most efficient treatment, suppressing 100 % of the pathogen. The results indicated that Alg-ZG is the most promising mixture to improve the survivability of B. velezensis BV9. Also, using natural gums and great potential of this formulation provides an effective and affordable fertilizers for agriculture.

Natural gums as green corrosion inhibitors for mild steel

In this study the corrosion inhibition efficiency of Guar gum and Arabic gum are investigated on mild steel in concentrated chlorohydric acid. Weight loss and electrochemical methods, potentiondynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to determine the optimum concentration of each gum. The results show that there is a direct correlation between concentration of inhibitor and corrosion inhibition efficiency, therefore the best efficiency was obtained at the highest concentration, 3.3 g/l. When comparing the two polysaccharides Guar gums has a better inhibition effect than Arabic gum at the same concentration. The inhibition mechanism was analysed by fitting the electrochemical results to an adsorption isotherm. This research offers a green alternative to the synthetic inhibitors used in today’s industry during acid pickling in the manufacturing process of mild steel. Both substances are naturally obtained and considered green corrosion inhibitors due to their negligible impact on the environment. Future research on the topic will include more natural compounds tests in the same experimental conditions and comparing them to market inhibitors in terms of efficiency.

Robust, malleable, degradable, self-healable, weldable and recyclable polyimine thermosets from natural peach gum and chitosan

Robust, malleable, degradable, self-healable, weldable and recyclable polyimine thermosets from natural peach gum and chitosan

Formulation and Development of Tara Gum-mediated Tablets for Delivery of Anticancer Drugs

Abstract Background: Natural polysaccharide tara gum (TG) has been investigated for several biological uses. The current study involved the administration of imatinib, an anticancer model medication, via TG. Methods: Imatinib-modified release tablets were developed using a direct compression method with different concentrations of TG and other excipients. Compressed tablets were evaluated for physicochemical properties. Result: All formulations had an in vitro disintegration time ranging from 10–23 min. Among the formulations, F6 exhibited excellent extended-release behaviour with 72% release over 12 h. TG tablets were rich in phytoconstituents, including saponins, tannins, phenolics, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids. Conclusion: TG has potential in the drug delivery application of anticancer medications as a rate-retarding polymer.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF CIPROFLOXACIN MICROSPHERES DESIGNED BY USING NATURAL POLYMERS BY IONIC GELATION TECHNIQUE

Objective: A definitive objective for supporting drug discharge is to expand the remedial movement of the medication while limiting its incidental effects. Microspheres have become a unique medicine delivery mechanism for several disorders in this area. The popular fluoroquinolone antibiotic, Ciprofloxacin, is used to treat a variety of bacterial illnesses. This research aims to create Ciprofloxacin microspheres with sustained drug delivery using natural gum polymers. Methods: To choose and assess the ideal formulation, a variety of formulations (F1–F8) were developed. This work was completed using an innovative technology, the Ionic Gelation method. Central Composite Design (CCD) used the quadratic forward regression approach to carry out the optimization. The evaluation tests include Particle size, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), FTIR, Percentage yield, Drug content, Drug Entrapment effectiveness and in vitro dissolution studies. Results: It was discovered that the best formulation was F4. From optimization, the ANOVA was found to be significant. The uneven, spherical structure of microspheres with a rough outer surface is confirmed by SEM investigation. The absence of drug-polymer interaction is confirmed by the FTIR. The formulation F4 was deemed ideal due to its high drug entrapment efficiency, drug content and maximal drug release (89.25% in 12 h). Conclusion: Due to the least plasma half-life, this drug is designed as microspheres thus maximizing the therapeutic activity and minimizing the negative effects. In this regard, microspheres have emerged as novel drug-delivery systems for various diseases. It maintains effective dose concentration, eliminates night-time dosage and decreases side effects, thus optimizing drug therapy.

Potentials of Sterculia tragacantha Lindl seed husk gum as a release modifier in matrix tablet formulation

Natural gums have been utilized severally in the design of matrix tablets, either in their native or modified forms. The primary objective of this work was the extraction, characterization and utilization of the seed husk gum from Sterculia tragacantha Lindl as a release modifier in theophylline matrix tablets. Gum was extracted from the fresh seed husk of Sterculia tragacantha and tablet formulated via wet granulation. Drug-polymer compatibility was determined by FTIR and DSC while formulated tablets were evaluated for their in vitro dissolution release profile in two media, simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) and compared with a commercial brand. Extracted gum powder presented a poor flow which improved on granulation, had a better swelling index and water holding capacity than tragacanth gum. Formulated tablets passed standard tablets test and sustained theophylline release up to 90.97 % and 88.09 % in SGF and SIF respectively at the twelfth hour. Drug release kinetics was by zero order in SGF via non-fickian diffusion. S. tragacantha seed husk gum presented a promising potential as a release retarding agent.

Assessment of Berlinia grandiflora and cashew natural exudate gums as sustainable corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in an acidic environment

The study examined the effectiveness of Berlinia grandiflora (BEG) and cashew (CEG) exudate gums in protecting mild steel from corrosion in 1 M HCl solution using weight loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear polarization resistance (LPR), and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP). The corrosion products were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and optical profilometry. Results indicate that the exudate gums are effective against the corrosion of mild steel in an HCl solution. The EIS results reveal that the charge transfer resistance of the metal in the acid solution increased from 82.2 Ω cm2 to 1074.0 Ω cm2 and 325.1 Ω cm2 in the presence of 1000 ppm BEG and CEG, respectively corresponding to inhibition efficiency (η) of 92% and 75% at 25 °C. The Gum’s performance depends on immersion time and temperature. It improves with an increase in immersion time up to 48 h but thereafter slightly diminishes. The η of 1000 ppm of BEG and CEG after 48 h of immersion is 76% and 67%, respectively at 30 °C. With a temperature rise, η of BEG appreciates to 80% while that of CEG depreciates to 57% at 60 °C after 24 h of immersion. Both BEG and CEG retard the metal corrosion through an adsorptive mechanism whereby it blocks the active corrosion reaction sites on the surface. The adsorption was confirmed by SEM/EDX, AFM, UV–vis, and FTIR. BEG and CEG are promising and sustainable sources for metal corrosion inhibitor formulations.

Influence of polyethylene glycol-based deep eutectic solvent on vulcanization and mechanical properties of natural rubber gum vulcanizates

Rubber vulcanization generates volatile organic compounds emissions associated with the intermolecular crosslinking reactions at rather higher temperatures mediated by many kinds of indispensable additive. To achieve the carbon peaking and neutrality targets in China, rubber processing industries call for ecofriendly, green additives to satisfy demands of high-efficiency vulcanization at low temperatures. Herein an oligomer deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on polyethylene glycol is used for the first time for regulating vulcanization kinetics of natural rubber (NR) gums. It is found that DES at 0.2–1.0 phr (parts per hundred parts of rubber) dosages could accelerate the vulcanization at 120–140 °C without marked influences on crosslinking density and storage modulus at vulcanization equilibrium. The vulcanization of DES-containing gums at 120 °C is faster than that of the DES-free one at 140 °C while the DES-containing vulcanizates cured at 120 °C exhibit nonlinear rheological responses being similar to the DES-free one cured at 140 °C. The low-temperature vulcanization in general generates vulcanizates exhibiting higher tensile strength in comparison with those cured at 140 °C. Furthermore, DES could not influence the Mullins effect of the vulcanizates undergoing cyclic tension deformation. The results show that the non-volatile DES could be used to adjust the vulcanization kinetics without impact on the crosslinking density and Mullins effect, paving the way for developing energy-saving green vulcanization technologies.

TiO2/Arabic Gum for Degradation of Pollutants in Water

Emerging contaminants and pollution are environmental problems threatening public health. Antibiotic ciprofloxacin and methylene blue dye are pollutants frequently detected in water systems worldwide. Photocatalysis is a process for water treatment. TiO2-based catalysts synthesized with natural gums show improved photocatalytic properties. Here, the sol–gel method synthesized TiO2/Arabic gum for photocatalytic performance. The innovation of this work was synthesized at 400 °C and investigated their photocatalytic proprieties using methylene blue and ciprofloxacin as model pollutants. XRD showed that the photocatalyst was in the anatase phase. The result showed that TiO2 with a band gap of 3.29 eV was achieved at a calcination temperature of 400 °C. Corresponding FTIR results suggest only the existence of functional groups related to TiO2. The SEM and BET method characterization indicated that TiO2/Arabic gum were spherical-shaped nanoparticles arranged in clusters with a mesoporous structure, contributing to photocatalytic performance. In addition, photocatalytic studies showed that the methylene blue dye and ciprofloxacin antibiotic degradation rates reached 99% and 94% under UV light, respectively. The hole (h+) and OH ⦁ radicals are essential in photodegradation. The synthesized material showed excellent photostability and maintained almost the same degradation percentage in the three consecutive cycles tested on the different pollutants. The TiO2/Arabic gum is an excellent candidate for future use in treating contaminants in aqueous media using photocatalysis. Therefore, TiO2/Arabic gum nanoparticles are a promising material for wastewater treatment.

Development and evaluation of buspirone hyrdochloride loaded transdermal patch using natural polymers

The purpose of this present study was to design and develop a Buspirone hydrochloride loaded matrix type transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) with four natural gum polymers such as Guar gum, Gellan gum, Xanthan gum, Karaya gum. A total of twelve batch of matrix patches were formulated with above stated polymers and other excipient like Glycerin, Propylene glycol (PG), Polyethylene glycol (PEG) as plasticizer. These all batches were characterized by evaluation parameters which including drug content, flatness, thickness, uniformity of weight, folding endurance, moisture content, moisture uptake and to determine the amount of Buspirone hydrochloride present in the matrix of patches in vitro dissolution study of all twelve formulations were performed. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) technique and Differential Scanning Colorimetry (DSC) carried out to determine interaction between Buspirone HCl and excipients which are present in patch. Permeation study of patch of Buspirone HCl was performed in Franz's diffusion cell to evaluate In-vitro skin permeation and it was found that batch G3 shows 98.89% permeability. After evaluating all batches and based on results which are obtained characterization and In-Vitro dissolution it was concluded that patches containing natural polymers are not showing any interaction and better release study.

A mucoadhesive nanolipo gel containing Aegle marmelos gum to enhance transdermal effectiveness of linezolid for vaginal infection: In vitro evaluation, in vitro-ex vivo correlation, pharmacokinetic studies

Effective treatment of vaginal infections with conventional antibiotics often faces challenges like unavoidable dose-related side effects with increased risk of bacterial resistance. The study aims to deliver linezolid through natural gum based mucoadhesive nano lipogel to improve therapeutic effectiveness against vaginal infections. The linezolid loaded nanoliposomes (LNLs) were developed by thin film hydration method and were characterized by FTIR, DSC, XRD, FESEM, particle size analysis, zeta potential, drug loading capacity, in vitro release study etc. Selected LNLs was loaded into suitable gel formulation containing Aegle marmelos gum (as the mucoadhesive agent) and evaluated for in vitro, in vivo potentiality. FTIR/DSC test confirmed absence of any major interaction between selected drug and excipients. XRD showed amorphization of the drug encapsulated in NLs. FESEM studies showed spherical LNLs having smooth surface. LNLs had nanosize (51.03 nm), negative surface charge (-25.7 mV), satisfied drug loading capacity (11.5 ± 0.7 %) with sustained drug release. The experimental LNLs loaded lipogel showed desired physico-chemical properties viz. viscosity (37000 cps), spreadability (6.5 gm.cmsec-1), mucoadhesion (21.9 gf) and 61.04 % release of drug across rabbit vaginal mucosal membrane. The nanolipo gel exhibited improved antimicrobial activity against E. coli and C. albicans with respect to the pure linezolid. A good correlation was observed in between in vitro drug release and ex vivo permeation. Improved pharmacokinetic parameters like AUC, AUMC, MRT, Vd was observed for experimental nanolipo gel Vs. marketed formulation. The experimental nanolipo gel could be explored further for futuristic clinical application.

Comparative Study of Physico-Chemical Properties of Babool (Acacia nilotica) and Karaya (Sterculia urens Roxb.) Gums

Study of the physico-chemical properties of natural gums is a prerequisite to understanding the nutritional, culinary and commercial value and their utilization. The main objective of the present piece of work was to determine some important physico-chemical properties of babool (Acacia nilotica) and karaya (Sterculia urens Roxb.) gum. The physico-chemical properties of babool and karaya gums were determined by using standard methods and the data obtained was analyzed for comparison of both the gums. The investigation revealed that there were significant differences in the percentage of swelling index, water holding capacity, solubility, moisture content, porosity, ash content, pH and protein. Although there were no significant differences obtained in the values of true density, bulk density, angle of repose, refractive index, coefficient of friction, and fat between the two test samples. The protein and nitrogen content of babool gum were superior to those of karaya gum. Water holding and oil holding capacity were superior in karaya gum to babool gum. The viscosity of babool gum was decreased with the decrease in shear rate, whereas the viscosity of karaya gum increased with the decrease in shear rate. Data generated from the study confirms that there are a number of similarities in some properties and differences in other properties of both the test gum exudates.

Textiles Dyeing with Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Peel Extract Using Natural Mordant

ABSTRACT Agricultural waste represents a potential source of raw materials as natural dyes. The peel from pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a waste product, it is used in the textiles industry as dye. The objective of the study is to improve dyeing properties of pomegranate peel dyed silk fabric. We analyzed the pigment composition of pomegranate peel extract through ultraviolet-visible and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy; evaluated natural mordants and metallic mordants on fabrics dyed with pomegranate peel extracts by testing the K/S value, color characteristics, and color fastness; examined the morphology of dyed fabrics before and after color fixing treatment by scanning electron microscopy. The major pigment component in pomegranate peel is ellagic acid. An orthogonal array experiment revealed that the optimum dyeing conditions were pH 9, 60°C 60 min for silk fibers. Under the natural mordant, the K/S value of dyed fabric could acquire maximum (8.70). Moreover, the K/S value and color fastness of dyed fabrics could be further enhanced to 11.74 and level 5 by color-fixing treatment of natural gum rosin. Overall, the dyed silk samples with pomegranate peel represented good dyeing properties with natural mordant and natural color-fixing agent of gum rosin.

Preliminary Assessment of Polysaccharide-Based Emulgels Containing Delta-Aminolevulinic Acid for Oral Lichen planus Treatment.

Photodynamic therapy using delta-aminolevulinic acid is considered a promising option in the treatment of oral lichen planus. In the present work, three emulgel compositions prepared from natural polysaccharide gums, tragacanth, xanthan and gellan, were preliminarily tested for oromucosal delivery of delta-aminolevulinic acid. Apart from cytotoxicity studies in two gingival cell lines, the precise goal was to investigate whether the presence of the drug altered the rheological and mucoadhesive behavior of applied gelling agents and to examine how dilution with saliva fluid influenced the retention of the designed emulgels by oromucosal tissue. Ex vivo mucoadhesive studies revealed that a combination of xanthan and gellan gum enhanced carrier retention by buccal tissue even upon dilution with the saliva. In turn, the incorporation of delta-aminolevulinic acid favored interactions with mucosal tissue, particularly formulations comprised of tragacanth. The designed preparations had no significant impact on the cell viability after a 24 h incubation in the tested concentration range. Cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that tragacanth-based and gellan/xanthan-based emulgels might exert a protective effect on the metabolic activity of human gingival fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Overall, the presented data show the potential of designed emulgels as oromucosal platforms for delta-aminolevulinic acid delivery.

Experimental studies on thermal and FTIR characterisation of bio-degradable neat neem gum and epoxy resin for composite material applications

This article aims to assess the suitability of natural neem gum in various composite material applications in place of epoxy resin. The assessment was done by thermal characterisation, experimental study and comparative analysis of thermal behaviour, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR) characterisation and comparison of functional groups and mechanical properties of neat epoxy and neat neem resins. To study and compare thermal behaviour differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric (TG) and relative derivative TG (DTG) analysis were conducted. The glass transition temperatures, exothermic and endothermic peaks, curing of thermosetting epoxy and crystallisation of polymeric neem, value of % cure and mass change or mass loss concerning temperature of both the resins were experimentally determined and comparative analysis was conducted to find the suitability of neem resin in composite material applications in place of epoxy resin. Functional groups of neem gum were identified and mechanical properties such as bond strength, toughness, rigidity and ductility were characterised and compared with that of epoxy resin by conducting FTIR.

Evaluation of Oromucosal Natural Gum-Based Emulgels as Novel Strategy for Photodynamic Therapy of Oral Premalignant Lesions.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) recently has been shown as a promising option in the treatment of premalignant lesions of the soft oral tissues. Effective delivery of photosensitizer is challenging due to poor drug adherence to the oromucosal epithelium. In the present work, emulgels composed of natural polysaccharide gums (tragacanth, xanthan and gellan) were evaluated as novel oromucosal platforms of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) for PDT. Apart from mucoadhesive and textural analysis, the specific steps involved studies on drug penetration behavior and safety profile using a three-dimensional human oral epithelium model (HOE). All designed emulgels presented greater mucoadhesiveness when compared to commercial oromucosal gel. Incorporation of ALA affected textural properties of emulgels, and tragacanth/xanthan formulation with greater hardness and cohesiveness exhibited a protective function against the mechanical tongue stress. Permeability studies revealed that ALA is capable of penetrating across oromucosal epithelium by passive transport and all formulations promoted its absorption rate when compared to a commercial topical product with ALA. Importantly, the combination of tragacanth and xanthan profoundly enhanced photosensitizer retention in the buccal epithelium. Tested samples performed negligible reduction in cell viability and moderately low IL-1β release, confirming their non-irritancy and compatibility with HOE. Overall, the presented findings indicate that tragacanth/xanthan emulgel holds promise as an oromucosal ALA-carrier for PDT strategy.

An efficient magnetic nanoadsorbent based on functionalized graphene oxide with gellan gum hydrogel embedded with MnFe layered double hydroxide for adsorption of Indigo carmine from water

The primary objective of this investigation was to synthesize a novel antibacterial nanocomposite consisting of natural gellan gum (GG) hydrogel, MnFe LDH, GO, and Fe3O4 nanoparticle, which was developed to adsorb Indigo carmine (IC). The GG hydrogel/MnFe LDH/GO/Fe3O4 nanocomposite was characterized through different analytical, microscopic, and biological methods. The results of adsorption experiments reveal that 0.004 g of the nanocomposite can remove 98.38 % of IC from a solution with an initial concentration of 100 mg/L, within 1 h at room temperature and under acidic pH conditions. Moreover, the nanocomposite material effectively suppressed the in vitro growth of both E. coli and S. aureus strains, with inhibitory rates of 62.33 % and 53.82 %, respectively. The isotherm data obtained in this investigation were fitted by linear and non-linear forms of Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherms equations. The results of the adsorption kinetics study indicated that the pseudo-second-order model best described the experimental data. The findings of this study suggest that the synthesized nanocomposites hold great potential as effective adsorbents for removing IC and bacteria from aqueous solutions.

A low-fat synbiotic cream cheese containing herbal gums, Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus: Physicochemical, rheological, sensory, and microstructural characterization during storage.

This study aimed to use natural herbal gums, as fat replacers, for preparing a low-fat synbiotic cream cheese; for this purpose, the effects of Lepidium perfoliatum seed gum (LPSG) (1% w/w) and flaxseed gum (FG) (1% w/w) on physicochemical, rheological, organoleptic, and microstructural properties of low-fat cream cheese containing B. adolescentis and L. rhamnosus were analyzed over a 45-day storage period. The results indicated that adding LPSG and FG had no significant effects on acidity and pH (p > .05). The results also showed that full-fat (FF) cheese samples had the highest textural (hardness (1.099-0.88), cohesiveness (0.72-0.67), springiness (1.95-1.64), adhesiveness (1.01-0.69), and spreadability (1.53-1.17)), viscosity and sensory scores (color (4.22-4.18), odor (4.13-4.09), taste (4.19-3.89), texture (4.08-3.81), and overall acceptability (4.01-3.72)) during 45-day storage. Based on the probiotic count test, only the treated samples with LPSG + FG had a probiotic count in the standard range (6.23 cfu/g) at the end of the storage time. The outcomes of the present study indicated that the incorporation of LPSG and FG into the formulation of low-fat synbiotic cream cheese could be an effective strategy to overcome the problems associated with fat reduction.

Preparation and microstructural and thermal properties of a vulcanized Eucommia ulmoides gum modified asphalt

In this study, a vulcanized Eucommia ulmoides gum modified asphalt (VEUGMA) was prepared using a natural plant-based renewable rubber Eucommia ulmoides gum (EUG) as the matrix. The preparation process and microstructural and thermal properties of VEUGMA were investigated. The results showed that the optimum shearing time for preparing VEUGMA was 45 min, and the optimum development time was 120 min. Moreover, the EUG dosage follows a monotonically decreasing linear relationship with the optimum sulfur dosage. The VEUGMA exhibited a preferable corrugated network structure, and the vulcanization process of EUG in asphalt can be divided into three stages: slight crosslinking, deep crosslinking, and supreme crosslinking. The X-ray diffraction pattern displayed that only new diffraction peaks of ZnO appeared in the VEUGMA, and the EUG and asphalt exhibited better compatibility under the action of vulcanization aids. After EUG was vulcanized in asphalt, the aromatic ring hydrogen in the asphalt was replaced by aliphatic chains. The VEUGMA exhibited a lower glass transition temperature that suggests a better low-temperature crack resistance. Two maximum decomposition temperatures were noted in the thermal decomposition process of VEUGMA. Moreover, the main gases released were CO2, CO, CH4, SO2, NO2, and NO; of which, CO2 and CO exhibited the highest content, whereas the inferior emissions of SO2, NO2, and NO, can be ignored. The VEUGMA can effectively reduce the release of CO2 and CO but has no significant effect on the release of CH4. Further, VEUGMA demonstrated a smaller storage modulus (E'), loss modulus (E”), and loss factor (tanδ), which suggested better flexibility at low temperatures. Therefore, this work demonstrated the preferable modification effect achieved by adding 3.5 wt% EUG and 6 phr (parts per hundred parts of resin) sulfur to the matrix asphalt.

Effectiveness of plant-mediated synthesis of hydroxyapatite nano-particles impregnated in Pistachio oleogum resin on mineral contents of human teeth. An in-situ single-blind controlled study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to synthesize and characterize an environmentally friendly nanohydroxyapatite (n-HA) and evaluate its impact on enamel mineral content when incorporated into a Pistachio oleo gum resin (Saqqez) bio-chewing gum for in-situ models. We compared the effects of this green nano-hydroxyapatite (G n-HA) with those of a commercially available synthetic nano-hydroxyapatite (S n-HA). MethodsVarious analytical techniques were employed including XRD, FESEM, FT-IR, EDX/SEM and TGA/DTA to characterize the crystallinity, size and composition of the G n-HA powder. Three chewing gum groups were formulated: (1) Saqqez gum containing 10% wt G n-HA, (2) Saqqez gum containing 10% wt S n-HA, and (3) pure Saqqez gum. In order to evaluate the impact of these chewing gums on enamel, intraoral appliances were fabricated, each containing six enamel specimens. Participants were instructed to chew the gums while wearing these appliances. The calcium (Ca+2) and phosphorus (P) levels in enamel specimens, both with and without exposure to an acid challenge, were quantified using EDX/SEM. FE-SEM was employed to capture the microstructure of the enamel surface. In terms of the statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests were utilized to compare the data, where the significance level (α) was set at 0.05. ResultsThe characterization tests confirmed the successful synthesis of G n-HA. Furthermore, EDX/SEM analysis of the enamel specimens from the intraoral appliance revealed significant variations in calcium (Ca+2) content among the enamel specimens (P = 0.000). The S n-HA group, in particular, exhibited the highest Ca+2 content, while the pure Saqqez group displayed the lowest. Nonetheless, there was no statistically significant differences in phosphorus (P) content observed among the three groups (P = 0.27). ConclusionsSaqqez gum can be considered a wholesome natural chewing gum that serves, as a carrier for delivering remineralization agents to the tooth surfaces. This was evident in the groups containing n-HA, exhibiting elevated Ca+2 levels. It's noteworthy that G n-HA demonstrated less efficacy in enamel remineralization compared to S n-HA.