Natural Forage Lands Research Articles

CURRENT STATUS AND EFFICIENCY OF ABANDONED LANDS RE-DEVELOPMENT IN RIVER BASINS OF SOUTH-WESTERN TRANSBAIKALIA

Complex ecological and economic studies of post-agrarian landscapes in the middle reaches of the Selenga, Chikoy and Temnik rivers were carried out within the boundaries of the Selenga administrative region of the Republic of Buryatia (RB). A map of abandoned agricultural lands has been compiled. A brief description of agroclimatic conditions of the study area is given; the structure of agricultural land, the yield of grain and forage crops, the dynamics of livestock and the load of livestock on pastures and hayfields are analyzed. The reasons for the arable land abandonment are formulated. It was revealed that pastures and hayfields are not excluded from the agricultural use. This is due to an increase in the livestock numbers in households, which are the main agricultural producers in the RB, as well as a shortage of natural forage lands. The species composition and the state of shelterbelt forests are described as an integral part of the ecotopes of post-agrarian landscapes. The main taxonomic indicators of trees are given. The study of shelterbelt forests is topical due to the need for their inventory, lack of maintenance, and the adoption of Federal Laws on protective afforestation and land reclamation. A brief agrochemical description of the state of soils in key areas is given. To assess the effectiveness of arable land reuse, a net operating income (NOI) or rental income was calculated for each grain and grainfodder crop grown in the region under study. It was revealed that oats and spring wheat are the most profitable. Recommendations were formulated for the redevelopment of post-agricultural landscapes, optimization of protective afforestation, and reconstruction of shelterbelt forests

Agrolandscape-ecological zoning of natural forage lands in Russian regions

Agrolandscape-ecological zoning of natural forage lands in Russian regions

Лизиметрическим исследованиям в Федеральном научном центре кормопроизводства и агроэкологии имени В.Р. Вильямса исполнилось 50 лет

The study of ecosystems, biological and ecological features of perennial grasses, soils, groundwater and monitoring of their dynamics are impossible without lysimetric studies. Lysimeters serve as a reliable means of studying and managing agroecosystems and the entire complex of plant development factors. At the All-Union Williams feed research Institute, lysimetric studies on the study, regulation and forecasting of water, food and thermal regimes of reclaimed natural forage lands in the agroecosystem "soil — plant — infiltration runoff" on irrigated pastures in the conditions of the Central District of the Non-Chernozem zone (Moscow region) were started at the Lysimetric Station built in 1972. The station includes a laboratory building, a tunnel room with a depth of about 3 m and a length of more than 40 m, a hardware room, lysimetric devices and installations of a special design. The lysimetric installation allows you to jointly study the water balance, the balance of chemicals and automate the observation processes. The developed design of the measuring equipment increased the accuracy of the experiment, and due to its small dimensions, it allowed experiments to significantly expand the range of studied groundwater depths (from 0.75 m to 2 m). Lysimeters of 2 types (for water balance and agrochemical studies) are designed for year-round observations. The results of lysimetric studies are extrapolated to areas with similar environmental conditions.

CAUSES OF DEGRADATION OF NATURAL PASTURES IN THE ZHAMBYL REGION AND THEIR RESTORATION

The article presents data obtained during study conducted in the context of the vertical (altitudinal) zonation of soils in the southeastern part of Kazakhstan, aimed at studying the causes of pasture degradation. The technologies for their restoration in specific project areas are also outlined. Natural forage lands are the basis of nutrition for animal husbandry. A study of the current state of the food supply in our country shows that up to 80% of the animal feed ration is pasture forage. More than 64% of the area of Kazakhstan is occupied by pasture lands. Pasture forage is a plant resource that is renewed annually, and its potential productivity is about 22-26 million tons of feed units. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the consumer attitude of users to these natural resources has a negative impact on their nutritional value. Yields decrease, the composition of the grass layer and the quality of the forage change, and the areas become overgrown with inedible and poisonous plants. During the study, water and physical parameters of the soil, agrochemical analysis of the soil, measurement of the projective cover of plants and weighing of the pasture mass of grass, determination of the forage nutritional value (chemical composition) were carried out. Taking into account the seasonal yield of natural grass, the increase in live weight of animals during the grazing period and economic efficiency were determined. In the course of the ongoing work, conditions have being created for the restoration of degraded pastures in the Zhambyl region. The growth and development of the green cover increases by 14-17%, and livestock production rises by 11% due to rational grazing practices.

Сочетание цифровых технологий и органического производства в специализированном мясном скотоводстве

Abstract. Domestic beef production provides less than 30% of the actual consumption. It is possible to solve this problem only on the basis of an innovative approach. The target industry program “Development of beef cattle breeding in Russia for 2009–2012 and up to 2020” accelerated the process of mastering advanced technologies by large enterprises. Digital transformation has become the next stage in increasing the intensity of production. However, the theory of adaptive agriculture is currently being promoted, according to which “green” technologies should reduce the anthropogenic load on nature. Within the framework of this paradigm, organic cattle breeding becomes the most important element. It is possible to stop soil degradation while maintaining the achieved level of food production only if natural forage lands are used. The purpose of the study is to assess the introduction of innovations (digital technologies and organic production) in specialized beef cattle breeding in Russia. Methods. In the course of the research, general scientific methodological approaches and methods of economic analysis were applied. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the analysis of innovations that are opposite in intensity of production (digital technologies and organic production) and the justification of priority areas of development for the beef cattle industry. Results. The active development of digital technologies by agricultural holdings at all stages of production has been revealed. Large business displaces independent enterprises from the market, which affects the placement of the beef cattle industry. Organic cattle breeding is a promising development path for small farms, but their entry into the market is difficult. The study shows that farms master high-tech production with support at the regional level (despite the presence of federal programs). The necessity of state support for the integration of small farms into cooperatives for the development of organic production or the creation of a meat cluster for the joint promotion of products to the market is substantiated.

NATURAL FORAGE LANDS OF EASTERN PODILLYA OF UKRAINE: ORIENTATION OF DYNAMIC PROCESSES AND OPTIMIZATION IN MODERN ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

The article presents an analysis of the state of natural forage lands of the Eastern Podillya of Ukraine. The analysis of the geobotanical survey of the natural forage lands of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine proved that they are in an unsatisfactory state due to high anthropogenic load and need to be restored. The main sources of stress on natural ecosystems, including forage lands, are highlighted – industry, motor vehicle, sewage and household waste, as well as agricultural production, which are characterized by an excessive influx of toxic elements into the environment. Optimization of natural forage lands is an integral part of the concept of balanced development and national programs on the quality of the environment as a mandatory element of state policy. To optimize the restoration of contaminated natural forage lands, it is quite important to assess the risks from the adverse effects of heavy metals, to carry out an ecological assessment of this process, which can be the basis for large-scale measures to restore contaminated lands. Among a large number of toxic elements, heavy metals occupy a prominent place. In particular, there is an increased intake of lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper. It was found that in the conditions of dry land lowland meadows, normal dry lands are the safest and most suitable for providing herbivores with plant biodiversity. It has been proven that the accumulation of toxic substances in soils leads to their degradation, which is accompanied by a toxic effect on plants, causing a decrease in their reproductive quality. A significant man-made load of motor vehicles on the soils of the roadside space, which is accompanied by their contamination with heavy metals, was revealed. Based on the results of the research, a theoretical generalization was made and a solution to the current scientific and practical task was proposed regarding the assessment of the intensity of pollution of the natural lands of Vinnytsia region by heavy metals in the conditions of various man-made loads Installed it was found that the exceedance of the maximum concentration limit in the soils in the studied territories of local pollution of dry lowland meadows of Vinnytsia region was found only for cadmium by 1,01 times in the territories dry lands of excessive moisture adjacent to the railway connection.

THE MILK CATTLE BREDS’ SELECTION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Research on the breeds’ composition placement and these ratio across the Russian regions in dynamics allow to identify the fundamental positions of dairy and dairymeat breeds’ rational zoning underlying. The most breeds for selection in various climatic zones are good adapted; for example, Holstein, Simmental and Black-and-white breeds of cattle in all federal districts are located. In turn, Ayrshire, Brown Schwyz, Red steppe, Red-and-white, Kholmogorskaya and Yaroslavlskaya breeds traditionally in areas with continental climate from moderate to sharply are bred. In oil production areas, those breeds that the greatest total milk fat and protein’s yield during the milk production period providing the most widespread they are used. High production breeds with low milk output for the best quality cheese production in the cheesemaking zones are located. Simmental and Brown Schwyz cattle mainly in areas with dairy and beef cattle selecting are bred, where animals at significant amount of coarse feed are fed. The Red steppe, Black-and-white and Kostromskaya breeds for areas with intensive forage production and dairy cattle keeping are most suitable. In grain areas with a land’s high intensive using, where arable land is over 60%, and natural forage lands are limited, cattle of the Simmental, Red steppe and Brown Schwyz breeds are concentrated. Black-mottled, Red-and-white breeds in areas where arable land have had 40-60% become more widespread. In areas with ploughed land up to 40% and significant areas of natural hayfields and pastures, Kholmogorskaya and Yaroslavskaya breeds are traditionally selected.

АГРОЛАНДШАФТНО-ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ РАЙОНИРОВАНИЕ – ОСНОВА УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА ВОСТОЧНОЙ СИБИРИ И ДАЛЬНЕГО ВОСТОКА

The study of the spatial distribution of landscape, biol ogical and ecological patterns is a necessary basis for the development of highly productive, and sustainable agriculture, which is one of the most important national priorities of Russia's development. In order to ensure optimal information management of the territory, agro-landscape and ecological zoning of natural forage lands of the East Siberian and Far Eastern natural and Economic regions of Russia has been developed. The materials of Soil-ecological zoning of the Russian Federation were used as the contour basis of agro-landscape-ecological zoning. Natural-agricultural and landscape-ecological zoning of the territory, ecological-geographical, geobotanical maps, data of the state land registration, ground and remote observations, literary, stock and other materials were also used. Zones, mountainous territories, provinces, districts are highlighted. The characteristics of land and fodder resources, the development of negative processes, the ecological state, the priorities of the development of zoning units are given. 136 zoning units have been allocated in Eastern Siberia. Agricultural lands occupy 24.7 million hectares, natural forage lands – 16.3 million hectares, deer pastures – 56.6 million hectares. 162 zoning units have been allocated in the Far East. Agricultural land occupies about 8 million hectares, of which arable land – 0.5%, hayfields – 0.4%, pastures – 0.4%, deer pastures – 184.2 million hectares, or 30% of the territory. The spatial placement of biological and ecological patterns of agrogeoecosystems are determined.

THE IMPACT OF AGRO-CLIMATIC FACTORS ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS OF ORENBURG REGION

Currently, the shortage of fresh water is an important abiotic factor limiting the survival, growth and distribution of plants in semi-arid areas. The productivity of natural forage lands is influenced by seasonal fluctuations in temperature and precipitation, especially characteristic of the steppe Orenburg region. The uneven intra-annual distribution of precipitation does not meet the water needs of the phytocenosis in the vegetative phase of development. The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of atmospheric precipitation on agricultural forage lands of Orenburg region. An important and necessary task is to assess the interaction of agro-climatic factors on the development of agricultural land is an important and necessary task. The research area is located in a zone with a semiarid (semi-arid) climate of temperate latitudes of the Orenburg Urals of the Orenburg region (Orenburg region, Russia). Studies of agricultural land were carried out on 4 plots in the vicinity of the village of Nezhinka, Orenburg district, Orenburg region. For this purpose, various facies of agricultural lands located on the supports of watershed surfaces are identified and analyzed. To study local geosystems of various facies, we used camera methods, aerospace images and in-kind observations. Statistical and mathematical processing of digital data was carried out according to the StatsoftStatisticav 6.1 RUS program. Elements of descriptive statistics of average annual indicators (total precipitation per year, precipitation during the growing season, productivity of natural lands) revealed that the theory of normality was not rejected. The analysis of the average long-term data on the amount of precipitation and their relationship with the productivity of natural forage lands shows a reliable positive correlation between these parameters, at r2 = 0.95. In the conditions of the semi-arid zone during the growing season, plants use the moisture of atmospheric precipitation most effectively

Improving of ecological and economic management of land resources by with zonal aspect

Introduction. The development of land relations in Ukraine has led to changes in land management. The redistribution of land as the main national wealth of our state have exacerbated the economic and environmental problems of agricultural land use. Ukrainian agricultural producers must to ensure effective competition, production of environmentally friendly products, focus on the world market and determine the need to improve environmental and economic management of land resources. The purpose of article. The purpose of the study is the theoretical and methodological justification of ecological and economic management of land resources in the structure of zonal approaches to the formation and development of agricultural enterprises and the development of practical recommendations for improving the efficiency of land use by agricultural producers. Methods. The research used scientific and methodological foundations of natural-agricultural zoning of the territory of Ukraine, the allocation of taxonomic units of zoning and their main characteristics. Results of work. The scientific novelty of the obtained results concerns the improvement of ecological and economic management of land resources of agricultural enterprises in the conditions of zoning, taking into account the potential of agricultural areas. Economic and ecological management of land resources of agricultural enterprises should be considered as an activity in agricultural production aimed at providing the population with food and other sectors of the national economy with raw materials at the optimal level of investment in resources and their maximum return in compliance with environmental goals and programs. Agricultural zoning as a branch in the agricultural sector of the economy is highlighted, its component structure is revealed. The agrarian zone includes homogeneous land massifs with the corresponding production potential and level of ecological and anthropogenic loading and allows public administration bodies to be defined with potential possibilities of production activity of the agrarian enterprises. Within the Sumy region, four agricultural zones were identified, and in the Kharkiv region, three. Depending on the affiliation of land use to the agrarian zone, the agricultural enterprise receives information on zoning crops most suitable for cultivation on its territory, types of crop rotations, technological measures for land use and protection, restrictions on growing certain crops. Economic indicators of enterprise development, such as specialization, concentration and integration of production, with skillful application will help increase the efficiency of land use. Socio-economic classification features of agricultural zoning will determine the level of labor efficiency and the integration of labor. To economically justify the coefficients of the optimal ratio of land using a zonal approach and to take into account the area of eroded, unproductive and contaminated land located in the administrative-territorial units, the optimal ratio of land was determined (arable land: natural forage lands: forests and other forests): in the Sumy region: 1.00: 0.43: 0.39; in the Kharkiv region: 1.00: 0.23: 0.25. When introducing research into production, we take into account that ecological zoning restricts the cultivation of certain crops, taking into account local characteristics.

Conservation of natural forage lands on the territory of korocha district

The current system of land protection in agriculture in our country, due to the influence of various natural and economic factors, does not ensure their rational use and preservation. More than 43 million hectares of arable land are withdrawn from economic turnover and are subjected to various types of degradation, transferred to other land categories for purposes not related to agricultural production. In the current situation implementation of measures on conservation and restoration of agricultural lands, their return to agricultural turnover as needed becomes an important direction of regulation of agricultural land use, capable to provide high economic efficiency of land use and protection. Planning of these measures in the general system of land protection should form the basis of the land policy of the state aimed at ensuring food security of the country. For this purpose, it will be necessary to form conditions for organization of rational and effective use of land resources, one of the directions is conservation of forage lands.

Results of research of the combined seeder for strip sowing of grasses into sod

The development of ecological agriculture has aroused interest to the technology of increasing the productivity of natural forage lands, which consists in strip sowing of grasses with mechanical tillage in the sod of strips, the size of which ensures the successful development of seedlings without the use of chemicals. Several models of seeders SDK have been developed and mass-produced to implement this technology. A further development of this type of machines is the creation of a mounted seeder SDK-2.8M, intended for direct strip sowing of grass seeds into sod with the application of a starting dose of mineral fertilizers. To evaluate the efficiency of the seeder SDK-2.8M in the autumn of 2022, stand and field tests were carried out in the fields of the North-East Federal Research Center. Stand tests on sowing seeds of meadow fescue and red clover showed that the range of gear ratios of the seeder from 0.104 to 0.900 allows to set the seeding rate in the interval of 2.5-140.4 kg/ha. The sowing part ensures uniform distribution of seeds over the feed rolls and the stability of sowing by each feed roll in accordance with agrotechnical requirements. The deviation of the actual seeding rate from preassigned (6.0 kg/ha) for sowing fescue is 2.6%, clover – 2.3%; uneven seeding between feed rolls for fescue – 3.61%, for clover – 5.36%; seeding instability for fescue – 4.83%, for clover – 6.03%. Field tests revealed that the seeder stably performs tillage and clover sowing, maintains the working width and the installation depth of tillage. The average tillage depth was equal to 68 mm, the crumbling of the soil (fraction up to 25 mm) – 85.1%, the average depth of seeding – 16.4 mm, density after rolling – 1.1 g/cm3 .The use of a frame of the original design made it possible to reduce the number of assembly units of the tillage part and auxiliary mechanisms, which reduced the mass of the seeder by 640 kg, in comparison with SDKP-2.8M, while maintaining agrotechnical performance indicators.

Plant succession of natural grasslands under radical improvement in the southern forest-steppe of the Western Siberia

The low fodder productivity of vast areas of natural forage lands in Siberia necessitates their radical improvement. High fodder productivity will strengthen the fodder base of the region, which is important for the developing cattle breeding. The authors carried out an experiment of radical improvement of natural grasslands in order to clarify and develop methods of increasing the productivity of natural grasslands in the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia. The authors studied the effect of two factors: The first factor - tillage followed by sowing of perennial grasses; The second factor - the effect of organic fertilizers (20 t/ha). By the second year of observations in the variant where soil disking was carried out, only motley grasses were noted. Disking followed by seeding of perennial grasses promoted the development of seeded grasses (80% of the composition of the herbage). The remaining niche of grass stand was occupied by motley grasses. The influence of organic fertilizers in the second year of observations almost does not affect the structure of herbage, only in the variant with the sowing of grasses the distribution of different botanical groups is more uniform. The composition of grass stand changes significantly between the second and sixth years of observations under the influence of tillage and organic fertilizers. The development of cereals and legumes in the herbage in the variant without tillage in the third and subsequent years is noted. By the sixth year of observations in the herbage remain only cereal grass (60%) and mixed grass (40%). Dynamics of herbage structure by years of development on the background of organic fertilizers differs little from the herbage without fertilizers. By the second year of observations, there is no significant influence of fertilizers and tillage on the yield of grasses. In the sixth year of observations (2016) there was a significant influence of organic fertilizers. Even without soil treatment, the yield almost doubled from 0.6 t/ha in the version without fertilizers to 1.1 t/ha of absolutely dry matter in fertilized variants. The greatest increase in yield was noted in the variant with discing, 2.7 times (from 0.6 to 1.6 t/ha); in the variant with grass seeding and discing 1.4 times (from 1.1 to 1.6 t/ha) (absolute dry matter). The effect of tillage on the yield without fertilizer was much less. Consequently, tillage and fertilization contribute to a more uniform distribution of representatives of different botanical groups of grasses in the herbage. The productivity of the natural meadow increases significantly by the sixth year of observations after the improvement.

Terms of sowing forage crops for haylage production under the conditions of Central Yakutia

In recent years the agricultural production in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) has been introducing the technology of haylage production, which can replace part of the silage and hay in the ration of animals. However, stable raw materials of herbage are not enough for the technology of haylage production in Yakutia. Natural forage lands cannot provide a new technology of haylage production with herbage, since the entire area of haymaking goes to hay harvesting. Therefore, the selection of forage crops to create a reliable raw material base for haylage is a very relevant research topic. The purpose of the research was to study the terms of sowing forage crops for haylage production under the conditions in the Central Yakutia. The research has been carried out in the research and production permanent out-station in the M. G. Safronov Yakut Scientifi c Research Institute of Agriculture for three years. The experimental site was located on the second above-fl oodplain terrace of the Lena River Valley. The objects of research were the following varieties of zoned annual crops – oats of Pokrovsky variety 9, peas of Capital variety, spring vetch of Priobskaya variety 25, barley of Tammy variety. It has been found as a result of research that in the soil and climatic conditions in the Central Yakutia for the production of haylage for plant growth and development, dynamics of accumulation of dry matter, yield and nutritional qualities, the most effective mixtures are: vetch (1,2 million pcs/ha) + oats (2,5 million pcs/ha) and peas (0,8 million pcs/ha) + oats (2,5 million pcs/ha) germinating seeds. As the result of the conducted research, the optimal terms for sowing annual grasses for haylage have been established such as the 1st term (sowing in the third decade of May, harvesting in the first decade of August), the 2nd term (sowing in the second decade of June, harvesting in the third decade of August), the 3rd term (sowing in the first decade of July, harvesting in the first decade of September) in the phase of milk-wax ripeness in cereals and in the phase of fruit formation in legumes.

Потенциал наращивания производства продукции мясного скотоводства за счет включения в оборот неиспользуемых естественных кормовых угодий

The article discusses the possibilities of increasing the production of cattle meat. The area of unused natural forage lands in five regions of the Central Chernozem Economic Region and their fodder potential for the development of beef cattle breeding is estimated. The potential of increasing beef production has been assessed, primarily in small-scale farms and rural households with a herd of cows.

ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОГО СКОТОВОДСТВА В УСЛОВИЯХ УГЛУБЛЕНИЯ МЕЖГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ИНТЕГРАЦИИ

In recent years, the volume of beef production has hardly changed, but its share in the production structure has decreased by 4 percentage points. Low volumes of livestock production over the past decades have been a factor increasing the country's import dependence due to the stagnation of this most important sub-sector of animal husbandry. One of the main reasons for the sharp drop in livestock production is the trend of reducing the number of cattle that has not been overcome. The growth of the segment of specialized beef cattle breeding is facilitated by state support measures aimed at the implementation of large investment projects and the creation of highly productive herds that contribute to the restoration of cattle breeding in the country. But despite the importance of the State Program and sectoral regional programs, they do not solve all the problems of the development of cattle breeding and its spatial organization. The production of livestock products can be profitable only in a cooperative system based on the principles of division of labor. To overcome the trend of reducing the production of milk and cattle meat, large-scale long-term programs and projects are needed to ensure interregional integration and cooperation in agriculture, the development of specialized high-tech zones and interregional exchange. In order to smooth out the natural factor influencing the development of cattle breeding, it is advisable to strengthen measures to increase the attractiveness of cattle breeding in regions with a sufficiently favorable bioclimatic potential while maintaining the general principle of distribution of federal state support for agriculture. To create a specialized beef cattle breeding, the country has certain potential opportunities: the presence of natural forage lands, low-cost intensive pasture technology, the resources of the breeding stock of meat breeds for the formation of new farms. However, the increase in the production of cattle meat for slaughter occurs only in certain regions. The spatial development of cattle breeding should be connected with the state impact on its spatial development through the development and implementation of various targeted programs in specialized zones that can serve as the basis for providing the country's regions with milk and beef.

СОСТОЯНИЕ ПАСТБИЩНЫХ УГОДИЙ, ИХ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА ЗАСОРЕННОСТЬ ШЕРСТИ ПРИ ВЫПАСЕ ОВЕЦ

The article presents the materials of natural forage lands of the arid zone of the Stavropol Territory in the herbage of which there are harmful plant species: cornflower, hairlike grass, roofing bonfire, small alfalfa, etc. Livestock breeders are recommended to exclude grazing of animals on the grass stands containing harmful plant species.

FODDER GRASSES AND FODDER LANDS OF RUSSIA AND KAZAKHSTAN

Feed production has traditionally been the most important basis for the viability, sustainability and security of Russia and Kazakhstan. This is the most large-scale, multifunctional and system-forming branch of agriculture, linking it into a single whole. Based on the use of materials of study, assessment, mapping, zoning, conducted by the authors, literary and stock sources, an overview of the main forage grasses and forage lands of Russia and Kazakhstan is given. A comparison of the feed production of the studied territories with the United States and other countries, where much attention is paid to pastures, is given. Pasture use is the least labor-intensive. With rational use and care, pastures provide the cheapest and most complete feed. Some lands are impractical or even impossible to use for field crops, but they are quite suitable for pasture use. Therefore, the use of international experience is certainly useful. Forage production is a system of improvement and rational use of natural forage lands, creation and use of sown hayfields and pastures, cultivation of forage crops on arable land in the system of crop rotations, seed production of forage crops. Forage lands are agricultural lands, the vegetation cover of which is used for feeding agricultural animals. Fodder grasses − these are annual and perennial herbaceous plants used for animal feed. Forage plants also include semi-shrubs, shrubs, shrubs and trees. Forage plants can be used in the form of green feed, hay, silage, haylage, grass flour, pellets or briquettes. Forage grasses grow on natural forage lands, are cultivated in field and forage crop rotations. Forage grasses are divided into 4 economic and botanical groups: cereals, legumes, sedge and various grasses.

Типология земель Л. Г. Раменского и классификация местообитаний EUNIS (ретроспективный взгляд)

Типология земель Л. Г. Раменского и классификация местообитаний EUNIS (ретроспективный взгляд)

Agrolandscapes of the East Sayan Mountain Province of Eastern Siberia and the Far East of Russian

According to the data of the agro-landscape and ecological zoning of Eastern Siberia and the Far East, conducted by the authors, the spatial distribution of biological and ecological patterns in the East Sayan Mountain province was established. The province is located in the Eastern Sayan mountain system within the Southern Taiga zone. Its area is 17022.5 thousand hectares. Mountains occupy 76% of the province’s territory, plains – 24%. In the structure of land forests occupy more than 68% of the area of the province . Other land (mainly rocks and glaciers) occupies 20%. Under water is 3.4% of the area, swamps occupy 2.8%. Shrubs occupy less than 1%, mountain deer pastures – 0.8% of the area of the province. Agricultural land occupies 4.5% of the total area of the province. Including arable land – 0.9%, pastures – 2.6%, hayfields – 1%. The structure of natural forage lands (NFL) is dominated by mountain pastures on mountain soils (76%). The plains and foothills of the province are dominated by dry southern taiga meadows (13%). Floodplain meadows (5%) and swampy meadows (5%) are also represented. The ecological state of the province’s landscapes is good and satisfactory. In particular, NFL – good and satisfactory, forests – good and satisfactory, mountain deer pastures – good. The ecological state of arable land is tense. The established patterns are the necessary information basis for the development and implementation of innovative technologies for sustainable agricultural development, rational nature management and environmental protection in the East Sayan Mountain Province of Eastern Siberia and the Far East.