Surface Of Natural Fibers Research Articles

Evaluation of a binary amphiphile/solvent mixture for the formulation of an ecological detergent as an alternative for removing fat from natural fiber surfaces

The application of a binary amphiphile/solvent blend composed of a natural surfactant (alkyl polyglucoside) and the green solvent ethyl lactate (EL) as an active component in the formulation of a new ecological detergent has improved the washing process conditions. Foaming properties of the detergent were optimal, with foam stability (R5) values of 76.17% and 78.61% for the best formulations. It is common practice to add substances that can regulate the pH to 9 to enhance the washing efficiency. This was reflected in the results of this study, where pH and the interaction between pH and surfactant type significantly influenced the percentage of residual fat. Currently, commercial detergents recommend a 1% dilution. However, studies have evaluated a 0.5% dilution. Therefore, it opted to evaluate new concentrations of 0.4% and 0.3%. Optimization of the factorial design resulted in dirt removal rates exceeding 91%, while the lowest percentage of residual fat (< 0.37%) was achieved at 25 °C, pH 9, and 0.3% detergent doses without lipase. Furthermore, illustrations of the surface morphology of the washed fibers demonstrated that the samples were not adversely affected by the formulated detergent or the washing process conditions. The alkyl polyglucoside/ethyl lactate binary blend was shown for the first time to exhibit strong interactions, possessing excellent residual fat and soil removal properties, suggesting its potential use in the formulation of green detergents for washing natural and synthetic textile fibers as a replacement for detergents based on ethoxylated fatty alcohols.

In situ alkali‐free growth of octahedral Ag2O nanoparticles by bacterial cellulose for efficient antibacterial application

AbstractUniform octahedral Ag2O nanoparticles were in situ synthesized within natural bacterial cellulose (BC) films without any inorganic alkali. The morphological transformation of Ag2O from nanoparticles and small nanoplates to an octahedral structure was well controlled by varying the UV exposure time. To reduce and anchor Ag2O nanoparticles, abundant hydroxyl groups on the surface of natural BC fibers ensured an ideal environment for the mild redox reaction between Ag+ and –OH groups. The structural features and structure–activity relationship of Ag2O/BC films were confirmed through TEM, energy dispersive spectroscopy assisted SEM analysis, Fourier transform IR, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, TGA and XRD. The structure–antibacterial activity relationship of the Ag2O/BC films was proved against both Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. They also showed excellent performance in the photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes. Ag2O/BC films have potential bactericidal applications in the field of pharmacy, specifically for wound dressing and flexible wearable materials. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Influence of Milling Feed Rate on Surface Roughness of Natural Fiber Composite

The influence of feed rate parameter of milling on natural fiber surface is investigated with constant 1700 rpm spindle speed. In this study, a surface texture-measuring instrument and optical microscope are used as measurement equipments. Ramie fiber composite samples are machined at 2, 4 and 6 mm/min feed rates each. The results shows that the sample machined at 4 mm/min feed rate has the lowest surface roughness value and its surface has a harmonious structure. In addition, many cracks and fractures appeared on the sample surface which machined at 6 mm/min feed rate due to the impact of the cutting edges.

Development of a new type of polymer for modification natural fibers

The paper presents data on the use of developed water-soluble compositions in combination with glycerin for modifying natural fibers. The study of the properties and use of polymers as a regulator of textile fibers was laid down in the scientific foundations of this work. The study of the physicochemical properties of water-soluble compositions has substantiated that compositions based on water-soluble polymers meet the requirements for their use in the process of epilamination of natural fibers. The presence of various polyfunctional groups in the structure of a water-soluble polymer allows them to perform the functions of a modifier, forming a thin film on the surface of natural fibers that prevents the removal of moisture, reduces fiber breakage and enhances physical and mechanical properties. This made it possible to establish that epilamination not only preserves the fiber from damage when interacting with the working parts of technological machines, but also improves the processability of the fiber.

Rapid assessment of wetting of natural fiber surfaces by biodegradable copolyester using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques

AbstractA biodegradable polymer, the poly(butylene adipate co‐terephthalate) (PBAT), was compounded with the microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) obtained from different sources (such as wheat stalk and rice husk powder) to prepare the polymer composites. The two components, here found to be compatible, as evidenced by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Further assessment of the compounded fibers with the organic solvent, the toluene, illustrated the nature of the wetting phenomena of MCC by PBAT. The SEM observation showed the wrapping of the PBAT layer onto the MCC phase after the removal of the polymer matrix. The FTIR spectrum showed the presence of the PBAT carbonyl peak on extracted fibers from the composite via solvent removal. It could be concluded that the PBAT could wet the MCC effectively in the composites suggesting the potential of enhancing their properties.Highlights A biodegradable polymer, the PBAT, melt‐mixed with plant‐based natural fiber. The fiber in composites was found to be wetted with the PBAT layer. H‐bonding between the CO group of PBAT and the OH group of fiber caused wetting. Raw, processed, and silane‐treated fibers showed similar wetting phenomena.

Green biodegradable dielectric material made from PLA and electron beam irradiated luffa cylindrica fiber: devices for a sustainable future.

The growing prevalence of polymer-based plastics in the environment is an imminent risk to the natural world. As an immediate consequence of this, extensive research has been launched over the course of the past few decades in an effort to reduce the damage that manmade plastics cause to the natural environment. The current study attempts to explore the biodegradability of polylactic acid (PLA), a bio-compatible plastic, by incorporating small amount of electron beam irradiated natural fibers (2 to 10%) derived from luffa cylindrica (LC) at varying irradiation doses (0.5 Gy, 1 Gy, and 2 Gy). Natural fiber surface treatment using electron beam irradiation is effective and environmentally friendly. The biodegradation of composites was studied for 90 days in sand, soil, compost, brackish water, fresh water, salt water, and bacterial and fungal conditions. Maximum decomposition was observed in the composite sample (PLA/10% wt of LC fiber at 2.0 Gy) at 15.42% and 4.73% in bacterial and soil environments. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy validated the fiber and PLAs crystallinity and molecular interaction. The derivative thermo-gravimetric curve (DTGA) showed that electron beam irradiation removed moisture, hemicelluloses, and lignin from hydrophilic fibers. The incorporation of LC fibers into the bio-composites resulted in an increase in the glass transition temperature (Tg), melting temperature (Tm), and crystallization temperature (Tc). Additionally, after LC fiber reinforcement, the composites' dielectric properties were enhanced.

Enhancing fiber–matrix interface permeability resistance of natural fiber-reinforced, bio-cemented sand by CaCO[formula omitted] seed pretreatment

This study explores the application of roughness pretreatment on plant-based natural fiber surfaces to enhance the sealing effectiveness of the sand-fiber interfacial. The technique roughens the reinforced material by presetting CaCO3 seeds on the fiber surface, thereby immobilizing more bacteria as nucleation sites, further increasing the interfacial bonding area by promoting bio-mineralization and achieving efficient sealing of preferential flow channels. Experimental investigation was conducted to compare the promoting effects on bio-mineralization of reinforced sand with three pretreated fibers. Results showed that the fibers pretreated with CaCO3 could fill the pores to bridge sand particles more effectively by aggregating bio-mineralized precipitates around them. The bacterial immobilization rate and calcium carbonate content of bio-cemented sands with fiber pretreatment remarkably increased with increasing fiber surface roughness characterized by fractal dimension (Fd) when compared to the samples without pretreatment, and the maximum increase was 35.66% (coir, Fd=1.390) and 152.3% (jute, Fd=1.330). The profile water-conducting rate and average hydraulic conductivity have been reduced by 46% and 86%, Among the three fibers, ramie has the lowest hydraulic conductivity of 5.396 × 10−8m/s, which is lower than that of jute and coir (1.041 × 10−7m/s and 3.885 × 10−7m/s). Furthermore, the promotion of bacteria on bio-mineralization and more even distribution (upper, middle, and lower parts are 36%, 34%, and 30%, respectively) of CaCO3 were confirmed through bacteria staining testing and dye tracer testing. Finally, the effects of average flow velocity and shear rate on bacterial immobilization and sealing of preferential flow channels are discussed.

Raffia hookeri Fiber: Effect of Alkali Treatment on Morphology, Composition and Technological Application Properties

Background: The presence of natural fiber in composites has shown a positive influence on the resilience of the reinforced polymer composites but this influence shows variability with Natural fiber Surface treatment, concentration of treatment solution and the length of treatment time. 5wt.% of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) alkali solution concentration has shown to be effective and efficient in dissolving the hemicellulose and the lignin portions while preserving the cellulose part of the fiber. There is enough literature on the chemical, physical, mechanical and thermal properties of Natural fibers but there is no comprehensive study on the chemical composition, morphology and concentration of the chemical compositions, water absorption behavior and thermal properties of Raffia hookeri fibers. Objective: Given that these properties vary with both the plant type and Botanical species, we are taking this advantage to study in detailed the morphological and composition of Raffia hookeri fiber and to Characterize the fiber for the evaluation of Mechanical Properties for Technological application. Methods: Raffia hookeri fiber was extracted and the basic technological application properties such as moisture and water adsorption, morphology, chemical, physical and thermal properties were analyzed using, chemical composition analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transformed Infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) while tensile test was used to evaluate the mechanical behavior of the fibers. Results: Chemical analysis revealed that the fiber was made up of cellulose (40wt.%), hemicellulose (20wt.%), lignin (33wt.%) and extractives 7wt.%, Thermal analysis indicated thermal stability up to 220oC, while the SEM/EDS results revealed that the effect of treatment on the fiber surface increased with the treatment time and reached maximum after 10h. This variability inferred on the morphological composition which recorded modifying effects both on the fiber-polymer matrix and the mechanical properties of the treated fibers. The FT-IR and XRD results indicated modification of the functional groups on the fiber morphology which improved on the mechanical, moisture and water adsorption capacity of the treated fibers. Conclusion: The alkali treatment has modifying effects on Raffia hookeri fiber morphology and chemical composition which affect its technological application Properties.

Effect of Fiber Treatments on the Mechanical Properties of Sisal Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Composites

The mechanical behavior of fiber-cement composites is significantly influenced by the interfacial bonding between the fiber and the cement matrix. However, natural fibers are less chemically compatible with the cement matrix. As a result, it is essential to modify the surface of natural fibers to achieve good fiber-matrix interfacial bonds. In the current study, sisal fibers intended for use as a reinforcement in concrete matrices were alkali treated with NaOH solutions (2%, 5%, and 10%) for 12 hrs, 24 hrs, and 48 hrs. Water absorption, tensile strength, and surface morphological changes in fibers were studied. The effect of fiber treatment on the concrete was also assessed by measuring its slump, compressive strength, flexural strength, and toughness. Alkali treatment was discovered to reduce the water absorption capacity of sisal fiber. On the contrary, fiber surface morphology and mechanical properties improved up to a point and then gradually declined. The addition of treated sisal fiber considerably increases concrete’s flexural strength and toughness. However, an insignificant change in compressive strength was observed.

Effect of Grafting Nano-TiO2 on Sansevieria cylindrica Fiber Properties

Natural fibers, which are abundant, environmentally friendly, and biodegradable, are used as a replacement for synthetic fibers. The composite strength can be increased by treating the surfaces of natural fibers with suitable chemicals, which can also improve the interface interaction between fiber and matrix. Application of a coupling agent in chemical treatment is utilized to reinforce the bonding between fiber and matrix. The objective of the study is to determine the influence of silane concentration on the Sansevieria cylindrica fiber properties. The methods included fibers treatment using ethanol and coupling agent as dissolving and TiO2 with concentrations of 0 percent, 0.25 percent, 0.5 percent, 0.75 percent, and 1 percent. The mechanical strength testing was conducted through a single fiber test. Fiber morphology was observed using an electron microscope. FTIR analyzes the change in fiber chemical composition caused by TiO2 addition. As a result, the morphology of S. cylindrica fibers became rougher and showed a rougher surface after a silane concentration of 1 percent, but with the proper concentration, some fiber surfaces provided a good interface. Ti-O bonds are formed at a wavelength of 475 cm-1. The shift in a peak at 400–500 cm-1 indicates Ti-O-Ti group stretching vibrations believed to have originated from TiO2 particles. The mechanical strength increases as the concentration of TiO2 increases, with the highest fiber strength of 284.66 MPa observed at a TiO2 concentration of 1 percent. This represents a 26 percent higher tensile strength compared to the control specimen.

Textile wastewater depuration using a green cellulose based Fe3O4 bionanocomposite

Supported iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) on natural fiber surfaces have enormous potential in wastewater depuration strategies. We describe here the fabrication and advanced oxidation capabilities of a bionanocomposite based on cellulosic fique fibers (FF) decorated with magnetite (Fe3O4) NPs. The composite material’s assembly was monitored using FESEM, XPS, ATR-IR, XRD, and TGA. Cellulose in FF undergoes an alkaline treatment, resulting in a heterogeneous and positively charged microstructure with channels and cavities acting as nanoreactors, facilitating size control, dispersion, and stabilization of the Fe3O4 NPs via an ultrasonic-assisted co-precipitation method. The bionanocomposite material (FF/Fe3O4) promotes color removal from indigo carmine (IC) solutions via heterogeneous Fenton-like reactions. UV–vis and MS data show the removal of up to 90% of the color in IC-spiked model aqueous samples through oxidation reactions within 5 min for up to 10 cycles. The bionanocomposite catalytic performance is significantly affected by pH and oxidant (H2O2) concentration. In addition, after treating a real effluent from a denim factory with the FF/Fe3O4 bionanocomposite for 120 min, we observed reductions of 24% in chemical oxygen demand (COD), 100% in surfactant content, 99% in true and apparent color, and 99% in turbidity.

Characterization of natural fiber extracted from Bauhinia vahlii bast subjected to different surface treatments: A potential reinforcement in polymer composite

ABSTRACT Bauhinia vahlii (BV) is a great source of cellulosic biomass, and it is gaining popularity as a renewable resource. BV bast fiber is proposed to have the potential to replace synthetic fibers in biopolymer composites as a reinforcing material. This investigation deals with the extraction, surface modification and comprehensive characterization of BV bast fibers which could be used for the production of sustainable fiber-reinforced polymer composites. The extracted fibers were chemically treated with sodium hydroxide, sodium chlorite, and benzoyl chloride. Then, the chemical properties, mechanical properties, surface morphology and thermal properties were investigated. An improvement in chemical and mechanical properties was observed after surface modification of fibers. Benzoylation treated BV bast fibers revealed highest tensile strength of 128.56 MPa and Young’s modulus of 8.34 GPa. In addition, after treatment, the fibers had rougher surface as seen from SEM images. The surface treatments removed a specific quantity of hemicelluloses, lignin, and pectin from the natural fiber surface, according to FTIR analysis. The surface treatments had a good impact on the crystallinity index of the natural fibers, according to XRD analysis. The characterization results confirmed that BV bast fibers could be used for the production of sustainable fiber reinforced polymer composites.

Recent Development in the Processing, Properties, and Applications of Epoxy-Based Natural Fiber Polymer Biocomposites

Growing environmental concerns have increased the scientific interest in the utilization of natural fibers for the development of epoxy biocomposite materials. The incorporation of one or more fibers in the production of hybrid epoxy polymer composites has been a subject of discussion. It is interesting to acknowledge that natural/synthetic fiber hybridized epoxy composites have superior properties over natural/natural fiber hybridized epoxy composites. Significant efforts have been devoted to the improvement of natural fiber surface modifications to promote bonding with the epoxy matrix. However, to achieve sufficient surface modification without destroying the natural fibers, optimization of treatment parameters such as the concentration of the treatment solution and treatment time is highly necessary. Synthetic and treated natural fiber hybridization in an epoxy matrix is expected to produce biocomposites with appreciable biodegradability and superior mechanical properties by manipulating the fiber/matrix interfacial bonding. This paper presents a review of studies on the processing of epoxy natural fiber composites, mechanical properties, physical properties such as density and water absorption, thermal properties, biodegradability study, nondestructive examination, morphological characterizations, and applications of epoxy-based natural fiber biocomposites. Other aspects, including a review of variables that enhance the mechanical and functional performance of epoxy/natural fibers composites while also increasing the biodegradability of the composite material for environmental sustainability, were presented. The future research focus was elucidated. It is hoped that this review will stimulate and refocus research efforts toward advancing the manufacture of epoxy/natural fiber composites to meet the growing demand for biocomposite materials in the global world.

Influence of surface treatment on properties of Cocos nucifera L. Var typica fiber reinforced polymer composites

AbstractNatural fibers are a powerful competitor in the polymer composite market due to their availability, sustainability, obtainability, cost, and biodegradability. The surface of natural fibers was changed to increase mechanical qualities, hydrophobicity, and bonding with polymer matrix. This study exposes the influence of several surface treatments of coconut tree peduncle fibers (CTPFs) on the thermomechanical and water absorption properties of CTPF‐reinforced polymer composites. The CTPFs were treated with sodium hydroxide, benzoyl peroxide, potassium permanganate and stearic acid at a constant 40 wt% and individually reinforced in an unsaturated polyester resin matrix containing 60 wt% CTPFs. Chemically treated CTPFs improved reinforcement‐matrix adhesion and enhanced composite mechanical characteristics. In addition, the scanning electron microscope fractographical study of stressed composite specimens shows improved reinforcement‐matrix bonding. Moreover, the treated CTPFs have a higher cellulose wt%, which improves the composites crystalline nature, hydrophobicity and thermal stability. The potassium permanganate treated CTPF composite's maximum tensile strength of 128 MPa, flexural strength of 119 MPa, impact strength of 9.9 J/cm2, hardness value of 99 HRRW and thermal stability up to 193°C make them appropriate for lightweight mobility and structural applications.

Low density polyethylene composites based on flax fibers modified by a combination of coupling agent

AbstractThis investigation proposes a natural fiber surface modification approach based on the use of a system of coupling agents (CAs) to improve the mechanical properties of polymer composites made of flax fibers and low‐density polyethylene. This system combines the coating of the NaOH treated (mercerized) flax fibers by a CA (Epolene C18 [M‐C18]) in a solution under moderated heat (70°C–80°C), followed by the addition of 1% or 3% wt. of another CA (Epolene E43 [M‐E43]) during the injection molding. The comparison between the solution modified and the neat and mercerized flax fibers using scanning electron micrograph (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and density underscored some differences ascribed to the presence of M‐C18 onto the modified fibers. The mechanical properties showed that the combination of solution modification and direct introduction during the injection‐molding step of 1% of M‐E43 was efficient as the corresponding composites exhibited an improvement of 9.1%, 15.9%, and 11.1% of his tensile, flexural, and impact strengths respectively compared to the neat fiber composite. Due to their good impact and flexural strengths, these composites can be suitable for automotive parts such as keyboard.

Modification-scavenging hydroxyl groups of natural mineral fiber separators to boost initial coulombic efficiency of lithium-ion battery

The recently reported inorganic separator is promising for advanced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with excellent electrochemical performance and high safety. However, then with most of inorganic separators suffered from low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE). In this work, the chrysotile fiber (CF) separator was researched as a hydroxyl-rich inorganic separator, and the relationship between the hydroxyl groups on the surface of the CF separators and the ICE of batteries was studied. It was found that the rich hydroxyl groups on the surface of the CF separators induced the decomposition of LiPF6, thus leading to low ICE. Modified CF separators (LSO) were prepared by acid leaching and lithium ions modification. Modification-scavenging the hydroxyl groups on the surface of the CF separators can effectively promote the ICE of the Li|LiFePO4 cell (93%). Furthermore, the Li|LiFePO4 cell with LSO exhibited an excellent rate performance and high-rate cycle stability (109.4 mAh g−1 at 5C after 1000 cycles). This work provided a new strategy for improving electrochemical performance that reducing the number of hydroxyl groups on the surface of natural mineral fibers is effective to improve the ICE of inorganic separators.

Entangled ZnO on Ultrathin Hollow Fibers for UV-Aided Pollutant Decomposition.

Zinc oxide (ZnO), a widely used ultraviolet (UV) degrading substance, offers high selectivity for wastewater treatment, but the leaching of ZnO into water could cause secondary contamination. Using porous substrates to fix and load ZnO is a promising technical method to improve the water purification efficiency and recycling durability of ZnO. However, limited by the slow kinetics and shielding effects, it is challenging to use traditional techniques to introduce ZnO into the interior of a hollow structure. Here, inspired by an ancient dyeing procedure, we formed a unique single-molecule bio-interfacial entanglement as an absorption layer to capture the catalyst for ZnO electroless deposition (ELD) on the surface of natural ultrathin hollow-structured Kapok fibers. With curcumin serving as a linking bridge, ELD allowed the spontaneous formation of intensive ZnO nanocrystals on both the outer and inner walls. ZnO-kapok as the catalyst for ultraviolet photodecomposition of organic pollutants (methylene blue (MB) and phenol as model pollutants) delivered a decomposition efficiency of 80% and outstanding durability. Further modification of the ZnO-kapok catalyst by doping with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) showed an improvement in photodegradation performance of 90% degradation under 2-h irradiation with 21.85 W/dm2 light power. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report featuring ZnO loading on both the outer and inner walls of a fiber-structured hollow kapok material, which provides inspiration for immobilization of metallic oxides on hollow-structured materials for further applications in renewable catalysis, chemical engineering, and energy storage fields.

Characteristics of sandy soil treated using EICP-based urease enzymatic acceleration method and natural hemp fibers

This study presents the use of biocementation process with EICP-based urease enzymatic acceleration method and natural hemp fibers to improve the strength of sandy soil. The amount of hemp fibers mixed in the sandy soil is varied up to 20% by volume. Different tests are used, and results are observed. From real-time bender element tests, the optimum amount of natural hemp fibers for mixing in biocemented sand is found to be 2.5% by volume, based on shear wave velocity and initial shear modulus. Moreover, the process of biocementation requires a few days before the start of reaction, and the reaction fully occurs at 4-day while finishes at 6-day. Using pH meter, it is found that the process of biocementation reaches its maximum value at 3-day, because the solution pH in sand becomes higher than 7. After that, the biocementation reaction rate decreases due to the reduction of the solution pH. From spectophotometer, the ammonification occurs from 0-day to 4-day, and reaches its maximum at 4-day. After that, it gradually decreases showing the gradual end of biocementation reaction. The SEM results show that the surface of natural hemp fibers and precipitated calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystals are rough indicating the potential for bonding between them. The SEM results also show that the precipitated CaCO3 fills within the voids between sand particles and natural hemp fibers, resulting in the enhancement of sandy soil strength. The XRD results show the relationship between the occurrence of CaCO3 and the process of biocemented in sand. Finally, the direct shear tests confirm the improvement of sandy soil properties via increasing cohesion and internal friction angle due to biocementation and hemp fibers.

Effect of gamma irradiation on mechanical properties of poly (lactic) acid–luffa fiber composites

Modification of surface of natural fiber by gamma irradiation is an effective and economical technique and of viable interests in the terrain of biocomposites. The response of doses (0.5 Gy,1Gy and 2 Gy) of gamma irradiation of 6MV energy on the structural, tensile and flexural properties of composites using poly lactic acid (PLA) and fibers of luffa cylindrical (LC) is studied. Preliminary results suggests promising mechanical properties. After reinforcement of irradiated LC fiber, the tensile strength and flexural strength of the virgin PLA matrix increases by 60% and 155% respectively. The E-modulus of the composites are also heightened with addition of irradiated fiber up to the limit of 1 Gy of irradiation dose and then decreases with higher dose of irradiation. Furthermore the tensile strength and flexural strength of the composites increases with incorporation of very low content of LC fiber up to 2wt% and decreases with higher loading of fibers (5wt% and 10wt%). Modulus of composites is enhanced with increase in wt of fiber content in the composites. Moreover beefore reinforcement the LC fibers are modified with Ca salts in order to explore the use of these composites in biomedical territory. Copyright © 2018 VBRI Press.

A Review on Natural Fiber Bio-Composites, Surface Modifications and Applications.

Increased environmental concerns and global warming have diverted focus from eco-friendly bio-composites. Naturals fibers are abundant and have low harvesting costs with adequate mechanical properties. Hazards of synthetic fibers, recycling issues, and toxic byproducts are the main driving factors in the research and development of bio-composites. Bio-composites are degradable, renewable, non-abrasive, and non-toxic, with comparable properties to those of synthetic fiber composites and used in many applications in various fields. A detailed analysis is carried out in this review paper to discuss developments in bio-composites. The review covers structure, morphology, and modifications of fiber, mechanical properties, degradable matrix materials, applications, and limitations of bio-composites. Some of the key sectors employing bio-composites are the construction, automobile, and packaging industries. Furthermore, bio-composites are used in the field of medicine and cosmetics.