Natural Division Research Articles

Finding a ‘Shi’a voice’ in Europe: minority representation and the unsettling of secular humanitarianism in the discourse of ‘Shi’a rights’

ABSTRACT In contemporary Europe, where the hegemony of modern secular governance remains largely uncontested, how do minority religious communities – especially Muslims – negotiate the tension between religious duty and forms of secularised civic belonging? This contribution takes Twelver Shi’a Muslim activism in Europe as a starting place to interrogate the encounter between Islamic and secular values. In particular, I examine the emergence of what I call the discourse of ‘Shi’a rights’, through which Shi’a Muslims are seeking to gain minority recognition within the European context. Combining elements of Shi’a Islamic ethics with the language of secular humanitarianism, the discourse of ‘Shi’a rights’ is emancipatory and outward-facing while simultaneously being exclusionary and particularistic in the way it promotes specific understandings of what it means to be ‘Shi’a’. Crucially, I argue that this ambivalent nature of ‘Shi’a rights’ is a product of the encounter with secular liberal governance, especially the secular ideal of religious equality. Rather than representing a natural division between religion and society, contemporary secularism cultivates particular ethical attachments that ultimately serve to problematise the status of religious minorities. A focus on ‘Shi’a rights’ in Europe thus serves to illuminate the fractures and fissures that contemporary secular discourse seeks to hide.

Microsurgical Resection of Dorsal Pontine Cavernous Malformation: The Telovelar Approach Augmented by the Tonsillouvular Fissure Exposure: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

Surgical approaches to lesions of the fourth ventricle (FV) have been modified over the years to reduce the complications associated with splitting the inferior cerebellar vermis (ICV) and disrupting the brainstem and critical surrounding structures.1-4 Two common approaches to lesions of this region include the transvermian approach (TVA) and telovelar approach (TeVA).2 The TVA was initially considered the conventional route of access to lesions of the FV1 but has been associated with significant risks, including possible gait ataxia and dysarthria.3 The TeVA is advantageous, as it involves dissection along natural clefts and division of non-neural tissue and provides good exposure of the superolateral recess with modest exposure of the rostral FV. The TeVA approach can be augmented by opening the tonsilouvular fissures (TUFs). This added dissection allows greater lateral and superior exposure with less need for retraction. In this operative video, we demonstrate a case in which we augmented the TeVA with a TUF dissection to access a dorsal pontine cavernous malformation. We performed a midline suboccipital craniotomy with a C1 posterior laminectomy. TUF dissection was followed by division of the tela choroidea (TC), which allowed for more lateral exposure of the FV and excellent visualization of the cavernous malformation without the need to traverse neural tissue. TeVA augmented by TUF dissection provided adequate access to the dorsal pons for complete resection of the cavernous malformation. The patient consented to the procedure as shown in this operative video and gave informed written consent for use of her images in publication. Anatomic images provided by courtesy of © The Rhoton Collection. http://rhoton.ineurodb.org/. Video © Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2021. Used with permission.

Micrometeorological Aspects of Spraying within a Surface Inversion

AbstractPesticide applications during surface inversions can lead to spray drift causing severe damage up to several kilometers off-target. Current regulations in Australia prohibit spray application of certain agricultural chemicals when hazardous surface inversions exist. This severely limits spray opportunities. Surface inversions can be classified as weakly or strongly stable. In the weakly stable case, moderate to strong turbulent mixing is not supportive of long-distance concentrated drift. In the very stable case, weak turbulent mixing can support the transport of high concentrations of fine material over long distances. A review of the literature and our analyses indicate that if the turbulence, as measured by the standard deviation of the vertical wind speed σw, is greater than about 0.2 m s−1 then turbulence-driven mixing and dispersion is moderate to strong and conversely if σw is less than about 0.2 m s−1 then turbulence-driven mixing and dispersion is weaker (an order of magnitude). The concept of maximum downward heat flux as a natural division between the regimes is applied within Monin–Obukhov stability theory, and it is shown that the observed mean σw of 0.2 m s−1 aligns with the ridge line of maximum heat flux in stable conditions. The level of turbulence in the weakly stable regime is comparable to the turbulence typically observed in near-neutral conditions that are recommended under current guidelines as suitable for spraying and is therefore seen as an acceptable prerequisite to avoid nondispersive spraying conditions.

DEFORMATION OF SRIKAYA FRUIT IN WOOD PRODUCTS

Srikaya fruit has a distinctive character on the skin, namely the natural but regular division of the chunks which when appointed as an idea for product design will be interesting. The results of future research are the deformation of srikaya fruit in the form of wood products in the form of interior decoration for homes as well as an access reminder for humans that srikaya fruit is part of the health facility for the human body because it contains folic acid, potassium, vitamin C, fiber, vitamin A, magnesium and a good source of iron for the body. In terms of research targets, it is expected that the results of the design of wood products have their own unique values, both in wood material, design, product shape and finishing, so that when displayed they will get a positive response. The responses given by connoisseurs of the work in this exhibition forum will be evaluated and become a benchmark for further research on the main basis ofwood

Interaction among environmental and socioeconomic determinants of risk for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Latin AmericaInteração entre os determinantes ambientais e socioeconômicos para o risco de leishmaniose cutânea na América Latina

RESUMENObjetivo.Determinar y caracterizar áreas de riesgo potencial de la ocurrencia de leishmaniasis cutánea (LC) en América Latina (AL).Método.Estudio observacional ecológico con unidades de observación definidas por municipios con transmisión de LC entre 2014-2018. Se utilizaron variables medioambientales y socioeconómicas disponibles para al menos 85% de los municipios, combinados en una sola base de datos, a través del software R. Se combinó la metodología de análisis de componentes principales con un análisis de conglomerados jerárquicos para la formación de conglomerados de municipios en función de su similitud. Se estimó el V-test para definir la asociación positiva o negativa de las variables con los conglomerados y separación por divisiones naturales para determinar cuáles contribuyeron más a cada conglomerado. Se incorporaron los casos para atribuir el riesgo de LC para cada conglomerado.Resultados.Se incluyeron en el estudio 4 951 municipios con transmisión de LC (36,5% del total en AL) y se definieron siete conglomerados por su asociación con 18 variables medioambientales y socioeconómicas. El riesgo histórico de LC se asocia de manera positiva y en forma decreciente con los conglomerados Amazónico, Andino y Sabana; y de manera negativa con los conglomerados Boscoso/perenne, Boscoso/cultivo y Boscoso/poblado. El conglomerado Agrícola no reveló ninguna asociación con los casos de LC.Conclusiones.El estudio permitió identificar y caracterizar el riesgo de LC por conglomerados de municipios y conocer el patrón propio epidemiológico de distribución de la transmisión, lo que proporciona a los gestores una mejor información para las intervenciones intersectoriales para el control de la LC.

The B B Newman spelling theorem

This article aims to be a self-contained account of the history of the B B Newman Spelling Theorem, including the historical context in which it arose. First, an account of B B Newman and how he came to prove his Spelling Theorem is given, together with a description of the author's efforts to track this information down. Following this, a high-level description of combinatorial group theory is given. This is then tied in with a description of the history of the word problem, a fundamental problem in the area. After a description of some of the theory of one-relator groups, an important part of combinatorial group theory, the natural division line into the torsion and torsion-free case for such groups is described. This culminates in a statement of and general discussion about the B B Newman Spelling Theorem and its importance.

(Post-)Deuteronomistic Prohibition of Transvestitism (Deut 22:5)? The Question of Its Actual Meaning and Motivations

Deut 22:5 marks the single instance of a prohibition of transvestitism in the Bible, and in its whole cultural milieu. The context in which it is situated suggests that it may have been inserted there as an addition, after the Babylonian captivity. That helps to narrow down the range of speculations as to the original Sitz im Leben of the law, and enables us to read it most of all within the canonical framework of the entirety of the Pentateuch. Hence, the precept pertains mainly to the principle of division of the human nature into the two sexes (Gen 1–2), the principle of retaining the order of creation (by not mixing kinds; Lev 19:19; Deut 22:9–11), and of keeping the procreational power, referred to here predominantly to masculinity (Gen 5:1–3; cf. Gen 1:28; 9:1.7).

The Division of Labor in Communication: Speakers Help Listeners Account for Asymmetries in Visual Perspective.

Recent debates over adults' theory of mind use have been fueled by surprising failures of perspective-taking in communication, suggesting that perspective-taking may be relatively effortful. Yet adults routinely engage in effortful processes when needed. How, then, should speakers and listeners allocate their resources to achieve successful communication? We begin with the observation that the shared goal of communication induces a natural division of labor: The resources one agent chooses to allocate toward perspective-taking should depend on their expectations about the other's allocation. We formalize this idea in a resource-rational model augmenting recent probabilistic weighting accounts with a mechanism for (costly) control over the degree of perspective-taking. In a series of simulations, we first derive an intermediate degree of perspective weighting as an optimal trade-off between expected costs and benefits of perspective-taking. We then present two behavioral experiments testing novel predictions of our model. In Experiment 1, we manipulated the presence or absence of occlusions in a director-matcher task. We found that speakers spontaneously modulated the informativeness of their descriptions to account for "known unknowns" in their partner's private view, reflecting a higher degree of speaker perspective-taking than previously acknowledged. In Experiment 2, we then compared the scripted utterances used by confederates in prior work with those produced in interactions with unscripted directors. We found that confederates were systematically less informative than listeners would initially expect given the presence of occlusions, but listeners used violations to adaptively make fewer errors over time. Taken together, our work suggests that people are not simply "mindblind"; they use contextually appropriate expectations to navigate the division of labor with their partner. We discuss how a resource-rational framework may provide a more deeply explanatory foundation for understanding flexible perspective-taking under processing constraints.

Leadership Forum on Organizations and Sustainability: Taking Stock, Looking Forward

In mid-2020, leaders in the field of organizations and the natural environment convened for a conference call to assess the field as it stands and consider reorientations that might elevate its scholarship and amplify its impact. On the call were: Tobias Hahn (ESADE), President of GRONEN, the Group for Research on Organizations and the Natural Environment1 Jennifer Howard-Grenville (Cambridge Judge Business School, University of Cambridge), Deputy Editor of Academy of Management Journal. Tom Lyon (University of Michigan), President of ARCS, the Alliance for Research on Corporate Sustainability Mike Russo (University of Oregon), Editor-in-Chief of Organization & Environment Judith L. Walls (Institute for Economy and the Environment, University of St.Gallen), Chair of the Organizations and the Natural Environment Division of the Academy of Management1 What follows is a lightly edited transcript of our free-flowing conversation, with references that came up in the discussion added.

Изменчивость признаков вегетативных органов лиственницы Гмелина в Забайкальском крае

Изменчивость признаков вегетативных органов лиственницы Гмелина в Забайкальском крае

Historical natural kinds and mineralogy: Systematizing contingency in the context of necessity

The advancement of science depends upon developing classification protocols that systematize natural objects and phenomena into “natural kinds”—categorizations that are conjectured to represent genuine divisions in nature by virtue of playing central roles in the articulation of successful scientific theories. In the physical sciences, theoretically powerful classification systems, such as the periodic table, are typically time independent. Similarly, the standard classification of mineral species by the International Mineralogical Association’s Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature, and Classification relies on idealized chemical composition and crystal structure, which are time-independent attributes selected on the basis of theoretical considerations from chemical theory and solid-state physics. However, when considering mineral kinds in the historical context of planetary evolution, a different, time-dependent classification scheme is warranted. We propose an “evolutionary” system of mineral classification based on recognition of the role played by minerals in the origin and development of planetary systems. Lacking a comprehensive theory of chemical evolution capable of explaining the time-dependent pattern of chemical complexification exhibited by our universe, we recommend a bootstrapping approach to mineral classification based on observations of geological field studies, astronomical observations, laboratory experiments, and analyses of natural samples and their environments. This approach holds the potential to elucidate underlying universal principles of cosmic chemical complexification.

The racial division of nature: Making land in Recife

In this paper I analyse the making and unmaking of amphibious urban modernity in Recife in the Northeast of Brazil in the first half of the 20th century. I argue that the transformation of the city was predicated on an absorptive and eradicative notion of whiteness that required the enclosure of wet, amphibious space to make dry land. The process of urban transformation proceeded not only through a racial division of space, but through a racial division of nature.

The long walk from the Carboniferous: mysterious fossil tracks are rediscovered after 87 years

An unmarked crate stored for many years in the American Museum of Natural History's Division of Paleontology was opened in 2005 and found to contain large slabs of small (one- to a few-centimetre-sized) fossil tetrapod footprints that were clearly geologically very old. The lack of data on or in the crate left the contained specimens orphaned and mysterious and nothing was definitively gleaned about their age, provenance or history for over a dozen years. But when a new book on an extraordinary assemblage of Carboniferous trackways in Alabama was published in 2016, it was found to contain a few sentences that gave clues to the origin of the specimens and soon illuminated the hidden story. Not only had the tracks been amassed by George Gaylord Simpson, one of the foremost vertebrate paleontologists of the 20th Century, many are exquisitely preserved and quite important scientifically. The story of their rediscovery and ongoing interpretation is an intriguing mix of luck, revelations and probing of both the geologic and paper records.

AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY ON ACUTE POISONING IN PAEDIATRIC POPULATION IN A RURAL MEDICAL COLLEGE.

Backgound: In paediatric emergencies acute poisoning is frequently encountered and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. There is natural division of acute poisoning in paediatric population in to two groups i.e. young children and adolescents. The first group comprises of young children who innocently ingest small amount of single substances. Second group comprises of adolescents who purposefully ingest substantial quantity of multiple substances secondary to emotional outburst or psychiatric illness. This study aimed to study the clinical, toxicological profile and outcome of Acute poisoning in paediatric population in Adichunchanagiri institute of medical sciences, Mandya, Karnataka, India. Subjects and methods: This is a retrospective observational study done from January 2018- December 2019, in Adichunchanagiri institute of medical sciences, Mandya, Karnataka, India, involving childhood poisoning. Data was noted on a predesigned proforma, it was compiled and entered in MS Excel spread sheet; descriptive statistics was applied. Results: Out of 50 cases 24 cases (48%) were males and 26 cases (52%) were females. Majority of cases were distributed in the age group of 1-4 years 24 cases (48%), followed by 15-18 years 19 cases (38%). Suicidal poisoning was more seen in adolescent females 15 cases (30%). Pesticide and insecticide remains the most common toxic agent i.e. 21 cases (42%), followed by hydrocarbons 16 cases (32%). 42 cases (84%) got improved, 5 cases (10%) got referred and there was 1 (2%) death. Majority of the cases (52%) got discharged between 1-3 days. Conclusions: Pesticides and hydrocarbons remains most easily accessible toxins in rural area hence, are most commonly implicated toxins in childhood poisoning. Though poisoning remains worrisome problem, it is preventable.

Cultural influences on word meanings revealed through large-scale semantic alignment.

If the structure of language vocabularies mirrors the structure of natural divisions that are universally perceived, then the meanings of words in different languages should closely align. By contrast, if shared word meanings are a product of shared culture, history and geography, they may differ between languages in substantial but predictable ways. Here, we analysed the semantic neighbourhoods of 1,010 meanings in 41 languages. The most-aligned words were from semantic domains with high internal structure (number, quantity and kinship). Words denoting natural kinds, common actions and artefacts aligned much less well. Languages that are more geographically proximate, more historically related and/or spoken by more-similar cultures had more aligned word meanings. These results provide evidence that the meanings of common words vary in ways that reflect the culture, history and geography of their users.

Indian Worldview and its Implications for Management Scholarship and Practices

Worldview is the philosophical outlook that a person, knowingly or not, utilizes to organize his or her belief system and activities. A worldview comprises of culturally organized and inter-related macro thoughts that organize much of the body of symbolic creations and ethnophilosophy among many other epistemic and ontological stances. This article is aimed at deciphering the Indian worldview by elaborating the nature of human self, goals of human life and the role of work in the human life subscribed in the Indian traditional wisdom and their theoretical implications on management in general and Management-Spirituality and Religion (MSR) in particular. Indian worldview is replete with spiritual wisdom and the insights about how to bring spirituality or Adhyatma into the practice in day to day affairs of individual or collective life. Hence, MSR is the natural home division for this submission.

Report of the 21-Day, ‘Level-2’ Capacity Building Program ‘4th Winter School Program 2020’ on “Application of Geospatial Technologies for Disaster Management” Sponsored by NRDMS, DST, Govt. of India

A 21-Day ‘Level-2’ capacity building program on Geospatial Technologies was organized during 09.01.2020 to 29.01.2020 as 4th Winter School Program-2020 in the Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal. The program was sponsored by the Natural Resources Data Management System division of the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. The theme of the ‘Level-2’ program was “Application of Geospatial Technologies for Disaster Management”. Training to the participants was given on remote sensing, geographical information system, global navigation satellite system, Contemporary surveying instruments, etc., to build knowledgebase and adaptation capacity on disaster management. A large group of resources persons were invited to deliver lectures in this program. They were from the University of Burdwan as well as many other institutes like ISRO, NATMO DSTBT, etc., of India.

Divisão de Números Naturais: do saber previsto ao saber efetivamente ensinado em classes do Ensino Fundamental

Esse artigo é recorte de uma pesquisa de mestrado acadêmico que adota a noção de transposição didática de Yves Chevallard e objetiva analisar aspectos relacionados ao processo de transposição didática interna da operação de divisão de números naturais no Ensino Fundamental. Para subsidiar a análise das aulas de Matemática de três professores, foi realizado um estudo dos documentos legais do Brasil e do Estado de Pernambuco, análise de livros didáticos para o 4º, 5º e 6º anos e entrevistas com os professores que atuam nesses anos escolares. Nas aulas, o foco de análise foram os diferentes significados da divisão, os procedimentos de cálculo, o tratamento dado ao resto e à interpretação dos resultados obtidos, abordados ou não nas aulas observadas. Ao comparar o saber previsto para ser ensinado e o saber efetivamente ensinado verificou-se mudanças, deformações e lacunas, que poderiam acarretar dificuldades no processo de aprendizagem da operação. Palavras-chave: Transposição Didática Interna. Divisão de Números Naturais. Prática Docente.

Exploration of the Application of Mind Mapping Combined with Computer Technology in Computer Teaching

Objective: To explore how to combine mind mapping with computer technology in computer teaching. Methods: According to the natural division method, 39 students in the first class used the interactive teaching method of mind map, 36 students in the second class used the interactive teaching method of brainstorming to compare the passing rate of the final examination between the two classes. Results: The pass rate of class one was significantly higher than that of class two, especially the pass rate of female students in class one was 52.4% higher than that of class two. Conclusion: Mind mapping is more suitable for computer teaching in colleges and universities. We should combine mind mapping with computer technology to improve teaching quality.

A Study on the Change in Fire Risk by Occupancy Type Using Fire Statistics

This study, as the basic research for developing fire safety guidelines for a building, analyzed the fire risk in buildings according to their occupancy type through fire statistics. This study conducted the fire statistics analysis using data of 6 years (2012-2017) obtained from the National Fire Data System. The fire risk scale of casualties and property damage per fire was classified using Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) technique. As a result, residential, transportation & vehicles, industrial and medical welfare facilities were identified as the structures with high fire risk. In addition, this study presented the fire risk grade by dividing the risk of facilities into 5 phases through SFPE's structure fire risk analysis method and ArcGIS's natural division method through subdivision of 4 types of facilities previously identified using the IPA technique.