Natural Disaster Risk Management Research Articles

Factors Contributing for Livestock Excessive Mortality in Borana Pastoralist Area: Signal for Leadership and Disaster Risk Management Policy of Ethiopia

Livestock production is one of major mainstay in pastoralist area. In order to keep its livestock, pastoralist applies traditional drought coping mechanism. Currently Government of Ethiopia addressing drought disaster in the area of pastoralist by implementing disaster risk reduction management policy. However there are excessive livestock mortality in pastoralist area of Ethiopia specially Borana. The objective of this paper is to find out factors contributing for excessive livestock mortality in the pastoralist area and analyze its signals for Ethiopian National disaster risk management policy implementation of pastoralist areas. The main data for this research come from primary and secondary sources. The research use mixed method to collect and analyze data. Data collecting tools were questionnaire, key informant interview, focused group discussion, observation and document review. The finding of the study portray that lack of awareness of pastoralist to manage the quality of livestock, lack proper attention for pastoralist, lack of animal health facilities in the adjacent area of pastoralist production, outbreak of livestock disease, inadequate pasture land because of expansion of farming land and tribal conflict, failure of traditional coping mechanisms such as mobility, failure of early warning system and absence of livestock marketing in the pastoralist area are contributing for excessive livestock mortality in the area. This research conclude that current disaster risk management policy implementers and leadership able to consider the extension works intensively to raise the awareness of the community to sell their livestock before serious drought period, due attention for causes of pastoralists and pastoralist centered policy, expand animal health facilities in relation with livestock population, deploy necessary animal health technician in the area, introduce and increase vaccination, support traditional coping mechanisms, work on tribal conflict prevention and intervene by proper and just livestock marketing. Key w ords: Borana, Leadership, Disaster, Livestock, Pastoralist, Policy DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/10-2-04 Publication date: February 29 th 2020

Prefeace

On behalf of the organizing committee, I would like to welcome all of you to the 2nd International Conference on Engineering and Applied Technology (ICEAT), to be held on Ocotber 9th – 10th October 2018 in Aceh, Aceh Province, Indonesia.Catastrophe impacts to human, economic, social, nature and environment caused from natural disaster including earthquake, volcano eruptions, landslides, floods and storms have increased significantly in the last decades. Natural disaster Risk Management has received more attention from governments, NGOs, researcher, firms, national organization and international organization. This special issue is an interesting, latest and trend topic in which the Muhammadiyah Engineering Forum is also concerned on.Thus, the 2nd 2018 of the International Conference on Engineering, Applied Science (ICEAT) organized by Muhammadiyah Engineering Forum held in Aceh Indonesia, has an overarching theme “Sustainable Engineering Science and Technology for Natural Disaster Risk Management” to be discussed in the conference. This theme highlights the role and contribution of Engineering Science and Technology in meeting this natural disaster challenges toward global sustainability.The 2nd 2018 ICEAT topic is limited to Engineering scope which is including Architecture Engineering, Automotive Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Informatics Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering fields. The 72 papers published in this proceeding pick up sustainability diverts cases related to the risk management disaster through engineering science and technology approaches. It is our sincere hope that these special issues can provide fresh ideas to international readers on the natural disaster topics, fields, case, solution, innovation.Lastly, I hope the conference will bring a new exciting experience, provide a good platform to make friends and learn from each other. I hope your stay in Aceh, Indonesia will be enjoyable and a memorable one.With best wishes,Organizing Committee ChairmanYun Arifatul Fatimah, Ph.D

Getting Canadians prepared for natural disasters: a multi-method analysis of risk perception, behaviors, and the social environment

As part of our broader research agenda on the psychology of risk communication and of risk management, we use a socio-ecological approach, inspired by Bronfenbrenner (Am Psychol 32:513–531, 1977. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.32.7.513 ), to better understand how Canadians perceive and prepare for risks originating from natural disasters. In this article, we present three empirical mixed-method studies as layers of analysis—a national survey, a social-spatial multi-level analysis, and a series of qualitative interviews—to bring a better understanding of how to engage Canadians in disaster preparedness and risk management. From our data, we examined how individuals perceived and understood natural disaster risks in Canada and how these fit in their social and life contexts. Given the increasingly diverse Canadian population, we used a cultural lens to contrast immigrants to Canadian-born individuals. After introducing the conceptual background and presenting our empirical studies, we conclude with a discussion on the implications for risk communication and management for natural disasters. Our findings suggest that Canadians could benefit from culturally targeted disaster risk reduction strategies that engage individuals–communities–government at all levels and are more attuned to the realities and specificities of life stressors.

Adoption of natural disaster preparedness and risk reduction measures by business organisations in Small Island Developing States - A Caribbean case study

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the Caribbean continue to experience natural disasters which result in loss of life, as well as severe financial losses and economic distress despite the sustained efforts of regional and international agencies to promote disaster risk reduction. Main productive activities, including tourism and agriculture, are usually severely affected by these events, with consequent negative effects on the host economies. The disposition of business enterprises to take natural disaster risk management action is likely to be a factor in attenuating the severity of outcomes from natural hazard events.This study examines the risk reduction and preparedness measures implemented by a sample of business entities in two Caribbean SIDS, Trinidad and Tobago and Grenada which have different natural hazard exposures and natural disaster experience. The results indicate areas of deficiency, particularly with respect to risk reduction. The findings also suggest that the responses are influenced mainly by the nature of the business and the characteristics of the organisations, rather than by natural disaster exposure and experience. Recommendations are offered for public policy initiatives that may successfully motivate the business sector to assist in reducing severe natural disaster effects from major natural hazard events in the Caribbean.

Project for Strengthening National Strategy of Integrated Natural Disaster Risk Management, GIDES Project, in Brazil

Project for Strengthening National Strategy of Integrated Natural Disaster Risk Management, GIDES Project, in Brazil

Dealing with cascading multi-hazard risks in national risk assessment: The case of Natech accidents

Natural hazard impacts on industrial activities handling hazardous substances can result in severe cascading events such as fires, explosions, and toxic or radioactive releases. These so-called Natech accidents are often overlooked in regional and national disaster risk management plans. National Risk Assessment (NRA) is a well-known instrument to identify, analyse and compare a wide range of risks with potential impacts at a national extent. Increasingly complex and comprehensive NRAs are used globally for informed decision making. Although recognised as an important emerging issue, Natech risks are currently not considered systematically in NRAs. One cause for this deficiency is the lack of dedicated methodologies and guidance for Natech risk assessment within the NRA context. This study fills this gap by giving insight on how and in which setting Natech risks should be assessed in the NRAs. Following a contextual description of the Natech risk within the overall NRA process, different approaches for Natech risk assessment at the national level are discussed and differences with facility-level risk assessment are indicated. Natech-specific aspects to be considered in risk identification, risk analysis, and risk evaluation are explained in detail with examples from past accidents. Finally, research and policy challenges hampering the reliable Natech risk assessment in the NRAs are discussed. The provided information can improve the coherence and consistency of Natech-related aspects in the NRAs. As Natech risk is regarded as a typical example of multi-hazard risk, guidance on how to consider Natech risk can also support a better assessment of other cascading risks.

URBAN PUBLIC POLICY FOR NATURAL DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN BLUMENAU-SC: PROCESSES AND ACTIVITIES,

Abstract The objective of this study was the analysis of urban public policy for natural disaster risk management in the city of Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Two approaches were used: (1) A survey of the municipal public agencies responsible for disaster risk management was conducted. (2) The surveyed agencies’ representatives’ ideas and activities regarding natural disaster risk were analyzed. A systemic approach was adopted, bibliographical research was performed, and interviews were conducted with 10 municipal public managers. The results facilitated the description of the municipal public disaster risk management organizational structure and the ideas and activities related to disaster risk knowledge, prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery/ reconstruction. The study concludes that there is a need for improvements in the coordination among the municipal public agencies and in shared responsibilities of the federal entities and the society for disaster risk management.

Gestión de Riesgos (Sendai) y Objetivos Desarrollo Sostenible en Puerto Plata

Este artículo trata sobre los desastres recurrentes del Municipio de San Felipe de Puerto Plata y cómo el Acuerdo Marco para la Reducción de Desastres 2015-2030 de Sendai, junto a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), se interrelacionan y de cómo pueden ser utilizados para la Gestión de riesgos ante desastres. En él se muestran trabajos previos sobre gestión de riesgos de desastres realizados en este territorio. Esto es importante porque parece que no han sido comprendidos en toda su extensión por las autoridades y las comunidades. Prueba de ello son los efectos negativos, repetitivos, de amenazas naturales y antrópicas convertidas en realidad como ocurrió con las pérdidas ocurridas durante las lluvias de los meses de octubre y noviembre de 2016, las vaguadas de inicio del año 2017 y las ocasionadas durante el paso por las cercanías de República Dominicana de los huracanes Irma y María en el mes de septiembre de 2017. Los hallazgos encontrados mostraron que existe insuficiencia de entendimiento y sensibilidad de parte de los actores claves del Municipio de San Felipe de Puerto Plata al trabajo coordinado de la gestión de riesgos a desastres naturales y antrópicos. Se recomienda desarrollar proyectos a nivel local, del gobierno central y organismos internacionales tomando en cuenta el Marco de Sendai y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) y la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo, de manera que los trabajos, además de aumentar la sostenibilidad ambiental, logren el futuro que queremos, aumente la resiliencia y se reflejen en los indicadores de ODS y las metas e indicadores del Marco de Sendai.

Evaluación de los costos económicos totales de los desastres naturales: inundación en la ciudad de Sheffield, 2007

Los desastres naturales representan altos costos que conllevan desequilibrios económicos. Las pérdidas físicas iniciales generan costos indirectos que amplifican el daño total. Este artículo presenta una metodología basada en el modelo de insumo-producto para evaluar los costos económicos totales de los desastres, y se aplica al caso de las inundaciones de 2007 en Sheffield, Reino Unido. Los resultados sugieren que cada unidad de costo por daños directos, derivados de la destrucción física por la inundación, genera un costo adicional por 0.75 unidades en costos indirectos, contabilizado como la pérdida de producción ocasionada por las perturbaciones a lo largo de las cadenas productivas. El análisis brinda información más comprehensiva sobre los efectos de los desastres naturales en la economía, así como sobre los sectores productivos más afectados. Esto podría coadyuvar en una mejor asignación de recursos para la gestión de los riesgos por desastres naturales.

A Fuzzy Logic Model for Assessment of Socio–Economical Consequences for Household in Case of Power Outage due to Natural Disasters

The paper propose a fuzzy logic model for level assessment of the negative socio–economical consequences to the household and each of its members in case of power cuts due to natural disasters. The appropriate preventive activities are proposed to help to reduce the vulnerability and to increase the preparedness against the negative impact of power cuts on households. The fuzzy logic model is designed as a three-level hierarchical system with four inputs and one output. The system is designed in Matlab computer environment using Fuzzy Logic Toolbox. The designed fuzzy logic model is part of the Cloud Integrated Information System for risk management of natural disasters, which are developed.

Project for Strengthening National Strategy of Integrated Natural Disaster Risk Management

Project for Strengthening National Strategy of Integrated Natural Disaster Risk Management

An evaluation framework for disaster risk management in Egypt

Natural hazards are likely to increase in frequency and magnitude owing to climate change and urbanisation. Therefore, disaster risk management (DRM) and related issues have recently come to the fore and become an essential need. The Hyogo framework for action (HFA) noted the importance of ensuring that the disaster risk reduction (DRR) is considered a national and local priority as well through the assessment and monitoring of the DRM. This paper aims at presenting an adequate method to evaluate the DRM system to form a comprehensive view of its strengths and weaknesses. In this regard, a framework is presented to assess the national DRM through a quantitative method for evaluating its efficiency criteria. In order to do that, a set of indicators is established to evaluate these criteria. Egyptian DRM is evaluated using the proposed framework to identify the weaknesses associated with the current system and the challenges facing it.

FRAMEWORK FOR INDICATOR-BASED OPTIMIZATION OF DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN LOCAL COMMUNITIES

The effects on functioning of the society and consequences of natural disasters and technological accidents require preparedness and rapid response. Disaster management is defined by decisions based on situation description and potential dangers. Risk assessment is performed at various levels, from national to local. This paper presents a framework to optimize natural disaster and technological accident risk management at local level based on application of risk indicators. The method of multi-criteria analysis is applied, and key indicators that best describe the risks at the level of local communities in Serbia were chosen. The results show the importance of raising the resilience of local communities to disasters, primarily in the areas of planning and capacity building.

Disaster management, risk reduction and international disaster response laws in the Commonwealth

This paper considers the existence and use of disaster risk management laws across the Commonwealth. It commences by considering approaches to risk management and disaster response. It reviews international and regional disaster law, policy and tools. The paper examines national disaster risk management laws through the lens of a typology of laws, based on the complexity and scope of the disaster risk reduction and response system. It makes recommendations for Commonwealth countries relating to review of disaster laws, implementation of international frameworks, and the inclusion of disaster risk reduction, recovery, climate change, quality standards and the prevention of sexual and gender-based violence in disaster laws.

Participatory modelling for sustainable development: Key issues derived from five cases of natural resource and disaster risk management

Stakeholder participation is considered a key principle for sustainable development in the context of natural resource and disaster risk management. Participatory modelling (PM) is an interactive and iterative process in which stakeholder involvement is supported by modelling and communication tools. Planning and decision-making for sustainable development (SD)integrate three substantive dimensions − social, ecological and economic. The procedural dimension of SD, however, is equally important, and here we see great potential for PM. In this study, we evaluate five PM research projects against criteria for the procedural dimension of SD. This provides a basis for identifying key issues and needs for further research into PM for SD. While the cases show great potential, especially for supporting knowledge integration, learning and transparent handling of values and perspectives, they indicate a particular need to develop PM in respect of organizational integration. This issue is closely connected to the possibility of effectively implementing PM in practice.

Flood management in urban Senegal: an actor-oriented perspective on national and transnational adaptation interventions

In Senegal, considerable development assistance has been allocated to addressing the problem of repeated flooding in urban areas, involving changing thematic objectives, from short-term disaster relief to wide-ranging sanitation and drainage programmes. In spite of these numerous flood management interventions, the number of flood victims in Senegal's urban centres has increased steadily since 1999. This article contributes empirically and conceptually to recent studies highlighting poor national disaster risk management frameworks in West Africa, by investigating how floods have been managed in Senegal and why this management has not led to the results expected by the population. The article finds that the configuration of flood management policies and programmes in urban Senegal points towards three key intertwined issues which have influenced the limited achievements of flood management in urban areas. These include, but are not restricted to, the political and personal appropriation of flood management-related processes, the reinforcement of the dichotomy between central government and municipalities, and a fragmented institutional framework with overlapping institutions.

The role of Foresight in avoiding systematic failure of natural disaster risk management

Foresight practices have recently grown in all fields of science. Moreover, studies in which the enormous need have existed to design desired futures in natural disaster management have increased as well. In this paper, the authors try to elaborate the relations between ‘disaster management’, ‘risk management’, and ‘disaster risk management’ in Foresight philosophies and fundamental concepts. In this regard, different information has been gathered and analyzed. These include literature review in disaster management, Foresight, and related fields, as well as evidences of Foresight and disaster risk management projects. In addition, global statistical data related to natural disasters have been analyzed.Reviewing global trends of natural disasters reveal that disaster impacts are dramatically increasing. The uncertainties associated with future disasters have grown too. This will certainly surprise decision-makers in future disasters. Furthermore, the key stakeholders, who could apply the Foresight methods in managing natural disasters, are national and international policy-makers. They will have faced with a systematic failure in case of inability to follow a reliable long-term planning.To resolve this problem, there is a need for comprehensive, in-depth review of fundamental concepts of Foresight being specifically applied in managing disasters Considering the concept of the systematic approach to disaster risk management and key concepts of Foresight will respectively show the importance of Foresight in avoiding ‘systematic failures’ in case natural disasters occur.‘Foresight studies’ are not common in ‘disaster management’ studies, therefore, the information collected and analyzed in this paper is based on theoretical and fundamental concepts of two fields of studies including ‘disaster management’ and ‘Foresight’, as well as available resources of the practical Foresight studies in disaster managing.To improve the insights of the related decision-makers, the common areas, and the key differences between the ‘disaster management’ approach and Foresight are compared. Moreover, the related viewpoints are also discussed after analyzing the basic concepts which can be viewed through Foresight.The results reveal that there are significant conceptual similarities and differences in these two fields of studies. These differences, in some cases, create a simplistic point of view to ‘Foresight’ in planning for disaster prevention. Thus, limited Foresight methods have been used in disaster management so far. To avoid this problem, the conceptual relationships among the Foresight and disaster management are outlined. The position of Foresight in the improvement of disaster management cycle has been identified as well. Disaster management tools are proposed to promote the application of Foresight in disaster management.

Nargis and Haiyan: The Politics of Natural Disaster Management in Myanmar and the Philippines

This paper examines the impact of two of the gravest natural disasters in contemporary Asian history: Cyclone Nargis, which devastated parts of Myanmar in May 2008, and Typhoon Haiyan, which hit the Philippines in November 2013. It addresses the role played by greatly divergent governance structures, noting that governance failures led to the exacerbation of the disasters in both cases. The paper explores the links between the national government as the primary duty-bearer for good governance and natural disaster risk management, examining institutions, infrastructures, education and budgetary allocations in each country; seeking the underlying causes of inefficient disaster management. This includes the extent to which each government fell short in its response even though each country is regularly exposed to typhoons and tropical storms. In each case the findings are that the national resilience and government preparedness efforts to reduce the impact of natural disasters were insufficient, and that the authorities, either through lack of capacity or lack of will, experienced reaction shortcomings. The final section contains lessons learned and policy prescriptions in order to enhance resilience in the face of future natural disasters in Asia.

On the Probabilistic Characterization of Robustness and Resilience

Over the last decade significant research efforts have been devoted to the probabilistic modeling and analysis of system characteristics. Especially performance characteristics of systems subjected to random disturbances, such as robustness and resilience have been in the focus of these efforts and significant insights have been gained. However, as much of the undertaken research and developments aim to fulfill the particular needs of specific application areas and/or societal sectors somewhat diverging perspectives and approaches have emerged. In the present paper we take basis in recent developments in the modeling of robustness and resilience in the research areas of natural disaster risk management, socio-ecological systems and social systems and we propose a generic decision analysis framework for the modeling and analysis of systems across application areas. The proposed framework extends the concept of direct and indirect consequences and associated risks in probabilistic systems modeling formulated by the Joint Committee on Structural Safety (JCSS) to facilitate the modeling and analysis of resilience in addition to robustness and vulnerability. Moreover, based on recent insights in the modeling of robustness, a quantification of resilience is formulated utilizing a scenario based systems benefit modeling where resilience failure is associated with exhaustion of the capital accumulated by the system of time. The proposed framework and modeling concepts are illustrated with basis in a simple interlinked system model comprised by an infrastructure system, a governance system, a regulatory system and a geo-hazards system. It is shown how the robustness and the resilience of the interlinked system may be modeled and quantified, how robustness and resilience are influenced by the stochastic dependency structure of the disturbance events and corresponding resistances, how robustness and resilience depends on the capacity of the social system to plan for and respond to disturbances over time and how robustness and resilience interrelate.

Disaster prevention, disaster preparedness and local community resilience within the context of disaster risk management in Cameroon

Cameroon was one of the 57 countries that participated in the Global Network of Civil Society Organizations for Disaster Reduction (GNDR) Views from the Frontline (VFL) 2013 project on everyday disasters, community resilience and disaster preparedness. Working with 6 other civil society organizations, Geotechnology, Environmental Assessment and Disaster Risk Reduction administered 400 questionnaires to frontliners in 7 administrative regions of the country on 14 disaster indicators that assessed the underlying causes of disasters and the level of preparedness and resilience of the communities. Scores from the 89% of informants who responded show that Cameroon occupied the 43rd position globally, was 15th out of the 23 African countries, and was 7th out of the 9 West African countries surveyed. Cameroon average scores for all 14 indicators were lower (poorer) than the West African average, suggesting that a lot more effort is needed in managing disaster risks in the country, i.e., reducing vulnerabilities and increasing preparedness and resilience. At the national level, the Center and Adamaoua Regions recorded the lowest scores of the survey. Above-average scores recorded for some indicators in the Southwest, Northwest and Far North Regions are interpreted to be due to disaster prevention activities like monitoring via early warning systems, resilience building and outreach exercises carried out for disasters like landslides, floods, gas explosions from lakes, and volcanic eruptions, in these areas. Cameroon presently has many laws relating to disaster risk management matters, but an analysis of how the laws are applied shows that the expected results have not been attained, mainly because of over-centralization and a reactive, rather than a proactive approach to disaster risk management. Given her current disaster risk profile, Cameroon has to increase research, better manage, and make disaster risks a central tenet in her development project decision-making, if the goal earmarked in her development vision to become a newly industrialized country by 2035 has to be realized. We propose the creation of an autonomous statutory National Disaster Risk Management Agency which will have a local community-driven bottom-top approach to disaster risk management, and disseminate appropriately tailored disaster risk information to promote a proactive community-based resilience and disaster prevention framework. This will fulfill the post-2015 Sendai framework priority of action No. 2 (strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk) and appropriately prepare Cameroon to face the challenges of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).