Native Village Research Articles

Building and Development of Business Entries Owned by the Village in Sumedang District West Java Province

Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) are established as a manifestation of the government's commitment to fostering self-reliance and bolstering the local economy. However, it is evident that not all BUMDes have effectively initiated and executed commercial endeavors, thus failing to yield desired economic outcomes. This underscores suboptimal implementation of coaching and development initiatives. This research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. For this reason, the research location was determined in Sumedang Regency with a case sample of 4 (four) BUMDes in different sub-districts which represent BUMDes qualifications, namely pioneer, beginner, developing and advanced. Data was collected through interview techniques, observation and documentation and then analyzed qualitatively. The formulation of BUMDes development and development strategies is carried out through SWOT analysis. The research findings indicate that the reasons for the inactivity and lack of development among many BUMDes in Sumedang Regency include: (1) low human resource capacity; (2) weak legal aspects; (3) insufficient institutional relationships; (4) the formation of BUMDes often driven by formalistic reasons; and (5) limited marketing networks. Effective strategies for BUMDes development should encompass: (1) human development through enhancing human resource capacities; (2) enterprise development through promoting village potential, facilitating cooperation and partnerships, strengthening marketing networks via digital marketing; (3) environmental development through mapping natural resource-based village enterprises; and (4) institutional development through optimizing the implementation of regulations concerning villages and BUMDes, collaboration in nurturing and developing BUMDes, facilitating BUMDes legality, reinforcing village consultations, and strengthening institutional relationships of BUMDes.

Qalang Smangus: Successful Aboriginal Christian Anarchism in Taiwan

Qalang Smangus is an aboriginal village in Taiwan which has been organised as a collective. Observing that this community is under-represented in scholarly literature in general, and anarchist literature in particular, this article describes the history and formation of Smangus, makes a case for identifying it as an intentional Christian anarcho-collectivist community, assesses its success, and identifies its current and future challenges. The article concludes with a call to action for anarchist scholars to study Smangus further as an example of successful aboriginal anarchism.

The availability of essential medicines in primary health centres in Indonesia: achievements and challenges across the archipelago

Indonesia is making significant strides toward achieving universal health coverage, which involves providing free access to essential medicines. This study examines the availability of essential medicine in primary health centres (PHCs) across Indonesia, the reasons why medicines are unavailable, and the extent to which communities have access to alternative dispensing points. Enumerators visited each of the 9831PHCs in all 514 districts to assess the availability of 60 essential medicines and identify reasons for any absent medicines. We correlated the results with the national village census to assess the relationship between availability, poverty, and access to alternative dispensing points. Medicine availability varied greatly. The median availability for 17 priority medicines was 82%, while 58% of the broader selection of 60 essential medicines was present. The availability of maternal and childcare medicines was highest (73%) and lowest for mental health (42%). The main reasons for absence were that medicines were deemed unnecessary (46%) or not supplied (38%). The Java/Bali region had the highest medicines availability, and rural areas in Eastern Indonesia had the lowest. In these districts, the population is financially struggling, most dependent on free medicines from public providers, and had the least access to alternative dispensing points. The availability of priority medicines in PHCs is relatively high, while public-paid prices are low by international standards. To improve availability of all essential medicines, the government should prioritize areas with the highest need, increase funding for PHCs in remote areas, and implement transparent monitoring of medicines availability. Indonesian Government.

"ГОРЕЛИ СЕЛА И ГОРОДА": РОССИЙСКОЕ БЕЖЕНСТВО ПЕРВОЙ МИРОВОЙ ВОЙНЫ В ВОСПОМИНАНИЯХ ОЧЕВИДЦА

The events of the First World War affected millions of the civilians in the Western territories of the Russian Empire, who, unlike the residents of the interior of the country, had to leave their native lands, as it turned out, for many years to come, fleeing from the offensive of the enemy army. The whole drama of the mass exodus of the civilians unfolded in the summer and autumn of 1915 at the stage of a long and tedious horse-drawn movement of the refugees to railway stations. Reliability and completeness of coverage of the evacuation in 1915 of the multimillion cohorts of the refugees is impossible without using the memoirs of the refugees themselves, as well as of the events’ eyewitnesses directly involved in the evacuation and assistance to the refugees. The article examines the reminiscences of a native of the Grodno province, T.M. Trakhimyuk, who was born in 1899. In his memoirs, he describes in great detail the entire process of the evacuation to the remote regions of the Empire; he also depicts all other stages of his family’s 7-year displacement: the everyday life routine in a temporary accommodation in the Saratov province, the Bolsheviks’ rise to power and the bloody Civil War in which he took part on the side of the Reds, demobilization and return to his native village, his homeland, in August 1922. The special attention of the author of the article was drawn to that part of the memoirs, which contributed to the disclosure of the reason why T.M. Trakhimyuk had participated in the Civil War on the side of the Reds under the slogan “Death – to the bourgeoisie, all power – to the Soviets”. Because, the refugees, judging by their own reminiscences, tried in general and en masse to avoid participation in the Civil War, to say nothing of the voluntary participation. T.M. Trakhimyuk’s return to his homeland after demobilization is indicative in the sense that the land owned by a peasant has always been a supreme value.

Образ мордовского края в творчестве Камиля Тангалычева

the article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of artistic embodiment of the image of the Mordovian region in the creative work of K. Tangalychev and fits into the complex of studies of domestic literary studies concerning the problem of analyzing the author’s individual style. The subject of analysis is the ways and methods of creating the image of the small homeland in the prose and poetic texts of the author. Objective: to reveal the specificity of representation of the image of the Mordovian region in the artistic heritage of K. Tangalychev. Research materials: poetry collections of K. Tangalychev “The Nearest Village” (2001), “The Tin Century” (2014), “The Pedigree of the Sunset” (2017), and the book of essays “The Return of the Strawberry” (2023). Results and novelty of the research: the creative work of K. Tangalychev, the poet and publicist, occupies a special place in the literary process of Mordovia. Tatar by nationality, living in close proximity to the Mordovian and Russian peoples, he praised the multinational region rich in cultural traditions. A distinctive feature of his artistic works is a dialectical combination of national and international, everyday life, ancient history and modernity. The scientific novelty of the article is due to the fact that it represents the first experience of a comprehensive study of the image of the small homeland in the literary heritage of the author. In the course of the study it was established that K. Tangalychev’s nonfiction works are deeply lyrical, and his poetry is permeated with autobiographical beginning. The central artistic dominant of his works is the image of his small homeland – the native village Akcheevo, which is mythologized into a symbolic image of ancient Greek Hellas – the place of strength and creative inspiration of the poet. The sacredness of this geographical topos is created by the key constants – the image of a mother praying for her son; native nature reflecting the divine essence of the universe; fellow villagers preserving national traditions; the legendary historical past of the Temnikovsky region. The lyrical hero, closely merged with the image of the poet himself, deeply experiences the destruction of human ties with his spiritual Home, hence, the motif of memory as the plot-forming basis of creativity of K. Tangalychev acquires special importance.

ПОВСЯКДЕННЕ ЖИТТЯ СІЛЬСЬКОГО НАСЕЛЕННЯ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ «ПЕРЕБУДОВИ» 1985–1991 рр.

On the eve of Gorbachev’s «perestroika» of 1985–1991, a special type of Soviet family was formed in Soviet society, characterized by the presence of a state or cooperative apartment, saving money for cars and retirement, standing in long lines for scarce or imported goods. Life in the city was becoming more comfortable, while the situation in the countryside was improving slowly and even regressing in some places. It was the worst in villages with a population of less than 100 people. Such settlements lacked basic infrastructure, such as a kindergarten, school, medical center, cultural center, catering facility, etc. The only thing they had was a small shop. In 1985, a republican scientific and practical conference on the complex restructuring of rural settlements was held in Dnipropetrovs’k. The isolated experience of the Dnipropetrovs’k region on the socio-economic development of rural areas was summarized by the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine. The Dnipropetrovs’k version of village reconstruction was considered justified and was used as an example for other regions of the Ukrainian SSR. Understanding the migration problem, the Dnipropetrovs’k region tried to find various incentives for young workers. In particular, it provided housing on a priority basis; provided consumer goods; and retained 25% of the average salary during the term of service for those who left their native village to join the USSR Armed Forces. And most importantly, it created a network of secondary schools that provided the necessary secondary education and the perspective of obtaining an agricultural profession in the vocational education system, thereby encouraging young people to stay in the countryside. At the same time, the village was losing its prestige. There was a growing migration of young people from villages to cities. The birth rate was decreasing. Villages were rapidly «aging». Young people in the countryside wanted to «escape» to the city as soon as possible, as they saw the hard, hopeless life of their parents. Those who «escaped» from the village mostly joined the ranks of workers and received housing in a dormitory in the city. The dissatisfaction of rural residents was primarily caused by the social and domestic sphere. Namely, poor medical care, poor road transport networks, low gasification, trade and cultural services, and water supply. Although the provision of living space exceeded the city’s average, it was significantly inferior in terms of comfort.

Reviving Indian Country: Expanding Alaska Native Villages’ Tribal Land Bases Through Fee-to-Trust Acquisitions

For the last fifty years, the possibility of fee-to-trust acquisitions in Alaska has been precarious at best. This is largely due to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 (ANCSA), which eschewed the traditional reservation system in favor of corporate land ownership and management. Despite its silence on trust acquisitions, ANCSA was and still is cited as the primary prohibition to trust acquisitions in Alaska. Essentially, ANCSA both reduced Indian Country in Alaska and prohibited any opportunities to create it, leaving Alaska Native Villages without the significant territorial jurisdiction afforded to Lower 48 tribes. However, recent policy changes from the Department of Interior reaffirmed the eligibility of trust acquisitions post-ANCSA and a proposed rule from the Bureau of Indian Affairs signals a favorable presumption of approval for Alaska Native fee-to-trust applications. This Note reviews the history and controversy of trust acquisitions in Alaska, and more importantly, it demonstrates the methods in which Alaska Native Villages may still acquire fee land for trust acquisitions after ANCSA.

Creative Tourism Development Model Through Natural Dyeing Batik Educational Tourism To Increase Interest In Tourism Visits In The Natural Village Of Malon, Semarang City

Tourist creative development through batik education tour is one of an effort in conserving culture of Indonesian society, encouraging empowerment of society. One of them is on the Malon Village which develops a creative tourism. This study aims to analyze the development models of creative tourism through natural-colored batik education tour to increase the interest of tourist visits in an effort to enhance the small to medium tourism business to improve the local economy. This study uses qualitative methods, a field observation, interviews, and library studies. The result of this Natural Thematic Malon Village has a privilege in natural dyeing sources from processing or reusing the natural waste (leaves, bamboo, woods and others) in the environment around the village. These things give an impact to waste utilization, and are friendly for the environment as well. In its development this place became a Creative Malon Village model that provides nature-dyeing batik education tour, however there is a number of necessary things that need to be fixed related to the marketing that is narrow. Promotions are more focused on exhibitions at the mall or certain programs, rather than using social media and E-commerce to help the development of creative tourism for the village incomes and the interest of tourist visits. The Pentahelix involvement on developing business involving the role of SMEs and local village government.

Between Canada and Italy; or, lives and identities in transition: A reading of Where She Has Gone by Nino Ricci

This article focuses on the third novel of Nino Ricci's trilogy about Italian immigration in Canada. More precisely, taking my cue from the theme of nostos in the sense of a search for a fully-fledged identity, I will analyse the way that Where She Has Gone dramatizes the protagonist's predicament in terms of personal conflicts, psychological trauma and sexual ambiguities. Vittorio Innocente is a hero whose life seems to be split between Canada and Italy: this is at the origin of his personal crisis which is characterized by a deeply ingrained sense of peril. In many respects, the main point of the story is represented by the protagonist's return to Italy where he intends to meet all those people who knew him. In fact, he left for Canada as an eight-year-old boy with his pregnant mother who died during the journey after giving birth to a daughter named Rita. While living in Toronto, Vittorio has an incestuous relationship with his younger half-sister Rita, who was the fruit of their mother's adultery in Valle del Sole (Molise). The most dramatic moment of the diegesis takes place when Vittorio meets Rita in Valle del Sole as both are returning from Canada by different routes. Significantly, by looking into their mother's past, they both decide to give up their tormented relationship. The protagonist's journey back to his native village can be seen not only as that of an intellectual in search of his own roots but also as a compelling wish to meet, after many years, his own historic and socio-cultural past in order to better understand his unresolved life as well as his role in Canadian society.

Application exploration of BIM and 3D printing technology in Lingnan rural revitalization construction

With the in-depth implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, farmers' living standards continue to improve, the demand for housing improvement increases, and farmers' self-built houses increase. Deep in the Lingnan Mountains, many natural villages have no planning, and the buildings are not integrated with the natural landscape, the construction quality is not high, the maintenance is difficult, the living needs and the lack of modern elements and other problems. In view of the existing problems of self-built houses in Lingnan villages, combined with the characteristics of self-construction of Lingnan rural buildings, this paper analyzes the role and defects of BIM and 3D printing technology in Lingnan rural construction, and discusses the feasibility of implementing this technology.

Race and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Mexico City: Architecture and Urbanism at the Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe

This article analyzes the urban and architectural transformations in the Villa de Guadalupe, the site where the cult of the Virgin of Guadalupe originated, in present-day Mexico City, on behalf of Creole architects, urban planners, and clerics. The article argues that members of Mexico City’s Creole elite played a critical role in fabricating a fervent cult of a dark-skinned Madonna while orchestrating dramatic changes to the site of the apparitions, which transformed it from a humble Indigenous village into the religious and spiritual heart of New Spain. The essay focuses its attention on the town’s urban and architectural changes during the eighteenth century, which is when the village of Guadalupe was transformed into a veritable “villa”, a special designation for an urban establishment in the early modern Hispanic world, which vested it with certain legal autonomy. The story of the urban and architectural transformations and innovations at this site is fascinating, given the ambition on behalf of Mexico City’s Creoles to appropriate it and its success in promoting it as the source of Mexico City’s and New Spain’s claims to exceptionality by divine designation. The Virgin Mary’s appearances to a humble young Indigenous man in an impoverished Native village near Mexico City, which became the spiritual center of New Spain, became a potent narrative wielded by the Creole elite, as they sought to assert their political claims in the face of staunch opposition from Spanish-born administrators and clergy. At the Villa de Guadalupe, as this essay reveals, Creole elites tested their political, urban planning, and architectural skills, asserting their cultural and political relevance in 18th-century Mexico City.

Emotional Design of Retirement Space in Nature Village

With the trend of social aging, the elderly population in natural villages is increasing year by year. Based on the unbalanced development of the old-age service in urban and rural areas, the quality of life of the elderly in natural villages is low, and the empty nest rate is high. Therefore, optimizing and improving the natural village space, establishing the natural village pension system, and strengthening the bearing capacity of the elderly gradually become the focus.

Междисциплинарная экспедиция к ваховским хантам в национальное село Корлики Нижневартовского района Ханты-Мансийского автономного округа ‒ Югры в августе 2023 г.: промежуточные результаты

This paper describes the interim results of an interdisciplinary expedition conducted in 2023 to the Vakh Khanty in the national village of Korliki, Nizhnevartovsk district of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area – Ugra. The research covered the following fields, including linguistics, ethnography, ethnobotany, and botany. This multidisciplinary approach allowed for a comprehensive examination of the language, culture, landscape, and flora of the Vakh Khanty. The relevance of the work is determined by its comprehensive interdisciplinary nature, which enables a thorough exploration of the national village of Korliki as a concentrated hub of Vakh Khanty life. This expedition was funded by a grant named “About Ugra: Open Research.” Thus, the general information about the grant is provided. Also, the findings of a linguistic research in the village of Korliki are presented. Particular attention is paid to the data obtained from sociolinguistic questionnaires and a general survey of the population. Furthermore, a discussion is provided on the peculiarities of the formation of the Vakh collection of ethnographic objects located in the Museum of Nature and Man in Khanty-Mansiysk. The paper also presents the results of an ethnobotanical survey and botanical study of the area. Mention is also made visit to the “Living Traditions” holiday and a trip to the sacred place “Stone Mountain.”

A failure or success?: A qualitative analysis of post-disaster relocation among survivors of 2010 floods in Pakistan

In Pakistan, the enormous 2010 floods inflicted unprecedented destruction to 0.5 million houses in South Punjab. This study was conducted in Muzaffargarh, a district of the Punjab province of Pakistan, one of the worst affected areas during the 2010 floods. As an adaptation and disaster risk reduction measure, an International NGO in collaboration with the Government of the Punjab province constructed 1274 houses for flood-affected communities. The houses were allocated through a lottery method. Initially, the allottees moved to the new settlements for the sake of possession. However, over time, it was observed that many flood-affected individuals sold out or rented their houses and returned to their villages/settlements. This qualitative study was conducted to identify the factors affecting the flood survivors’ decision to return to their original villages/settlements after a certain time. The specific objective of the study was to identify the factors that pushed and pulled the flood survivors into their original settlements. The current study interviewed 20 respondents through the snowball sampling technique by using an interview guide. The findings highlighted the loss of social capital, place attachment, unavailability of grazing places, non-transfer of house, and increase in the cost of living were the major factors that pushed the flood survivors to return to their native villages. The current study highlighted social and psychological costs (such as nostalgia, homesickness, loss of social networks, etc.) for the relocation of disaster survivors. This study contains important policy implications regarding relocation decisions taken by the government and policymakers. Findings indicate relocation decisions as the failure to address the local needs, priorities, and contexts.

A profile of American Indians and Alaska Natives in the U.S. labor force

In this article, I examine the labor force characteristics of American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIANs) during the 2019–21 period by using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). AIANs typically have a younger age profile, a higher unemployment rate, and a lower labor force participation rate than the overall U.S. population. In addition, the unemployment rate is higher for AIANs who live in an AIAN area—a federal or state American Indian reservation or off-reservation trust land, tribal statistical area, or Alaska Native village statistical area—than for AIANs who live elsewhere.

WEBSITE DESIGN OF BATAK TYPICAL DANCE PACKAGE DALIHAN NATOLU SIGAPITON STUDIO USING WEB ENGINEERING METHODS

Dalihan Natolu Sigapiton Studio is an art studio located in Sigapiton Village. This studio is one of the efforts to preserve the original village culture with native village teachers to make this dance pure, original that has been passed down from generation to generation. Many want to learn the original Batak dance which is known as the tor-tor dance from Sigapiton Village, however, the long distance makes it difficult for consumers to learn directly from the Dalihan Art Studio Natolu Sigapiton. The current problem is that there is no website or system that can help outsiders to learn traditional village dances. So it can be concluded that there are many wishes from the outside community to learn typical village dances, distance does not prevent them from learning. Based on previous research by Silvianti, Kiky Rizky Nova Wardani [1] entitled “UI Design UX Batak Dance Package at Website-Based Studio Dalihan Natolu Sigapiton Using the Design Thinking Method” has created a website design for Studio Dalihan Natolu Sigapiton. In this study, the aim was to design and build based on previous research by creating a website and adding features to become a Batak Dance Package Website for Dalihan Natolu Siapiton Studio Using the Web Engineering Method, which is a quality software development without spending a lot of money, based on the idea and the needs of the users.

Socio-Economic Impacts on the Migrants due to COVID-19

Abstract: India has a massive migrant population that accounts for 453.6 million. The migration at the state level varies from one state to another state depending on several reasons like employment availability, better living standard, marriage, education, etc. In India, it is prevalent that the flow of migration is from the state, which lacks employment opportunities for the people. This huge migrant population includes the labour migrants who mostly hail from poor backgrounds and lack formal education. These migrants work in multiple low wage works like street vending construction, stone query mines, etc. The maximum net outflow of migrants is directly from the low-income states to the high-income states. UP has the highest net outflow population, while Maharashtra occupies the highest net inflow of migrants. These migrants are the daily wage workers and constitute the informal sector. Due to the sudden outbreak, Covid-19 has impacted them the most in this pandemic. With the loss of their daily employment in the cities, these migrants started to walk back to their native villages. Also, lack of social security, social stigma, and loss of livelihood has further added to their misery. The government's initiatives at a much later stage have somehow helped them. But still, there is a long way to go before eradicating this disparity. These migrants form an indispensable part of our economy. Thus, their social and economic protection is of prime importance to us. There is a need for specific provisions and an inclusive framework for the overall security of the migrants. Access to health care, proper awareness, combating discrimination, food security, psychological support, and being connected to everyone are some of the necessary steps. Such provisions can ensure a sense of better living for these migrants.

Community Empowerment in the Development of Natural Tourism Villages in Improving Community Welfare in Abiansemal Village, Badung Regency

This paper is the result of Community Service activities located in Abiansemal Village, Abiansemal District, Badung Regency. The potential of the village owned by Abiansemal Village is in the form of natural scenery that is still beautiful and unspoiled. With beautiful and green natural capital, natural tourism is the right one to develop. Efforts to develop tourism villages in Badung Regency are for equitable development of the tourism sector so that it is not only focused on South Badung which has become a trade mark for Bali tourism. In addition, the still thick tradition of local cultural values and nature that is still beautiful is seen as a worthy potential for the development of the tourism sector by minimizing negative impacts. There are problems in the development of natural tourism, namely the lack of optimal community participation in involving the potential of existing tourism villages. With such problems, there needs to be assistance in optimizing community participation in the development of natural tourism. As a result of community service, there is an increase that the role of the community that was previously not optimally involved in the development of the Natural Tourism village in Abiansemal, so with the existence of service activities there is a significant development in community involvement. There is an increase in understanding related to natural tourism by tourism awareness groups in Abiansemal village. Then there are ideas that arise by the local community and are facilitated by village officials to develop supporting facilities for natural tourism villages in Abiansemal in the form of Culinary stalls with specialties from Abiansemal Village and food from the surrounding area.

An Alaska tax story: Tribal sovereignty, settler colonialism, and the Indigenous tax space

This article interrogates the extent to which tax laws are capable of empowering Indigenous peoples. It employs the concept of an Indigenous tax space, which places spatiality at the center of the settler colonial project. The socio-legal history of the Native Village of Kluti Kaah, an Ahtna tribe from southcentral Alaska, constitutes the main case study. In 1987, the tribe attempted to tax the Trans-Alaska Pipeline that passed through its traditional lands, creating an Indigenous tax space wherein tax law and discourse congregated to express and enact Indigenous agency. The article argues that the Indigenous tax space (1) provides a rare opportunity to reappraise the geographies of tax laws and policies and, more broadly, (2) allows us to explore settler colonialism’s previous and ongoing effects upon Indigenous territories.

초등학생을 위한 전통생활문화중심 향토문화유산 수업 자료 개발

This study aimed to develop experiential educational content for elementary school students,
 focusing on traditional aspects of life culture. The primary goal was to preserve and pass on the
 educational value associated with cotton cultivation and weaving, considered valuable elements of
 local cultural heritage. Leveraging cotton cultivation and weaving as the central themes, eight core
 content areas were identified from six broader categories within traditional life and culture. These
 areas encompassed clothing, food, daily living, seasonal customs, traditional games, and other aspects
 of life. In total, 16 topics were selected. The core content areas covered a range of topics,
 including farming practices, the importance of agricultural heritage, the weaving process and its
 meaning, local seasonal customs, the growth and cultivation of cotton, sustainable clothing practices
 and livelihoods, crafting items from cotton and cotton fabric, the cultural importance of labor and
 weaving songs, and engaging with natural village instruments in traditional play. Within the domain
 of traditional life and culture, there were many parts that corresponded to clothing, traditional
 games, and other facets of life. The curriculum analysis revealed that the lower grades aligned with
 integrated subjects and social studies, while the upper grades were related to practical arts, social
 studies, science, and music subjects. Teaching and learning materials were developed for each of the
 16 topics, including lesson plans, PowerPoint presentations, activity sheets, and teaching aids. These
 teaching-learning course plans outlined the learning objectives, elementary school subject-related
 units, alignment with the 2015 revised curriculum’s achievement standards, and learning goals. A
 total of 16 PowerPoint presentations, each containing 15 to 34 chapters, along with 13 types of
 activity sheets and ten teaching aids, were created. The content was designed to be experiential,
 incorporating various games, making activities, photos, videos, children's books, and drawing materials.
 The educational materials can be adapted for younger students in lower grades and extended to
 middle school students in upper grades for career exploration. Furthermore, these materials hold the
 potential to generate income in rural communities by involving local residents. These developed
 experiential education materials are expected to serve as a means to preserve agricultural and
 cultural heritage and as a valuable resource for sustainable and environmental education.