Native Thai Research Articles

Estimating Underlying Articulatory Targets of Thai Vowels by Using Deep Learning Based on Generating Synthetic Samples From a 3D Vocal Tract Model and Data Augmentation

Representation learning is one of the fundamental issues in modeling articulatory-based speech synthesis using target-driven models. This paper proposes a computational strategy for learning underlying articulatory targets from a 3D articulatory speech synthesis model using a bi-directional long short-term memory recurrent neural network based on a small set of representative seed samples. Using a seeding set from VocalTractLab, a larger training set was generated that provided richer contextual variations for the model to learn. The deep learning model for acoustic-to-target mapping was then trained to model the inverse relation of the articulation process. This method allows the trained model to map the given acoustic data onto the articulatory target parameters which can then be used to identify the distribution based on linguistic contexts. The model was evaluated based on its effectiveness in mapping acoustics to articulation, and the perceptual accuracy of speech reproduced from the articulation estimated from the recorded speech by native Thai speakers. The model achieved more than 80% phoneme classification accuracy in the listening test conducted with 25 native Thai speakers. The results indicate that the model can accurately imitate speech with a high degree of phonemic precision.

Encapsulation of Melodorum fruticosum Lour. anthocyanin-rich extract and its incorporation into model food

Lamduan (Melodorum fruticosum Lour.), a native Thai fruit represents an underutilized source of valuable phytochemicals. This study investigates opportunities towards its application in foods. Lamduan anthocyanin-rich extract was encapsulated by maltodextrin dextrose equivalent 20 (MD20) and arabic gum (AG) applied at various ratios. Encapsulation efficiency exceeded 97.9%. All encapsulates showed high solubility (>80%), low moisture content (2.85 - 3.17 g/100 g DW), and water activity (0.274 - 0.314). The highest anthocyanin content (33.84 ± 1.34 mg C3G E/100 g DW) had MD20:AG 60:40 encapsulate. All encapsulates had crystalline-mixed amorphous structures. The crystalline phase increased with a higher AG ratio. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed a broken glass structure and shriveled surfaces. The finest particles had MD20:AG 80:20 encapsulate. The MD20:AG 60:40 encapsulate was incorporated into gummy jellies used as a model food at 10 g/kg, 20 g/kg or 30 g/kg, replacing artificial colorant. Shelf-life storage of jellies (25 °C and 35 °C; 8 weeks) showed a gradual decrease in anthocyanin contents and antioxidant capacities in all treatments. The anthocyanin degradation rate was inversely proportional to anthocyanin content. Incorporation of encapsulated lamduan extract into jellies resulted in an attractive red color and enhanced antioxidant capacity, and demonstrated potential utilization of lamduan by the food industry.

Newton’s Socio-technical Cradle? Web Science, the Weaponisation of Social Media, Hashtag Activism and Thailand's Postcolonial Pendulum

Throughout 2020 and into 2021, set against a global pandemic, Thai emancipatory activism unfolded. This paper offers a postmodernist theoretical discourse about such activism, built around the emergent discipline of Web Science. Drawing on a review of surveillance culture insights from Michel Foucault, Manuel Castells, Bruno Latour, Hans Kelsen and David Hume, and textual analysis insights from media studies, we frame acts of internalised colonisation by a powerful government. We suggest these are contested by ‘emergent postcolonialism’ via hashtag activism. As a basis for future research, we offer the theoretical model of a socio-technical political pendulum. Across it, digitally native Thais challenge internal colonialism, through counter-power drawn from the Internet as a postcolonial structure. In doing so, they propel or attract other actors. This momentum creates an emergent emancipatory society where many are still caught in the middle of shifting opinion, which is problematic to mediation. We conclude that Web Science offers a basis for educational reform in Thailand.

Lipid profile of sperm cells in Thai native and commercial roosters and its impact on cryopreserved semen quality.

Plasma membrane lipids are the key factor in the ability of chicken sperm to be frozen. They ensure fluidity and flexibility of the sperm membrane for effective viability and motility during in vitro storage. The objective of this study was to compare the lipid profiles of different native and commercial chicken breeds: native Thai (Pradu Hang Dam) roosters and commercial (Rhode Island Red) roosters, with respect to their frozen sperm quality. In addition, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were also examined. Semen was collected from 12 roosters of each breed. For fresh semen, parameters assessed include semen volume, pH, sperm concentration, sperm motility, and viability, while for frozen semen, the parameters assessed were sperm motility and viability. Moreover, other parameters assessed included malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, activities of SOD and CAT, and fatty acid profile. We found that sperm viability and motility of frozen semen were higher in the commercial breed than in the native breed (P < 0.05). The commercial chicken breed had higher MDA concentration than the native breed (P < 0.05), but antioxidant enzymes remained unchanged in both. Levels of arachidonic acid (AA; C20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n-3) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the commercial than in the native breed; however, n-6 to n-3 ratios were not different. In conclusion, our study found that lipid profiles have an influence on frozen sperm viability and motility between the breeds. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly AA and DHA, are beneficial to sperm quality.

Effects of pretreating in vitro matured of native Thai cattle oocyte with docetaxel before vitrification on their viability

The present study was to investigate the efficacy of docetaxel (DT) at reducing microtubule damage during vitrification and maintaining the developmental competence of vitrified-warmed oocytes in native Thai cattle. Native Thai cattle cow oocyte from ultrasound-guided transvaginal follicular aspiration (UTFA) were subjected to in vitro maturation (IVM). Then, the IVM oocytes were pretreating with DT in various concentration (0.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 µM) and subjected to cryopreservation by Cryotop vitrification method. The survival rate of vitrified-warmed oocyte, cleavage and blastocyst formation rate after in vitro fertilization (IVF), and blastocyst nucleic cell numbers were evaluated in this study. Pretreatment of IVM native Thai cattle oocytes with 0.05 µM DT before vitrification resulted in significantly higher (P < 0.05) rates of oocyte survival and cleavage after IVF, and subsequent blastocyst formation on Days 7-8, hatching and hatched on Days 8-9, compared with oocytes pretreated with 0.5 and 1.0 µM DT before vitrification or those vitrified and the control group. Pretreatment of IVM native Thai cattle oocytes with 0.05, 0.5 and 1.0 µM DT before vitrification without side effects on blastocyst nucleic cell numbers. In summary, pretreatment of IVM native Thai cattle oocytes with 0.05 μM DT before vitrification improved survival of vitrified-warmed oocytes, fertilization and developmental competence.

Using glycerin with chitosan extracted from shrimp residue to enhance rumen fermentation and feed use in native Thai bulls.

Background and Aim:Crude glycerin is changed to propionate in the rumen, while chitosan can be used as a feed supplement to increase propionic acid concentration and decrease methane (CH4) production. We hypothesized that supplementation with a combination of a high level of crude glycerin with chitosan could have a beneficial effect on ruminal fermentation and mitigate CH4 production. This study aimed to explore the combined effects of crude glycerin and chitosan supplementation on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and CH4 calculation in native Thai bulls.Materials and Methods:Four 2-year-old native Thai bulls, weighing 150±20 kg, were kept in a 2×2 factorial arrangement in a 4×4 Latin square design. Factor A represented the incorporation of crude glycerin at 10.5% and 21% of the dry matter (DM) of a total mixed ration (TMR), and factor B represented the supplementation of chitosan at 1% and 2% DM of a TMR.Results:Increasing levels of crude glycerin at 21% decreased DM intake by 0.62 kg/day compared with 10.5% crude glycerin (p<0.05), whereas nutrient digestibility did not change (p>0.05). The incorporated crude glycerin and supplemented chitosan levels did not affect the pH, temperature, concentrations of ammonia-nitrogen, microbial population, and blood urea nitrogen (p>0.05). Supplemented chitosan and incorporated crude glycerin did not show any interaction effects on the molar portions and total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), except estimated CH4. Increasing the incorporated crude glycerin levels increased propionate and decreased the ratio of acetate to propionate ratio, whereas levels of butyrate, acetate, and total VFAs were unchanged. The combination of crude glycerin at 21% in the TMR with chitosan at 2% reduced CH4 estimation by 5.08% compared with the other feed treatment.Conclusion:Increasing incorporated crude glycerin levels in a TMR significantly elevated the propionate concentration, whereas combining 21% crude glycerin in the TMR diet with 2% chitosan supplementation could depress CH4 estimation more effectively than adding one of these supplements alone.

Neuropeptide Y and maternal behavior in the female native Thai chicken

Maternal care behaviors in birds include incubation and rearing behaviors. During incubating period, the hens stop laying and eating less due to food restriction as a natural fasting when compared with the rearing hens, resulting in low production of eggs and chicks. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator, is very well known to be involved in food intake regulation in birds and mammals. The objective of this study is to elucidate the association between NPY and maternal behaviors in the female native Thai chicken. The distributions of NPY-immunoreactive (-ir) neurons and fibers in the brain of the incubating (INC), nest-deprived (ND), and replaced-egg-with-chicks (REC) hens at day 6 were determined utilizing immunohistochemistry technique. The results revealed that the distributions of NPY-ir neurons and fibers were observed within the septalis lateralis, nucleus rotundus, and nucleus dorsolateralis anterior thalami, with predominantly located within the the nucleus paraventricularis magnocellularis (PVN). NPY-ir fibers were located throughout the brain and the densest NPY-ir fibers were distributed in a discrete region lying close to the ventriculus tertius (third ventricle) through the hypothalamus. Changes in the number of NPY-ir neurons within the PVN of the INC, ND, and REC hens were compared at different time points (at days 6 and 14). Interestingly, the number of NPY-ir neurons within the PVN was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the INC hens when compared with those of the ND and REC hens at day 14 but not day 6. In addition, the number of NPY-ir neurons within the PVN of the INC hens was significantly increased (P < 0.05) from day 6 to day 14 but not the ND and REC hens. These results indicated, for the first time, the asscociation between NPY and maternal behaviors in the femle native Thai chicken. Change in the number of NPY-ir neurons within the PVN during the transition from incubating to rearing behavior suggested the possible role of NPY in the regulation of the maternal behaviors in this equatorial species. In addition, the native Thai chicken might be an excellent animal model for the study of this phenomenon.

The Chinese Wuxia Culture in Thailand: Dissemination and Influence

ABSTRACT The spread of Chinese Wuxia culture in Thailand is mainly realized through the Thai translation of modern Chinese Wuxia novels and the screening of Chinese Wuxia film and TV series. Chinese Wuxia culture can be widely spread in Thailand and accepted and recognized by the Thai people, on the one hand, the cultural exchanges between China and Thailand have a long history and have similar cultural acceptance psychology; on the other hand, the ethical value advocated by Chinese Wuxia culture is in line with the Buddhist ethical values believed by the Thai people. After a long period of spreading in Thailand, the profound influence of Chinese Wuxia culture on Thai society is mainly manifested in the following two aspects: influencing the ethical and moral orientation of Thai society and promoting the emerging of Thai “Wuxia style” literary and native Thai Wuxia novels.

Critical Factors Affecting the Quality of the Longissimus Lumborum from Native Thai Cattle (Bos indicus)

Critical Factors Affecting the Quality of the Longissimus Lumborum from Native Thai Cattle (Bos indicus)

A rice bran phytochemical, cyanidin 3-glucoside, inhibits the progression of PC3 prostate cancer cell.

Prostate cancer is one of the high incidences and the most invasive cancer that is also highly resistant to chemotherapy. Currently, several natural products have been considering using as the supplements for anti-cancer therapy. This study aims to identify the potential active anti-cancer ingredients in the bran extracts of the native Thai rice (Luempua cultivar). Rice bran fraction enriched in anthocyanins was successively isolated and processed until the major purified compound obtained. The sub-fractions and the purified, rice bran, cyanidin 3-glucoside (RBC3G), were studied for biological effects (cell viability, migration, and invasion assays) on human prostatic cancer (PC3) cells using immunohistochemical-staining and immuno-blotting approaches. The sub-fractions and the purified RBC3G inhibited epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) characteristics of PC3 cells by blocking the expression of several cytoskeletal associate proteins in a concentration dependent manner, leading to decreasing of the cancer cell motility. RBC3G reduced the expression of Smad/Snail signaling molecules but enhanced the expression of cell surface protein, E-cadherin, leading to a delay tumor transformation. The RBC3G also inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-9 and nuclear factor-kappa B expression levels and the enzymes activity in PC3 cells, leading to a slow cell migration/invasion process. The results suggested that RBC3G blunt and/or delay the progressive cancer cell behaviors by inhibit EMT through Smad signaling pathway(s) mediating Snail/E-cadherin expression.

Distribution and variation of neuropeptide Y in the brain of native Thai chicken

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays a pivotal role in food intake and body weight regulation in both birds and mammals. Unlike imported broilers and layers, native Thai chicken, a tropical non-seasonal breeding species, has lower body weight and exhibits strongly maternal behaviors which, in turn, affect feeding behavior during the reproductive cycle. The aim of this study was to investigate the role(s) of NPY that might be associated with the reproductive cycle of female native Thai chickens using immunohistochemistry technique. The distributions of NPY-immunoreactive (-ir) neurons and fibers in the brain of laying and fasted chickens was also elucidated. Changes in body weight and number of NPY-ir neurons in the nucleus paraventricularis magnocellularis (PVN) were compared across reproductive stages. The results revealed that NPY-ir neurons and fibers were distributed throughout the brain with the greatest density located in the PVN. Differences in the number of NPY-ir neurons in the PVN were found across reproductive stages. The numbers were lowest in non-egg laying and egg laying stages and significantly higher during egg-incubating and chick-rearing stages. Changes in body weight were inversely related to the number of NPY-ir neurons across reproductive stages. In addition, food restriction caused an increase in NPY immunoreactivity, confirming the role of NPY in response to food restriction. Taken together, the present findings suggest that the NPYergic system in the PVN plays an important role in the regulation of food intake during the reproductive cycle in this non-seasonal breeding tropical species.

Microencapsulation of red cabbage anthocyanin-rich extract by drum drying technique

Red cabbage anthocyanin-rich extract (RCA) was encapsulated by mixtures of maltodextrin dextrose equivalent 20 (MD20) and arabic gum (AG) combined at various ratios using drum drying technique. Encapsulation efficiency ranged from 93.65 ± 1.80 to 98.85 ± 0.32%, with the highest value achieved by MD20:AG at 20:80 ratio (MD20:AG 20:80). The solubility of all encapsulates was over 90%. The moisture contents (3.40%–4.66%) and water activities (0.313 ± 0.001–0.361 ± 0.003) were low. The highest anthocyanin content (42.26 ± 0.58 mg C3G E/100 g DW) had RCA encapsulated by MD20:AG 20:80. X-ray diffraction revealed a crystalline-mixed amorphous structure. The crystalline phase increased with an increase of AG ratio. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis identified the finest particles in MD20:AG 80:20 encapsulated RCA. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed a broken glass structure and shriveled surfaces of all particles. Based on physico-chemical properties and morphological characteristics, the MD20:AG 20:80 RCA encapsulate was selected for application in food. An addition of encapsulated RCA (10, 20 or 30 g/kg product) to a native Thai dessert ‘Aluar” increased its shelf-life and antioxidant capacity, lowered acidity, lipid oxidation and spoilage, successfully increasing its overall quality.

Thai Voice-Controlled Analysis for Car Parking Assistance in System-on-Chip Architecture

This paper introduces an analysis of Thai speech recognition for controlled car parking assist in the system-on-chip architecture. The objective is to investigate the male and female voice command signals, including Thai and English words, issued by the native Thai users. Hardware and software co-design by the Xilinx VIVADO are designed on an ARM multicore processor and a reconfigurable system on a ZYBO board. The experiments for Thai and English word recognition are conducted by using the Mel-frequency cepstral coefficient approach and presented in the form of spectrograms. The comparison of a voice command via Bluetooth and a reference command stored on an SD card and the ZYBO embedded board on a miniature electric vehicle is verified with the Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC). The experimental results show the accuracies of the received Thai/English, male/female, and indoor/outdoor voice commands as compared with the reference voice commands in the noisy surroundings. Hence, our system can support Thai/English and male/female voice commands to perform a set of actions for maneuvering a car by the PCC.

Transcriptional variation of sensory-related genes in natural populations of Aedes albopictus

BackgroundThe Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is a highly dangerous invasive vector of numerous medically important arboviruses including dengue, chikungunya and Zika. In four decades it has spread from tropical Southeast Asia to many parts of the world in both tropical and temperate climes. The rapid invasion process of this mosquito is supported by its high ecological and genetic plasticity across different life history traits. Our aim was to investigate whether wild populations, both native and adventive, also display transcriptional genetic variability for functions that may impact their biology, behaviour and ability to transmit arboviruses, such as sensory perception.ResultsAntennal transcriptome data were derived from mosquitoes from a native population from Ban Rai, Thailand and from three adventive Mediterranean populations: Athens, Greece and Arco and Trento from Italy. Clear inter-population differential transcriptional activity was observed in different gene categories related to sound perception, olfaction and viral infection. The greatest differences were detected between the native Thai and the Mediterranean populations. The two Italian populations were the most similar.Nearly one million quality filtered SNP loci were identified.ConclusionThe ability to express this great inter-population transcriptional variability highlights, at the functional level, the remarkable genetic flexibility of this mosquito species. We can hypothesize that the differential expression of genes, including those involved in sensory perception, in different populations may enable Ae. albopictus to exploit different environments and hosts, thus contributing to its status as a global vector of arboviruses of public health importance.The large number of SNP loci present in these transcripts represents a useful addition to the arsenal of high-resolution molecular markers and a resource that can be used to detect selective pressure and adaptive changes that may have occurred during the colonization process.

1-Deoxynojirimycin and polyphenolic composition and antioxidant activity of different native Thai silkworm (Bombyx mori) larvae

1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) and polyphenolic compound are extensively found at different levels in many silkworm races. The present investigation comprises, estimation of DNJ, polyphenol, total phenolic (TPC) and total favonoid contents (TFC), antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP). The results showed that the fifth larval instars of Samrong and Nangsiw had high content of DNJ (96.42 mg/100 g dw and 65.23 mg/100 g dw, respectively). Nangsiw had the highest content of quercetin (82.94 mg/100 g dw) and (+)-catechin (81.88 mg/100 g dw). Nangsiw contained relatively highest (p < 0.05) TPC and TFC and exhibited highest scavenging free radical DPPH activity (58.96%), and highest ABTS radical scavenging capacity (12.35 mg TE/100 g dw) and highest ferric reducingantioxidantpower (FRAP) (2.03 mg Fe(II)/g dw). This experiment suggests that Samrong and Nangsiw are a valuable source of natural alkaloid and phenolic antioxidants for commercial exploration.

PROBLEMS OF USING OF THAI AS A SECOND LANGUAGE OF FOREIGN STUDENTS IN CHIANG MAI

Thai language is the official language of Thailand. It is also the major language in Thailand. It is the first language of native Thai people and the majority of communities who historically settled in Thailand, like Thai people of Chinese descent, Indian descent, etc, who migrated to Thailand centuries ago. Thai is spoken approximately by 20 million people as the first language and around 40 million people as a second language throughout the world. Many researches are been conducted about, Thai language, Thai people, Thai culture, etc. Also, many universities and colleges in Thailand conducted researches in these areas. This article focusses on Thai language in Education. The objective of this is to study the problems in using Thai language of Chinese students taking courses in Thai Program at Chiang Mai University. Moreover, the findings will become guidelines for Thai program development for Chinese students who will take courses at Chiang Mai University in the future.

Effects of Supplementation with Royal Poinciana Seed Meal (Delonix regia) on Ruminal Fermentation Pattern, Microbial Protein Synthesis, Blood Metabolites and Mitigation of Methane Emissions in Native Thai Beef Cattle.

Simple SummaryStrategic feeding of ruminants with pellets containing phytochemical compounds is one approach that could enhance rumen fermentation and decrease greenhouse gases. It was found that feeding with the pellets containing royal poinciana seed meal at 150 g/d might be an alternative to improve rumen fermentation efficiency and reduce the environmental impact of ruminants.The object of this present work was to determine the effects of supplementation with pellets containing royal poinciana seed meal (PEREM) on feed use, ruminal fermentation efficiency, microbial protein synthesis, blood metabolites and mitigation of methane (CH4) emissions in cattle. The animals used in this experiment were four male Thai native beef cattle (Bos indicus) with initial body weights (BWs) of 125 ± 5.0 kg. Each of the animals were randomly assigned to receive PEREM doses at 0, 50, 100 and 150 g/d, respectively, according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Concentrates were fed at 0.5% BW daily, and rice straw was fed ad libitum. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) on intakes of rice straw, concentrate and total diet. The intake of nutrients did not change among the levels of PEREM supplementation (p > 0.05), except for an intake of crude protein, which was linearly enhanced when increasing the dose of PEREM (p < 0.05). The inclusion of different doses of PEREM did not adversely affect the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (p > 0.05). Adding various doses of PEREM did not alter ruminal pH and ruminal temperature, while concentrations of ammonia-nitrogen were significantly increased with an increased dose of PEREM supplementation (p < 0.01). The increasing doses of PEREM linearly reduced protozoal numbers (p < 0.01), with the lowest concentration when PEREM was added at 150 g. PEREM supplementation did not change (p > 0.05) the concentration of acetic acid or butyric acid or the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid. Nevertheless, the total volatile fatty acid and propionic acid content were changed among PEREM levels (p < 0.05), which were linearly increased with an increasing dose of PEREM. At 4 h post feeding, the CH4 concentrations in the rumen of the animal were linearly reduced when the dose of pellets was increased (p < 0.01). In addition, the inclusion of PEREM did not adversely affect other blood metabolites, namely total protein, creatinine and albumin (p > 0.05). Furthermore, microbial crude protein and efficiency of microbial N synthesis were linearly enhanced when increasing levels of PEREM were added. The feeding of PEREM at 150 g/d might be an alternative with the potential to improve rumen fermentation efficiency and reduce the environmental effects produced by ruminants.

Cryopreservation of Dendrobium cruentum Rchb. f. Seeds by D Cryo-plate and V Cryo-plate Techniques

Dendrobium cruentum Rchb. f. is a native Thai orchid species that has faced extinction because of its attractive characteristics. Consequently, conservation of this species is urgently needed. In this study, cryopreservation technique was applied to D. cruentum Rchb. f. seeds for long-term conservation. A successful protocol for D. cruentum Rchb. f. seed cryopreservation was developed by using D cryo-plate and V cryo-plate techniques. Seed viability was tested by TCC solution and 93.8 % of dyed seeds were shown. For cryo-plate technique, seeds were encapsulated over the cryo-plate by using 2 % (w/v) sodium alginate and polymerized with 100 mM CaCl2. Encapsulated seeds were desiccated by using a laminar airflow and PVS2 solution treatment with the same exposure time (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min). After cryopreservation, encapsulated seeds were cultured on modified VW agar medium. From the results, the maximum germination and regrowth percentage were observed; D cryo-plate technique with 60 min of dehydration time gave the highest germination (68.9 %) and regrowth (57.8 %). Thus, the excess of dehydration may cause the reduction of germination and plant regeneration. In conclusion, D cryo-plate technique proved to be appropriate for D. cruentum Rchb. f. seed cryopreservation.

QoE Modeling for Voice over IP: Simplified E-model Enhancement Utilizing the Subjective MOS Prediction Model: A Case of G.729 and Thai Users

This research proposes an enhanced measurement method for VoIP quality assessment which provides an improvement to accuracy and reliability. To improve the objective measurement tool called the simplified E-model for the selected codec, G.729, it has been enhanced by utilizing a model of Mean Opinion Score (MOS), called a subjective MOS prediction model, based on native Thai users who use the Thai-tonal language. Then, the different results from the simplified E-model and subjective MOS prediction model were used to create the Bias function, before adding to the simplified E-model. Finally, it has been found that the outputs from the enhanced simplified E-model for the G.729 codec show better accuracy when compared to the original simplified E-model, specially, after the enhanced model has been evaluated with 4 test sets. The major contribution of this enhancement is that errors are reduced by 58.87% when compared to the generic simplified E-model. That means the enhanced simplified E-model as proposed in this study can provide improvement beyond the original simplified one significantly.

Thai adaptation and reliability of three versions of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS 11, BIS-15, and BIS-Brief)

Long, short, and brief versions of the Barratt Impulsiveness scale (BIS-11, BIS-15, and BIS-Brief) were tested in an adult Thai population. The BIS-11T and BIS-15T were translated, back-translated, and administered to a non-clinical population (n = 305) of native Thai speakers who returned 2 weeks later for re-test. BIS-Brief-T psychometrics were calculated post-hoc. Impulsivity scores were normally distributed for the BIS-11T and BIS-15T, but not BIS-Brief-T. Excellent internal consistency was observed, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients above 0.80 for all translated instruments: BIS-11T (α = 0.86), BIS-15T (α = 0.81), BIS-Brief-T (α = 0.81). A total of 260 participants completed both instruments (85%), with test-retest reliability exceeding r = 0.81. All three instruments were highly correlated (r = 0.83–0.89). Confirmatory factor analysis supports a three factor structure (attention, motor, non-planning) for BIS-15T and two factor structure for BIS-11T. BIS scales can support measurement of a range of impulsivity scores in an adult Thai population, though predictive validity of these scales remains unexplored.