Native Plant Research Articles

Micropropagation of Zuccagnia punctata, an argentine medicinal plant, by means of “in vitro” technology to promove its conservation and the sustainable production of bioactive compounds

Zuccagnia punctata Cav. (“jarilla poposa”) is a monotypic argentine native medicinal plant used by indigenous communities for the treatment of several pathologies. The pharmacological properties have been scientifically validated and its potential use in phytocosmetic and pharmaceutic industry as antiaged, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, antioxidant, antibacterial and antimicotic has been previously demonstrated. However, the species has a low propagation rate in natural conditions and has been included in the preliminary red list of endangered plants in category 3. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methodologies leading to its conservation and propagation to achieve its sustainable use. The objective of this work is to perform a micropropagation protocol for Z. punctata species for the sustainable use and conservation of this species. Furthermore, the study evaluated also the impact of “in vitro” propagation on the content of bioactive compounds of ethanolic extracts obtained from Z. punctata plants obtained “in vitro” with collected wild plants. Seeds have been used as mother material. The seed germination to obtain explants were performed on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) without plant growth regulators (PGRs) containing sucrose, agar, and ascorbic acid. The same medium was employed for the multiplication of shoots. “In vitro” rooting was achieved in liquid and semisolid medium, and a higher yield was obtained in the latter. The plants were transferred into commercial substrate and acclimatized in a greenhouse. The micropropagated plants (MP) had a high content of total phenolic compounds similar to those obtained from wild adult plants (WAP) collected in the Monte Desert. The flavonoid content of MP was higher than that of WAP. The main chalcones identified in WAP, 2′,4′ dihydroxychalcone (DHC) and 2′,4′-dihydroxy-3′-methoxychalcone (DHMC) were also present in the MP with a rate 1/1, and 1/3 in WAP. The extracts obtained from the MP showed antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antimicrobial activity, similar to WAP. The “in vitro” propagation and acclimatization of Z. punctata constitutes a fundamental tool to achieve large-scale multiplication of this species in the future and the sustainable production of bioactive compounds with commercial applications. Reimplantation in the natural habitat could prevent the loss of this medicinal genetic resource.

Functional Traits of Native Plants from the Cerrado Biome: a Systematic Review

O bioma Cerrado abriga mais de 12.000 espécies vegetais nativas, distribuídas em 11 fitofisionomias, incluindo áreas campestres, savânicas e florestais. Essa diversidade de ambientes confere às plantas nativas traços funcionais específicos. Para investigar esses traços funcionais, realizou-se uma pesquisa na base de dados Web of Science, o que resultou no total de 1227 publicações, das quais 482 foram retidas para análise após a aplicação de critérios de filtragem. Foram empregados métodos de cienciometria para a obtenção de métricas de publicação e análise de conteúdo dos artigos. Observou-se que os traços funcionais mais frequentes nas publicações estão relacionados às temáticas como fenologia, fotossíntese, ocorrência de fogo, herbivoria, polinização, área foliar, carbono, capacidade de rebrota, concorrência, adaptações à seca, anatomia vegetal e dispersão de sementes. O número de publicações foi crescente durante o período analisado (1991-2022), principalmente a partir do ano 2011, com ao menos 20 artigos publicados anualmente. Os temas básicos de pesquisa foram Cerrado, mudança climática, ecologia do fogo e déficit hídrico, os temas motores incluíram assuntos relacionados, principalmente, à fotossíntese e mudança climática. Com base nas análises, observa-se que os traços funcionais podem ser classificados em demográficos, fenológicos, fisiológicos, morfológicos, morfofenológicos e morfofisiológicos. Apesar deste estudo ser abrangente, ressalta-se que o número de artigos publicados investigando os traços funcionais de plantas nativas do Cerrado é incipiente, principalmente diante das rápidas alterações de uso e cobertura da terra que ocorrem no bioma e que podem afetar significativamente a flora. São necessários mais estudos para gerar conhecimentos e preencher as lacunas em relação às respostas e adaptações das plantas do bioma às diferentes condições e limitações ambientais, principalmente em um cenário de mudança climática, alterações no uso do solo, fragmentação de habitats, invasão de ambientes naturais por espécies exóticas e contaminação por agroquímicos.

Indirect and direct drivers of floristic condition in a threatened temperate woodland

Almost half of Earth's surface is threatened by agriculture, which has extensively degraded ecosystems and resulted in significant biodiversity loss. Remnant ecosystems in fragmented agricultural landscapes are threatened by past and present grazing and land-clearing. Declines in native diversity are common in these ecosystems, and their restoration is a key conservation goal globally. Understanding the drivers of change in floristic condition, reflecting continuity in floristic composition towards native plant communities, is fundamental to inform effective restoration practice. Previous investigations have demonstrated abiotic and biotic drivers of floristic condition independently. However, few consider the combined influence of these drivers on floristic condition, or the interactions between them, which may mediate indirect effects (e.g. plant-soil interactions). Despite this, ecological interactions may underpin changes in floristic condition, and provide critical insights needed to inform restoration. Here, we use structural equation modelling to disentangle the relationships between plants, soils and grass and litter biomass (leaf litter and fine woody debris) to elucidate the direct and indirect drivers of floristic condition in some of the most degraded landscapes globally: the critically endangered box-gum grassy woodlands in south-eastern Australia. We identify divergent plant-soil interactions between native versus exotic plants to key soil properties including soil nitrate and phosphorus. Specifically, native plants were negatively associated with increasing soil fertility, which favored exotic species. We also found evidence of indirect effects on floristic condition, mediated through interactions between litter biomass, soils and the basal area of overstorey trees. Our findings highlight the major role of soils in shaping floristic condition through direct and indirect pathways, and the role of multivariate interactions in mediating these pathways in a highly degraded, critically endangered ecosystem. Effective restoration must therefore consider the multivariate direct and indirect drivers of ecological condition to maximise positive outcomes in these landscapes and those similar.

Invasion of Sicyos angulatus in Riparian Habitats in the Jiu and Danube Area (Romania)

Sicyos angulatus (Cucurbitaceae) is an invasive species because of its rapid growth rate, intensive dispersal and ability to adapt to a wide range of environments. It has become an invasive species in the Ostroveni area, an area at the confluence of the Jiu River and the Danube River in the Oltenia region of Romania. This species spreads, climbs and takes over everything in its path. It can also outcompete native plants very quickly as it is a prolific breeder. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the invasive potential of S. angulatus in the forests of the Jiu and Danube confluence area by calculating several indicator values. The results showed that the number of plants varies depending on factors such as location, water availability and shade. They also showed that S. angulatus is a plant that occupies its niche in the ecosystem and has a negative impact on the local flora. Population control should therefore start with early detection, so that control and eradication are less costly.

Phenological gap in fruiting period and dispersal of seeds from alien fleshy-fruited plants by medium-sized carnivores in temperate forests of Central Europe

Some biological differences between native and alien plants are relevant to their dispersal mechanisms. One of them is the fruiting period: it is shifted in time, peaking later than in natives. Here we report the case study showing the temporal distance in fruiting phenology between native and alien plants and their seed dispersal via carnivorous mammals. From 2009 to 2011, scats of badgers Meles meles, foxes Vulpes vulpes, martens Martes spp. (M. martes and M. foina) and possibly also raccoon dogs Nyctereutes procyonoides (N = 820) were collected along transects totaling 30.4 km in length each month from June to November. We analyzed the frequency of occurrence of seeds (FO%) and the seed load in sampled scats; 61.7% of the sampled feces contained seeds of 18 fleshy-fruited native and alien plant taxa, and the most abundant seeds were from species with multi-seeded fruits such as Vaccinium myrtillus (94.6%), Rubus sp. (2.0%), and drupes of Prunus serotina (1.0%). The structure of dominance was characterized by seeds of Vaccinium myrtillus (15.0%), Pyrus sp. (14.8%) and Prunus serotina (13.0%) with aliens reaching high frequency of occurrence (FO%). The shares of seed FO% in the samples differed between alien and native plants. For seed load there were also significant interactions between the status of the seeds (alien or native) and the month of the vegetation period. Our data show the coincidence of two factors – the late fruiting period of alien plants and the decreasing availability of native fruits during the vegetation period. Such a set of factors may promote the dispersal of alien plant seeds by carnivorous mammals, which, unlike migrating birds, are constantly present in autumn. The limited availability of native fruits after their fruiting period, creating a phenological gap, makes alien plants the main source of fleshy-fruits at the end of vegetation period in forest ecosystems; this is expressed in high proportion of alien plants in seed FO%, and in significant interactions in the seed load in carnivore scats.

Erratum: Valorizing staple Native American food plants as a food resilience resource

Erratum: Valorizing staple Native American food plants as a food resilience resource

A pivotal nutritional potential of understory vascular plants in Patagonian forests

Native forests can support wild and domestic herbivores, but their nutritional potential of understory vascular plants is rarely explored. We analysed the composition of understory plant species and their biochemical components to reveal the nutritional potential of forest types (deciduous, evergreen, mixed) and their associated open-lands (e.g. grasslands in forestlands) in Northern Patagonia. We proposed an approach combining our data (e.g. plant composition, occurrence frequency) with bibliographic research (e.g. Scopus database) to develop our findings. Data were evaluated using descriptive statistical analyses and multivariate analyses. This study presents the nutritional values for the 20 pivotal species under examination. The results highlight the significant impact of taxonomic families on nutritional profiles, where the species that presented the most relevant occurrence frequency: the herbs T. officinale (60.4 % of total occurrence frequency-TOF) and T. repens (47.9 % TOF), the graminoid H. lanatus (58 % TOF), and the fern B. penna marina (44.4 % TOF). Multivariate analyses showed that the first two PCA axes explained 76.1 % (p = 0.001) and 10.5 % (p = 1.000) of forest type variation, with ñire forests and open-lands having the highest palatable plant coverage. Biochemical PCA axes explained 52.1 % (p = 0.024) and 22.5 % (p = 0.874) of the variation, distinguishing species by protein content and structural components. The deciduous forests exhibited the highest coverage of palatable plants, while target plants with low palatability and high coverage were predominantly found in evergreen forest types. The confirmed presence of pivotal species across forest types and open-lands underscores its nutritional potential, characterised by highly digestible dry matter, crude protein, highly digestible non-nitrogenous nutrients, and relative feed value. Considering their widespread distribution and nutritional factors, the native and non-native plants merit attention due to their pivotal nutritional potential.

Effect of calcium sources on enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation to solidify desert aeolian sand

Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) is a promising technique for soil reinforcement. To select a suitable calcium source and a suitable solution amount for aeolian sand stabilization using EICP, specimens treated with different solution amounts (1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, and 3.5 L/m2). Surface strength, crust thickness, calcium carbonate content (CCC) and water vapor adsorption tests were performed to evaluate the effect of two calcium sources (calcium acetate and calcium chloride) on aeolian sand solidification. The plant suitability of solidified sand was investigated by the sea buckthorn growth test. The suitable calcium source was then used for the laboratory wind tunnel test and the field test to examine the erosion resistance of solidified sand. The results demonstrated that Ca(CH3COO)2-treated specimens exhibited higher strength than CaCl2-treated specimens at the same EICP solution amount, and the water vapor equilibrium adsorption mass of Ca(CH3COO)2-treated specimens was less, indicating that Ca(CH3COO)2-solidified sand was more effective and had better long-term stability. In addition, plants grown in Ca(CH3COO)2-treated sand had greater seedling emergence percentage and higher average height, which indicated that calcium acetate is a more suitable calcium source for EICP treatment. Furthermore, the surface strength and crust thickness of solidified sand increased with increasing the solution amount. For sand treated with 3 L/m2 of solution, the excessive strength and thickness of the crust made plants growth difficult, and the performance of sand treated with more than 2 L/m2 of solution significantly improved. Thus, the solution amount of 2–3 L/m2 is suggested for engineering applications. The sand solidified using EICP in the field could effectively mitigate wind erosion and facilitate the growth of native plants. Therefore, EICP can be combined with vegetative method to achieve long-term wind erosion control in the future.

Disturbance‐mediated community characteristics and anthropogenic pressure intensify understorey plant invasions in natural forests

Abstract Although disturbance is considered a major driver of plant invasions across many systems, our understanding of the mechanisms by which disturbance mediates understorey invasions in natural forests is limited. We used a national natural forest inventory dataset spanning New Zealand's wide climatic and soil fertility gradients to disentangle disturbance‐mediated community characteristics driving abundance, species richness and functional composition of understorey plant invasions. Disturbance‐mediated declines in canopy tree abundance and increases in soil fertility and pH increased non‐native plant richness and cover relative to co‐occurring native plant assemblages. Cover of non‐native species also increased with proximity to anthropogenic land cover. Non‐native plant assemblages had higher community‐weighted mean (CWM) values for specific leaf area (SLA) but lower CWM values for height and woodiness relative to native assemblages irrespective of disturbance. However, greater nearby anthropogenic land cover drove increased woodiness in non‐native assemblages but decreased woodiness in co‐occurring native assemblages. Synthesis: Our study provides the first national‐scale evidence that canopy disturbance effects on soil properties increase both richness and abundance of non‐native plants in natural forest understories. We also revealed functional trait differences between native and non‐native assemblages (SLA in particular), which could alter fundamental forest ecosystem processes like litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Finally, landscape‐scale anthropogenic impacts may exacerbate forest invasions by increasing non‐native abundance and favouring woody invaders, which may achieve dominance in future forest communities over the longer‐term.

Assessing seed pellet formulations to improve native plant restoration under water‐limited conditions

Water scarcity, a challenge expected to worsen with climate change, significantly hinders native plant community restoration. Enhancing seed‐based restoration requires methods to increase the water availability for seeds and seedlings. Surfactants and superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) can improve soil water‐holding capacity and infiltration, but their use in seed enhancements remains underexplored. We investigated whether pellets containing surfactants or SAPs could improve seedling emergence of two native species (Rytidosperma caespitosum and Chrysocephalum apiculatum) common in temperate grasslands in south‐eastern Australia under different watering treatments. We used a randomized block design with five watering treatments to simulate predicted changes in precipitation for south‐eastern Australia: ambient, two reducing overall water volume, and two reducing watering frequency while increasing watering volume to maintain ambient treatment water volume. We explored four enhanced pellets (two containing surfactants and two containing SAPs) and non‐pelleted seeds. Our results showed that watering events with larger volumes but reduced frequency increased seedling emergence. Under these conditions, block co‐polymer surfactants further increased seedling emergence of C. apiculatum, while synthetic SAP pellets promoted emergence of R. caespitosum. Block co‐polymer surfactants decreased R. caespitosum emergence, and both SAPs reduced C. apiculatum emergence under reduced watering frequency. A 50% reduction in overall water volume significantly reduced seedling emergence for both species, regardless of seed enhancement. These findings suggest that surfactants and SAP pellets can improve the success of seed‐based restoration under ambient conditions and when rainfall events are larger in volume but reduced in frequency, but not when the overall volume of rainfall is reduced.

UAV telephotography elucidates floristic variability and beta diversity of island cliffs under grazing interventions

Cliffs contain one of the least known plant communities, which has been overlooked in biodiversity assessments due to the inherent inaccessibility. Our study adopted the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with the telephoto camera to remotely clarify floristic variability across unreachable cliffs. Studied cliffs comprised 17 coastal and 13 inland cliffs in Gageodo of South Korea, among which 9 and 5 cliffs were grazed by the introduced cliff-dwelling goats. The UAV telephotography showed 154 and 166 plant species from coastal and inland cliffs, respectively. Inland cliffs contained more vascular plant species (P < 0.001), increased proportions of fern and woody species (P < 0.05), and decreased proportion of herbaceous species (P < 0.001) than coastal cliffs. It was also found that coastal and inland cliffs differed in the species composition (P < 0.001) rather than taxonomic beta diversity (P = 0.29). Furthermore, grazed coastal cliffs featured the elevated proportions of alien and annual herb species than ungrazed coastal cliffs (P < 0.05). This suggests that coastal cliffs might not be totally immune to grazing if the introduced herbivores are able to access cliff microhabitats; therefore, such anthropogenic introduction of cliff-dwelling herbivores should be excluded to conserve the native cliff plant communities.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal communities respond to nutrient enrichment and plant invasion in phosphorus‐limited eucalypt woodlands

Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) facilitate ecosystem functioning through provision of plant hosts with phosphorus (P), especially where soil P is limiting. Changes in soil nutrient regimes are expected to impact AMF, but the direction of the impact may depend on context. We predicted that nitrogen (N)‐only enrichment promotes plant invasions and exacerbates their P limitation, increasing the utility of AMF and promoting AMF diversity. We expected that enrichment with N, P and other nutrients similarly promotes plant invasions, but decreases the benefit and diversity of AMF because P is readily available for both native and exotic plants. We tested these hypotheses in eucalypt woodlands of south‐western Australia, that occur on soils naturally low in P. We evaluated AMF communities within three modified ground‐layer states representing different types of nutrient enrichment and associated plant invasions. We compared these modified states to near‐natural reference woodlands. AMF richness varied across ground‐layer states. The moderately invaded/N‐enriched state showed the highest AMF richness, while the highly invaded/NP‐enriched state showed the lowest AMF richness. The reference state and the weakly invaded/enriched state were intermediate. AMF richness and colonisation were higher in roots of exotic than native plant species. AMF community composition differed among ground‐layer states, with the highly invaded/NP‐enriched state being most distinct. Distinctions among states were often driven by family‐level patterns. Reference and moderately invaded/N‐enriched states each supported distinct groups of zero‐radius operational taxonomic units (zOTUs) in Acaulosporaceae, Gigasporaceae and Glomeraceae, whereas Gigasporaceae and Glomeraceae were nearly absent from the highly invaded/NP‐enriched state. Further, Diversisporaceae and Glomeraceae were most diverse in the moderately invaded/N‐enriched state. Synthesis. Both the nature of soil nutrient enrichment and plant provenance matter for AMF. N‐only enrichment of low‐P soils increased AMF richness, likely due to the introduction of AMF‐dependent exotic plant species and exacerbation of their P limitation. In contrast, multi‐nutrient enrichment, decreased AMF richness potentially due to a decrease in host dependence on AMF, regardless of host provenance. The changes in AMF community composition with nutrient enrichment and plant invasion warrant further research into predicting the functional implications of these changes.

Divergence in spatial patterns of leaf stoichiometry between native and non-native plants across coastal wetlands

The spatial pattern of leaf stoichiometry is critical in predicting plant palatability and ecosystem productivity and nutrient cycling rates and thus is a major focus of community ecological research. Coastal wetlands as vital blue carbon ecosystems, with high possibility to be vulnerable to plant invasion, studies focused on stoichiometry and its pattern are important to unveil the elements cycling process. However, previous studies have mainly focused on stoichiometry in terrestrial ecosystems, there are few studies conducted on coastal wetland ecosystems, especially the studies that compare leaf stoichiometry between native and non-native plants in coastal wetlands. In this study, we compared the latitudinal patterns of leaf nutrient contents and their stoichiometric ratios between native and non-native plant species across coastal wetland ecosystems and investigated whether leaf stoichiometric patterns were driven by climatic factors. We used a compiled global data set of 954 records to conduct a systematic meta-analysis. The results showed that there were significant differences in latitudinal patterns of leaf carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents and C:N ratio between native and non-native species, as well as significant differences in leaf C, N, and phosphorus (P) contents. For native species, we found significant latitudinal patterns in leaf C, N, and P contents and C:N and C:P ratios, whereas for non-native species, we found significant latitudinal patterns in leaf N content and C:P and N:P ratios. Mean annual temperature of the data collection site was a significant predictor of leaf stoichiometry of native plants but only of leaf N content and C:P ratio of non-native plants. Thus, we demonstrated spatial heterogeneity in leaf stoichiometries between native and non-native plants in coastal wetlands, indicating that such differences should be emphasized in future biogeochemical models and plant-herbivore interaction studies owing to the important role of wetland plants in global C, N, and P cycles. Our findings increase understanding of plant-related nutrient and elements cycling in coastal wetlands, as well as improve predictions of plant growth rates and vegetation productivity across large scales under plant invasion scenarios.

New species, names, and type designation of rust fungi from New Zealand

ABSTRACT Rust fungi are obligate plant pathogens, usually restricted to a single host species or genus, although some species such as myrtle rust (Austropuccinia psidii) and some cereal and grass rusts (Puccinia spp.) can infect many members of the families Myrtaceae and Poaceae, respectively. The rust life cycle can involve up to five spore stages, both sexual and asexual. The cycle may be completed on a single host (autoecious rust) or require two, unrelated host plants (heteroecious rust) for completion. About 300 rust species are known in New Zealand, with approximately half comprising native rusts (usually pathogenic on native plants) and half being introduced rusts (usually pathogenic on exotic plants). In this paper, 26 new species of rust fungi discovered in New Zealand are described, comprising one species each of Aecidium and Milesina, two of Pucciniastrum, four of Uromyces and 18 of Puccinia. Puccinia ferocis-forsteri is a new heteroecious species producing uredinia and telia on the endemic Carex forsteri and aecia on endemic Urtica ferox. This is only the third native heteroecious rust fungus reported in New Zealand. In addition, two species are transferred to the genus Milesina, three to Uromyces and seven to Puccinia (including a nom. nov.), either following discovery of the sexual (telial) stage of these rusts or considering the most appropriate sexual genus. A new combination is proposed for Coleosporium based on morphology of its urediniospores and molecular data. Epitypes are designated for eight species, lectotypes are selected for five species and a neotype is designated. Apart from one new species on the introduced Fuchsia magellanica all the rusts are considered native to New Zealand. Where appropriate, DNA was extracted and the 28S region (nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA [nuLSU]) was amplified with the resulting LSU sequences aligned with sequences from GenBank representing most of the major clades.

Effects of chronic oral exposure to insecticide teflubenzuron on the midgut of the honey bee Apis mellifera workers: histopathological insights into pesticide toxicity.

The honey bee Apis mellifera plays a significant role as a pollinator of native and cultivated plants, by increasing the productivity of several cultures, preserving the flora, and producing forest seeds. However, bee populations are declining worldwide, including A. mellifera, due to Colony Collapse Disorder, mainly resulting from the constant use of pesticides in the crops. Teflubenzuron is a physiological insecticide that belongs to the benzoylurea group, which inhibits chitin synthesis, the main component of the insect integument classified as safe for non-target insects, including bees. However, its effect on non-target organs of insects remains unknown. The midgut is the main organ of the digestive tract, which works in digestion and absorption and may be exposed to pesticides that contaminate food resources. The present work aimed to verify if the insecticide teflubenzuron is toxic and has histopathological effects on the midgut of A. mellifera adult workers. Workers exposed orally and chronically to the field-realistic concentration of teflubenzuron present 81.54% mortality. The epithelium of the midgut of these bees presents high vacuolization, spherocrystals, cell fragments released to the organ lumen, apocrine secretion, nuclear pyknosis, loss of cell-cell contact, and damage to regenerative cell nests and to the peritrophic matrix. These results indicate that the chitin synthesis-inhibiting insecticide teflubenzuron is toxic to A. mellifera after chronic oral exposure, at realistic field concentration, although it is classified as non-toxic to adult and non-target insects.

Growing Native Medicinal Plants in Amajari – RR

The aim of this work was to set up a permanent production area for native and exotic medicinal plants, especially those at risk of extinction. The species grown were herbs, shrubs and medicinal trees of various species, both native and exotic. Nineteen species were cultivated by 20 students from the Ovídio Dias de Souza State School who took part in the practicals at the school. It was observed that the fact that the majority of the students reported a preference for using medicinal plants, perhaps due to the lack of any other way of maintaining or recovering their health, is, in a way, a positive aspect, because as well as strengthening traditional practices regarding the use and traditional knowledge of medicinal plants, it is an activity that values the preservation of the local flora.

Research on ecological restoration and green reclamation technology of goaf in phosphorus mines

The subsidiary of Yunnan Phosphate Group Co., Ltd., Kunyang Phosphate Mine’s mining area is the subject of study. The mining of open-pit phosphate mines has caused significant damage to the ecological environment. Therefore, carrying out ecological restoration and green reclamation of the ecosystem in the mining area has become the top priority for current development. This article establishes an evaluation system for ecological restoration indicators, selecting four indicators including vegetation coverage, soil and water conservation, restoration of native plants, and Plant Species Diversity Index to assess the effects of ecological restoration and green reclamation of phosphate mines. The techniques of reconstructing soil ecological structure using phosphate tailings substrate and improving acidic soil with soil conditioner and calcium-magnesium phosphate compound fertilizer were applied. A series of other measures were taken, including: drafting scientific ecological restoration plans; employing physical, chemical, and biological methods for ecological restoration and green reclamation; selecting suitable plant species for planting; enhancing planting techniques; and strengthening post-restoration ecological monitoring and regulation. After ecological restoration and green reclamation, the Ecological Remediation Effect Index (EREI) for the years 2020, 2021, and 2022 were 48.40, 87.38, and 93.23 respectively, indicating significant improvement in the ecological environment. Furthermore, the difficulties encountered during the ecological system restoration process of the mine and the future development directions were summarized, providing practical and guiding significance for ecological restoration and green reclamation of abandoned mining areas both domestically and internationally.

Characterisation of New Zealand Propolis from Different Regions Based on Its Volatile Organic Compounds.

Propolis is a bee product mainly consisting of plant resins and is used by bees to maintain the structural integrity of the colony. Propolis is known to contribute to bee health via its antimicrobial activity and is a valued product for human use owing to its nutritional and medicinal properties. Propolis is often characterised into seven categories depending on the resin source. New Zealand propolis is typically assumed as being poplar-type propolis, but few studies have chemically characterised New Zealand propolis to confirm or reject this assumption. Here, for the first time, we characterise propolis originating from different regions in New Zealand based on its volatile organic compounds, using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). To support this characterisation, we also collected and analysed resin samples from a variety of resin-producing plants (both native to New Zealand and introduced). Our findings suggest that bees mainly use poplar as a resin source, but also utilize native plant species to produce propolis. While regional variation did not allow for clear separation between samples, some patterns emerged, with samples from some regions having more chemical complexity and a higher contribution from native species (as suggested by a higher number of compounds unique to native species resin). Further studies are needed to accurately identify the botanical sources contributing to these samples. It may be also of interest to explore the biological activity of regional propolis samples and their potential nutritional or medicinal benefits.

Characteristics of the chloroplast genome and genetic divergence of Tamarix hispida Willd. 1816 (Tamaricaceae)

Tamarix hispida Willd. 1816, a crucial native plant species in the arid desert region of northwestern China, plays a significant role in maintaining ecological stability. It is instrumental in addressing soil salinity–alkalinity and heavy metal pollution. This research aims to analyze the phylogenetic divergence pattern and evolutionary history of T. hispida by comparing chloroplast genome structures across different populations. Despite the minimal differences in chloroplast genome structure due to conserved genes and junction regions, sequencing was conducted using the Illumina NovaSeq platform to verify the historical evolutionary processes between different populations, followed by assembly and annotation. The results revealed that the T. hispida chloroplast genome is approximately 156,164–156,186 bp in length, with a quadripartite structure and 131 annotated genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated two lineages within T. hispida, with a divergence time of 3.15 Ma. These findings emphasize the low genetic diversity in T. hispida and offer valuable insights into its evolutionary past. To effectively protect and manage this species, increased scientific research and monitoring of its genetic diversity are necessary. This study underscores the importance of comprehending the genetic mechanisms behind species divergence to develop informed conservation strategies.

Responses of non-native and native plant species to fluctuations of water availability in a greenhouse experiment.

Water availability strongly influences the survival, growth, and reproduction of most terrestrial plant species. Experimental evidence has well documented the effect of changes in total amount of water availability on non-native vs. native plants. However, little is known about how fluctuations in water availability affect these two groups, although more extreme fluctuations in water availability increasingly occur with prolonged drought and extreme precipitation events. Here, we grew seven non-native and seven native plant species individually in the greenhouse. Then, we exposed them to four watering treatments, each treatment with the same total amount of water, but with different divisions: W1 (added water 16 times with 125 mL per time), W2 (8 times, 250 mL per time), W3 (4 times, 500 mL per time), and W4 (2 times, 1000 mL per time). We found that both non-native and native plants produced the most biomass under medium frequency/magnitude watering treatments (W2 and W3). Interestingly, non-native plants produced 34% more biomass with the infrequent, substantial watering treatment (W4) than with frequent, minor watering treatment (W1), whereas native plants showed opposite patterns, producing 26% more biomass with W1 than with W4. Differences in the ratio of root to shoot under few/large and many/small watering treatments of non-native vs. native species probably contributed to their different responses in biomass production. Our results advance the current understanding of the effect of water availability on non-native plants, which are affected not only by changes in amount of water availability but also by fluctuations in water availability. Furthermore, our results indicate that an increased few/large precipitation pattern expected under climate change conditions might further promote non-native plant invasions. Future field experiments with multiple phylogenetically controlled pairs of non-native and native species will be required to enhance our understanding of how water availability fluctuations impact on non-native invasions.