Native Speakers Of Language Research Articles

К ВОПРОСУ О ТОПОНИМАХ ИНДОИРАНСКОГО ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЯ, СВЯЗАННЫХ С ВОДНЫМИ ОБЪЕКТАМИ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ СРЕДНЕГО ПРИИРТЫШЬЯ (по материалам Павлодарской, Восточно-Казахстанской и Абайской областей)

The article is devoted to the systematization and description of toponyms associated with water bodies on the territory of the Middle Irtysh region, the origin of which may be associated with Indo-Iranian languages. Despite the controversial origin of the names of certain geographical names, their analysis contributes to solving problems not only in terms of studying the chronological layers of toponymy of Kazakhstan, but also in the context of studying the history and culture of the population that once lived here. It indicates the historical binding of toponyms that may be associated with native speakers of Indo-Iranian languages who, according to some researchers, lived in the designated area during the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. Before the era of writing and cartography, orientation in deserted mountains was a problem, recognition of an object on the ground occurred by the oral name of the place, the name of which briefly and succinctly indicated one or two noticeable and distinctive features of the object and the surrounding area. Rivers (hydronyms) have the most stable names in time, as well as some tracts and notable mountains located near ancient communications, near historical places of residence and important in the life support and management of people. The names of villages often came from the names of rivers and from the geomorphological assessment of the settlement site, reflecting the space and terrain, taking into account the properties of the object and its degree of significance for people. Sometimes a toponym denoting a local object can expand its meaning, or the name is transferred to neighboring objects, usually the name of the river is transferred to the name of the gorge, but sometimes vice versa, the name. rivers are often transferred to the name. Toponyms appeared as man mastered the mountains, in the form of "toponymic corridors" corresponding to ancient pack trails, passes and valleys and hollows convenient for settling. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the analysis and interpretation of toponyms of Indo-Iranian origin associated with water bodies in the Middle Priirtysh region, based on materials from Pavlodar, East Kazakhstan and Abay regions. The study makes it possible to trace historical connections and the influence of Indo-Iranian peoples on the formation of the toponymic landscape of this territory, as well as to contribute to the understanding of the processes of migration and cultural exchange in the region. The methodological approach may include a comprehensive examination and comparison of different data sources, interdisciplinary analysis, use of the comparative method, etc. It is also important to consider the context of the study, the resources available and the objectives of the study to select the most appropriate methods and methodology. It is also important to consider the research context, available resources and research objectives in order to select the most appropriate methods and methodology.

Strategies for translating English filmonyms into Russian

The subject of the research in the article is the peculiarities of the translation of filmonyms from English into Russian. The methods of comparative, semantic and pragmatic analysis with elements of cultural and stylistic analysis are used in the work. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that it is based on the material of parallel English- and Russian-language filmonyms released over the past two decades. The obtained results contribute to the development of translation studies and the theory of onyms. Choosing a strategy is one of the most important decisions of the translator which is associated with the linguistic features of the filmonym and the cultural specifics of the translation audience. The closer the cultures of native speakers of the original language and the target language are, the more opportunities there are for using forenization, a translation strategy in which the translator strives to preserve the content and the form of the original title. Forenization strategy was used to transmit 25.34% of the English-language filmonyms of the sample, which is significantly inferior to the number of filmonyms translated according to the domestication strategy, which make up 69.34% of the sample. The high frequency of the domestication strategy is explained by the fact that using translation transformations allows overcoming such difficulties in translating filmonyms as discordance of interlanguage equivalents, mismatch of meanings of similar words, undesirable associations with precedent phenomena, dysphemisms, the emergence of meanings that disorient the viewer, untranslatable wordplay. In the examples that make up 5.32% of the sample, the binomial translation construction of the onym was used; the forenized title of the film is included in the first part before the colon, and the second part is a variant of the name adapted as part of the domestication strategy.

ДІЄСЛОВО В МОВНІЙ ТА КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНІЙ КАРТИНАХ СВІТУ НОСІЇВ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ

The paper studies the peculiarities of mental representations of the verb in the conceptual worldview and their reflection in the linguistic worldview of English language native speakers. Special attention is paid to the etymology and meaning of the word “verb” in the English language. In particular, its connection with the meaning “word” in general, which is manifested in the corresponding derivatives, is clarified. A tendency to define the verb through its syntactic function in scientific literature has been revealed. The key role of the predicate-argument structure, which reflects the linguistic worldview of English language native speakers, has been established. At the same time, the conceptual structure of the verb meaning and its mental representations shed light on the place of the verb in the conceptual worldview of English language native speakers. In the naive worldview of the English speakers, a tendency to associate the verb with an action or an act can be observed. High productivity of verbification in present-day English, as well as the overall high saturation of verbs in the English language corpora, estimated at 10.86 per cent, testify to the significance of the verb in English. The corpus analysis has been conducted based on the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), the British National Corpus (BNC), the Strathy Corpus of Canadian English, and iWeb Corpus of modern web communication. The total distribution of verbs across the aforementioned corpora does not reveal any substantial variation. Nonetheless, the corpus data provide illuminating insights into the worldview of the native speakers of English. The prospects of further research in this direction lie in the construction of a mental model of the English verb, which would integrate the approaches to verb semantics within different modern frameworks, employing both experimental findings and empirical corpus data.

Investigating the Translation Strategies that English Language Students' Utilized in Translation Diverse Topics

Objectives: By analyzing students' translations, instructors teaching translation can acquire insight into the most common concerns, challenges, and strategies regarding various subjects. This study aims to uncover the methods and techniques students use to translate journalistic, literary, and political materials and the differences in translation strategies used by male and female students.
 Methods: Twenty-seven male and female 4th-grade students from the Department of English, Colleges of Basic Education, University of Kirkuk participated. The research will be carried out during the first semester of the academic year 2022-2023. A test was used to collect the data. The test consisted of three questions, all of which were texts: journalistic, literary, and political.
 Results: The results reveal that students adopt low-accuracy translation procedures. Students use the trans-position method more than other translation procedures when translating a journalistic text. Regarding the literary text, the results show that students preferred the adaptation technique above the different translation strategies. Finally, the Political text was translated using a borrowing and adaption technique. Furthermore, the findings demonstrated that female EFL students used more accurate and precise translation procedures than male students.
 Conclusion: Translation strategies must be thoroughly taught to EFL students. They must be knowledgeable about translation theories and strategies and the types of texts they may be exposed to. They must also be taught the purpose of employing a specific translation technique. It is essential to note that the borrowing strategy should be used with caution, as it can lead to linguistic interference and can sometimes be confusing for native speakers of the target language.

Study of Affixation In West Simeulue Language

This study discusses the type of affixation, especially prefixes and suffixes in the West Simeulue language. This study aims to find what types of prefixes and suffixes are in West Simeulue language. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The data in this thesis are in the form of words, which are taken through an interview process with informants in the form of students who come from Simeulue Island and are native speakers of West Simeulue Language who are in the Padang City West Sumatera. Data collection techniques based on known data regarding the types of Prefix and Suffix affixes in the West Simeulue Language. The results of this study are that there are several types of prefixes and suffixes in West Simeulue language, in the prefix there is pattern form, prefix Ma-+ noun = verb, prefix Ma- + adjective = verb, prefix –Ma + verb = verb, prefix –Ni + noun = Adjective, Prefix –Mam + verb = Verb, prefix –Mang + noun = Verb, prefix Mang- + verb= Verb and in the suffix there is a pattern form that is slightly different from prefix, in the suffix verb + suffix -An= noun, verb + suffix -Ni = adjective, adjective + suffix –Ni = adjective, noun + suffix –I = verb and verb + suffix –I = verb

Functioning of borrowed words in the mental lexicon of Ukrainians

The article analyzes the associative meaning of the stimulus word "donat" in the mental lexicon of native speakers of the Ukrainian language, raises the problem of the specificity of learning borrowed words in the Ukrainian language. The role of the media in the introduction of a new lexical unit into mass circulation and aspects of the actualization of the use of the word due to the influence of social and political events are considered. The question of the functioning of new lexical units and their place in the mental lexicon is highlighted. Shades of associative meanings of the stimulus words "donate" and "help" were studied. The obtained results confirm that the associative experiment can provide not only linguistic, but also psychological and social information.

Profile of Short Vowel ‘A’ in Japanese Language that Determines the Meaning as Pronounced by University Students in Indonesia

The research discussed that certain sounds, like the short vowel ‘a’, which was entirely different from the long vowel ‘a’, were specific to Japanese and had distinct meanings from those of Indonesian. As a result, 60 students majoring in Japanese language instruction from six Indonesian universities were interviewed face-to-face and recorded. Native speakers of the Japanese language were requested to record their voices using the short vowel ‘a’ as the students’ sound reference. After that, the students were asked to identify and produce the short vowel ‘a’. PRAAT was then used to analyze the students’ recordings. Additionally, the students’ sounds were contrasted with those of Japanese native speakers. The spectrogram analysis clearly shows that students are still having trouble telling the difference between the long vowel ‘a’ (OBAASAN) and the short vowel ‘a’ (OBAASAN) because they produce significantly longer short vowels ‘a’ that are almost as long as double vowel ‘a’. This is highly likely to occur since Japanese language learners are not taught to deliberately recognize the distinct sounds, such as the long and short vowels ‘a’, that distinguish the language’s meanings. In addition, their low frequency and energy density of pronunciation of the short vowel ‘a’ suggest they are less confident in their pronunciation.

Система дискурсивных понятий тайваньской реальности. Опыт создания краткого толкового словаря

The purpose of the study is to present a model for understanding foreign language (Taiwan Guoyu) discursive reality, aimed at Russian sinologists and, more widely, native speakers of the Russian language, based on a potentially expandable glossary (minimal at this stage) of basic concepts (topics of communication). Scientific novelty: for the first time, a minimum set of communication concepts of the linguistic environment of Taiwan was substantiated and formed (as a short glossary, explanatory dictionary). The previous studies described only “general” Chinese realities and values supposed to be transferred by default to the Chinese world as a whole. A comparative analysis and description of concepts with a focus on decomposition into denotative, significative and connotative components was carried out for the first time. As a result, the specificity of the basic discursive concepts of Taiwanese reality has been identified, including differences from synonymous/homonymous concepts in Russian and/or Mainland discursive reality, a list of concepts with interpretations has been proposed, and the prerequisites have been created for further study and the formation of a new direction in explorations.

«Children’s» Jokes as a Means and a Way to Maintain the Collective
 Identity of NativeLanguage Speakers within a Culture

The article is devoted to the description of the functional potential of one of the ways of socialization of native language speakers within a culture, namely «children’s» jokes in the German culture. These types of text are characterized by obvious
 cultural specifics, objectified not so much through the environment of functioning and the implementation of the corresponding functions by various means and methods,
 but through their main characters. The focus of the analysis is on Fritzchen, who, due to his obvious cultural specificity, is interpreted as a cultural hero (in Geert Hofstede’s terms). Therefore, the situations in which Fritzchen’s actions are narrated in official and unofficial communication and his reactions to the environment and his actions are analyzed as a way of communicating social norms to a collective subject,
 as a way of reproducing social standards in a culture which functions «on the contrary», as a means of maintaining cultural continuity and cultural identity in synchrony and diachrony. For this reason, the character qualities attributed to Fritzchen
 in the “children’s” jokes are interpreted as components of the collective identity of a collective subject, relating to the nuclear part of the collective identity of both individual and collective subjects who speak the German language and exist within the
 German culture.

«Children’s» Jokes as a Means and a Way to Maintain the Collective Identity of NativeLanguage Speakers within a Culture

The article is devoted to the description of the functional potential of one of the ways of socialization of native language speakers within a culture, namely «children’s» jokes in the German culture. These types of text are characterized
 by obvious cultural specifics, objectified not so much through the environment of functioning and the implementation of the corresponding functions by various means and methods, but through their main characters. The focus of the analysis
 is on Fritzchen, who, due to his obvious cultural specificity, is interpreted as a cultural hero (in Geert Hofstede’s terms). Therefore, the situations in which Fritzchen’s actions are narrated in official and unofficial communication and his reactions to the environment and his actions are analyzed as a way of communicating social norms to a collective subject, as a way of reproducing social standards in a culture which functions «on the contrary», as a means of maintaining cultural continuity and cultural identity in synchrony and diachrony. For this reason, the character qualities attributed to Fritzchen in the “children’s” jokes are interpreted as components of the collective identity of a collective subject, relating to the nuclear part of the collective identity of both individual and collective subjects who speak the German language and exist within the German culture.

Stylistically Marked Names of Office Workers in German Language

The research of the linguistic image of an office worker, their behavior and character is an understudied area of linguistic science. The importance of the corporate, business and professional culture of corporate employees is increasing
 due to the ongoing processes of globalization in world economy and the increase in the number of joint ventures with foreign companies, as well as the importance of optimizing intercultural communication in the business sphere.
 The norms of behavior, ethical code, priorities and ideas of the national and social experience of native speakers of certain languages are recorded in the vocabulary of the language under study. Knowledge of the norms and values of another culture plays an important role in demonstrating adequate behavior and achieving successful communication when speaking a foreign language. Such cultural values, norms and rules are
 often identified through the analysis of their violation, including the process of collective labour activity. When faced with various kinds of violations, the employee expresses their
 attitude towards these negative occurrences. Thus, the anthropological picture of the world and its priorities are actually reflected through the prism of violations of norms
 and rules of etiquette surrounding the employee at their workplace.
 The article deals with the semantics and structure of stylistically marked lexemes that negatively nominate various office workers (a boss, a secretary, an employee) and their intercommunication. Most of the analyzed lexemes occur as a result of metaphorical reinterpretation, have a negative assessment and are composites.
 The research of the problem under study in a comparative aspect is proposed as a direction for future research.

Morphological Features of Russian Speech of Two Generations of Bilinguals and Monolinguals

The purpose of the study is to analyze the morphological features of the Russian speech of two generations of Russian-German bilinguals living in Germany and Russian monolinguals living in Russia. The relevance of this study is due to the need to study the state of the Russian language abroad, its preservation and development. Four groups of informants took part in the study: 22 bilingual adults, 26 their children, 19 monolingual adults, 23 their children. The age of the parents is 35-50 years, the age of the children is 10-15 years. The material of the study was transcripts of audio recordings of oral stories based on pictures from the book by M. Mayer “Frog: where are you?”. Research methods are directed sampling, descriptive, systematization, statistical and comparative. Deviations from morphological norms were grouped into two structural types: 1) deviations from the norms of constructing word forms; 2) deviations from the norms of the choice of word forms. The study determined the average number of deviations from morphological norms in the stories of four groups of informants. It was found that in families seeking to preserve the Russian language in conditions of emigration, the morphological system remains relatively stable. At the same time, the average proportion of deviations from morphological norms in the speech of bilinguals is higher than in the speech of monolinguals, and in the speech of children is higher than in the speech of their parents. The average values of the number of typical deviations from the norms in each of the groups were determined. The heterogeneity of the number of deviations from the norms in individual representatives of each of the groups of informants was revealed. It is established that in some families the literary language is preserved, and the influence of the German language is not revealed, in others the vernacular is the means of communication, and some deviations from morphological norms may be caused by interlanguage interference. It should be noted that the greatest difficulty for all native speakers of the Russian language is the norms of the use of case forms and prepositional-case.

Borrowed vocabulary as a fragment of the Russian language picture of the world: linguoculturological description

The relevance of the study is determined by the need for further study of the modern Russian language picture of the world, including by considering borrowed lexical units that explicate the conceptual meanings in the minds of Russian speakers precepting their own national culture. Of particular scientific interest are the results of the associative experiment, which demonstrate the specifics of Russian-speaking informants’ interpretation of subject-conceptual, connotative, primarily axiological, components of the borrowed units meaning, in our case, Sinicisms. The purpose of the study is to identify and describe the universal and nationally determined components in the semantics of the associates obtained during the experiment, which mark a fragment of the Russian picture of the world associated with understanding Chinese culture. The materials included the works of scientists on the problem of lexical borrowings, data from lexicographic sources, as well as the results of a survey and an associative experiment in a group of Russian-speaking students studying at Tomsk State Pedagogical University. A comprehensive research methodology was used, including methods of theoretical, introspective and experimental analysis. The results of the experiment made it possible to draw a conclusion about the role, place and content of fragments of the worldview of Russian-speaking informants related to the idea of the history, culture and language of China and based on the reception of different thematic borrowed lexical units. The authors proved that, despite the influence of the native linguistic culture on interpreting Sinicisms by Russian language native speakers, they understand the core subject-conceptual components of the meaning of all stimulus words. This fact testifies to the presence of a general idea on the original Chinese culture, imprinted in the national language and in the minds of the informants. We revealed that the degree of success and completeness of interpreting the borrowings depends on a certain thematic category of the unit: the most diverse and numerous reactions were received to words denoting philosophical concepts, the socio-political vocabulary has the least limited range of reactions. In general, the results of the experiment demonstrated the positive value meanings conveying respect and interest to Chinese language and culture in the minds of the representatives of modern Russian linguistic culture. The prospects of the research involve further study of Russian linguistic culture involving borrowed words from different source languages, as well as expanding the audience of recipients depending on their status indicators.

Miscellaneous Arabic Loanwords in Local Bugis Culture

The Bugis language adopted or adapted many Arabic vocabulary, especially after the spread of Islam and adopted by the Bugis community. The absorption of Arabic into the Bugis language continued to evolve with time and cultural interaction between the two groups. This study aims to obtain decryption related to the process of Arabic loanwords into Bugis language and also obtain related changes in word structure in Arabic loanwords into Bugis language. By using qualitative methods, namely research approaches used to understand and explain phenomena in depth and descriptively. The source of the data obtained through interviews with native speakers of the Bugis language. The results of this study showed that the absorption of Arabic vocabulary in the Bugis language did not experience a change in meaning. Changes in word structure indicate differences in pronunciation and vocabulary between Arabic and Bugis. This shows that the Bugis language has a different phonological and lexicon system from Arabic, and such changes can be found in the words adopted from Arabic into the Bugis language. The study of Arabic loanwords in the local Bugis culture has significant scientific contributions in the fields of linguistics, cultural studies, and anthropology. For future research, it is recommended to conduct a comparative study between the use of Arabic loanwords in the Bugis language with other regional languages in Indonesia.

The Cognition of Time Shaped by Linguistic Elements: Alphabetic Language and Ideographic Language

This study investigated the impact of language script on spatial cognition by comparing reaction times of native speakers of alphabetic languages and Chinese in response to horizontally and vertically arranged button groups. It is postulated that the linear, one-dimensional nature of alphabetic scripts may shape cognitive processing differently than the complex, two-dimensional Chinese characters. In the experiment, participants from both linguistic backgrounds were tasked with quickly responding to buttons arranged in both horizontal and vertical configurations. Results indicated that speakers of alphabetic languages exhibited significantly shorter reaction times for the horizontally oriented buttons compared to the Chinese speakers. Conversely, Chinese speakers demonstrated faster reaction times for vertically arranged buttons relative to the alphabetic language speakers. These results suggest that language script structure can influence spatial cognition. The linear, sequential arrangement inherent to alphabetic languages may predispose speakers to be more efficient in processing horizontally sequenced stimuli, while the two-dimensional structure of Chinese characters may confer an advantage in processing vertically presented information. Additionally, cultural factors, such as the traditional vertical writing and reading direction of Chinese script, may contribute to these differences. The findings provide preliminary support for the notion that language script can shape cognitive strategies for processing spatial information, with speakers of alphabetic languages and Chinese employing different strategies for horizontal and vertical spatial processing. Further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms, as well as the impact of early exposure to a specific script on spatial cognition.

Using Morphological and Etymological Approaches In Teaching Foreign Language

Etymology is the study of the history of the form of words and, by extension, the origin and evolution of their semantic meaning across time. It is a subfield of historical linguistics, and draws upon comparative semantics, morphology, semiotics, and phonetics. Etymology refers to the origin or derivation of a word.(also known as a lexical change) Etymology is important in teaching because it gives both the teacher and the learner the ability to understand the interconnectedness of history with language. Understanding the interconnectedness of words with each other and the way that words have brought people together and divided them over the centuries has distinctive effects on a pedagogical process. Etymology is the key that unlocks both knowledge and a love of knowledge. Many English learners have their first language as one that is a Latin-based Romance language as Spanish. Many others have a language that is commonly spoken in that is also a Latin-based language. When we teach vocabulary, including the etymology of the word makes it much more likely that our students who are learning English will understand the word better and more quickly. Even students who are not native speakers of a Latin-based language can still benefit from etymology because etymology is the ultimate two-for-one special. When you know one prefix, you probably get access to dozens or even hundreds of applications of that prefix. In this way, etymology becomes somewhat like a master key where, by teaching a single definition we unlock that word, but by teaching the etymology, we unlock many. With etymology, learners start to understand the interconnectedness of language and culture, as well as the interconnectedness of history with language. They had better understand the interconnectedness of words with each other and the way that words have brought people together and divided them over the centuries. Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and forms a core part of linguistic study today. The term (morphology ) is Greek and is a make-up of morph-meaning “shape, form’”, and –ology which means “ the study of something”. For English teachers, etymology is a threshold concept, alongside its linguistic brother morphology (morphology being the study of forms of words, including prefixes, root words and suffixes, etc.), Many methodologists and teachers do believe that knowledge of etymology facilitates the guessing, recognizing, understanding, and remembering the meanings of words and that this approach is the very heart of word study. The paper presented the use of morphological and etymological approach in teaching foreign language.

Relationship Between Chinese Non-English Majors Students Identification of Negative Transfer of L1 in C-E Translation and Their CET-4 or CET-6 Scores

College English Test Band 4 (CET-4) and College English Test Band 6 (CET-6) are administered nationwide, which is of great significance to non-English major students in China. English is the second language of Chinese college students, so it will inevitably have some negative transfer of L1 (first language, the same as mother tongue) in their second language output, but the relationship between negative transfer of L1 and their CET-4 and CET-6 scores is still lack of a unified explanation. Therefore, this study takes 91 Non-English Majors students identification of negative transfer of their mother tongue in Chinese to English (C-E) translation and their CET-4 or CET-6 scores as the research objects and uses SPSSAU to analyze the data. The results show that: there is a significant negative correlation between the behavior and thinking mode that may lead to negative transfer and CET-4 (CET-6) total score; CET-4 (CET-6) total score and the identification of negative transfer of L1 in translation are significant positive related. Therefore, colleges and universities should teach non-English majors students the phenomenon of negative transfer in mother tongue, and guide students to think and express in the way of second language native speakers when producing second language; Similarly, students should enhance their awareness of the negative transfer of their mother tongue in translation, in order to improve their translation quality, second language ability and CET-4 and CET-6 scores.

Supplemental Material for Development of Infants’ Preferential Looking Toward Native Language Speakers Across Distinct Social Contexts

Supplemental Material for Development of Infants’ Preferential Looking Toward Native Language Speakers Across Distinct Social Contexts

Maintenance Strategy of Cirebonese Language in Globalization Era

During the ruling of Syekh Syarief Hidayatullah at Keraton Pakungwati, Cirebonese language was used as the lingual franca in Cirebon. Cirebonese language was spoken and written in numerous activities and even in government affairs. However, the usage of Cirebonese language become less and less amidst the promotion of using Indonesian as a lingua franca in Indonesia. This was the result of preliminary observation in Cirebon. Although they promote the use of Indonesian language as the main language, Indonesian government also concerned with the maintenance of local languages. The government imposed the policy to include Cirebonese language as on subject at school from elementary schools to high schools. However, students still more often use Indonesian languages as their means of communication among their peers. Qualitative research methodology is applied in this research that focuses on the behavior of native speakers of Cirebonese language in finding the solution or strategy to maintain the local language in Cirebon.

QUA-RC: the semi-synthetic dataset of multiple choice questions for assessing reading comprehension in Ukrainian

In this article we present the first dataset of multiple choice questions for assessing reading comprehension in Ukrainian. The dataset is based on the texts from the Ukrainian national tests for reading comprehension, and the MCQs themselves are created semi-automatically in three stages. The first stage was to use GPT-3 to generate the MCQs zero-shot, the second stage was to select MCQs of sufficient quality and revise the ones with minor errors, whereas the final stage was to expand the dataset with the MCQs written manually. The dataset is created by the Ukrainian language native speakers, one of whom is also a language teacher. The resulting corpus has slightly more than 900 MCQs, of which only 43 MCQs could be kept as they were generated by GPT-3.