Native Flora Research Articles

Progress of research and application of Heyndrickxia coagulans (Bacillus coagulans) as probiotic bacteria.

Probiotics are defined as living or dead bacteria and their byproducts that maintain the balance of the intestinal microbiome. They are non-toxic, non-pathogenic, and do not release any toxins either within or outside the body. Adequate consumption of probiotics can enhance metabolite production, increase immunity, maintain a balanced intestinal flora, and stimulate growth. Probiotics do not have negative antibiotic effects and help maintain the natural flora in animals in a balanced state or prevent dysbacteriosis. Heyndrickxia coagulans (H. coagulans) is a novel probiotic species that is gradually being used for the improvement of human health. Compared to commonly used probiotic lactic acid bacteria, H. coagulans can produce spores, which provide the species with high resistance to adverse conditions. Even though they are transient residents of the gut, beneficial bacteria can have a significant impact on the microbiota because they can outnumber harmful germs, and vice versa. This article discusses the probiotic mechanisms of H. coagulans and outlines the requirements for a substance to be classified as a probiotic. It also addresses how to assess strains that have recently been discovered to possess probiotic properties.

Notulae to the Italian native vascular flora: 17

In this contribution, new data concerning the distribution of native vascular flora in Italy are presented. It includes new records, confirmations, and exclusions to the Italian administrative regions for taxa in the genera Anacyclus, Anthyllis, Bolboschoenus, Catapodium, Festuca, Hordeum, Lavandula, Ophrys, Pseudopodospermum, Rosa, Sorbus and Spergula. Nomenclatural and distribution updates, published elsewhere, and corrigenda are provided as Suppl. material 1.

Six Neophytes in Andaman & Nicobar Islands

The Andaman & Nicobar Islands are still to a large extent support a native flora, not much mixed up with adventives. However, in certain localities where man has begun his 'developing' activities, he has created habitats congenial to newcomers or Neophytes. Six species of these Neophytes is reported, with notes.

BOTANICAL GARDEN NAMED AFTER JÓZSEF SZIKURA

Objective is to study and analyse the history of the creation of the József Szikura Botanical Garden, the results of its scientific, educational and environmental work. Materials and methods of the study. The collections of the natural flora plants established by Professor József Szikura in 2011 in the village of Velyki Berehy, located 8 km northeast of the city of Berehove, Zakarpattya region were studied. The main criteria for assessing the plants diversity in the botanical garden were the following: the qualitative and quantitative composition of the collections, their condition, the results of plant propagation, the possibility of repatriating them to natural ecosystems, the effects of research work, and educational activities. The plant compositions were analyzed, and the species composition of the plots was studied. The role of the botanical garden in preserving the gene pool of flora was also assessed by the qualitative and quantitative composition of the long-lived seed bank. The results of the cultivation and acclimatisation of species of the world flora and the Carpathians have been evaluated since 2012. The evaluation of the results, cultivation and acclimatization of species of the world flora and the Carpathians has been carried out since 2012. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the compositional and systematic composition of the József Szikura Botanical Garden was analysed in the context of successful solution of problems related to the conservation of plant diversity in artificially created phytocoenoses of Transcarpathia. Based on the results of the study, an electronic catalogue (EC) of the Bank of long-lived seeds was created for the first time. Conclusions. According to the results of the inventory analysis, it was determined that the area of 0,82 ha is represented by plants of different natural flora, the taxonomic composition of the collection of which includes 89 families, 468 species, 149 varieties and cultivars. The most numerous families in the collection are Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil., Iridaceae Juss., Poaceae Barnhart, Caryophyllaceae Juss., Lamiaceae Martinov, Asteraceae Giseke, Cupressaceae Gray. Three Allium L. species and two Iris L. species are listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine. The collection contains plants listed in the IUCN Red List (Allium - 5 species, Iris - 2 species) and the relict Syringa josikaea J.Jacq. ex Rchb. The analysis of the composition of the Seed Bank showed the following distribution between taxa – 249 species belonging to 47 families. The József Szikura Botanical Garden effectively combines research work on the study and protection of biodiversity, introduction and acclimatisation, reproduction and efficient use of plants, and functioning as an educational regional centre for the dissemination of ecological and ethnographic knowledge, education and upbringing of the population in the traditions of caring for nature and preserving the cultural heritage of the region.

STEROIDS AND TRITERPENOIDS IN ACACIA CATECHU BARK EXTRACTS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

Objective: Plant-derived steroids and triterpenes have been recognized for a number of health benefits. As indicated in previous research, some of the phytosterols are essential dietary substances. This study was aimed at investigating the presence or absence of these phytochemicals in various test bark extracts from Acacia catechu plant samples. Methods: For this study, thirty samples of test plants were gathered in various seasons from the research location. Six different solvents were then prepared for each sample. Then the qualitative tests of the studied parameters were done using various standardized methods. Additionally, bibliographic analysis was done to validate and co-relate the present study with earlier findings. Results: Results showed the presence of test parameters in all solvent systems except aqueous extracts, though the colour intensity (quantity) was different in all other extracts. Based on the dark-colored reaction mixture, it can be claimed that the steroid and triterpene content was relatively higher in methanolic and ethanolic extracts. The comparative bibliographic study was also validating the beneficial applications of the same. Conclusion: Possibly, this preliminary study helped to find out the medicinal significance of native flora of Guna district and also serve as the base for further investigations.

Ecological and socioeconomic impacts of Lantana camara invasion: A case study in central India

The study investigates the impact of Lantana camara, an invasive alien species, on biodiversity, agricultural productivity, and non-timber forest products (NTFP) in central India. The aggressive growth and spread of the weed have resulted in the displacement of native flora and fauna, leading to substantial ecological and economic consequences. Regression analysis reveals a statistically significant negative correlation between proximity to Lantana camara infested plots and average annual crop loss, with closer proximity resulting in higher crop destruction. Additionally, a Wilcoxon signed-rank test confirms substantial reductions in NTFP collection post-infestation, highlighting significant economic losses for local communities reliant on these resources. The study also employs linear and non-linear regression analyses to assess the impact of Lantana camara infestation on species richness across various vegetation species, revealing a consistent negative effect on biodiversity. ANOVA and SIMPER analyses further corroborate these findings, indicating significant decreases in species richness, particularly among NTFP species. The results underscore the urgent need for effective management strategies to mitigate the adverse ecological and socioeconomic effects of Lantana camara invasions, emphasizing conservation efforts and sustainable practices to support the livelihoods of affected communities.

Effect of invasive species on forest composition in tropical dry forest: a case study of invasion by Gliricidia sepium

Ecological concerns caused by biological invasion have been considered an inevitable threat to global sustainability. The superior competitive ability of invasive plant species (IPS) has an impact on vegetation composition and loss of native flora. Recognising IPS at an early stage would significantly contribute to controlling invasive plants, protecting biodiversity and formulating appropriate strategies. Most of the studies available on invasive plants are descriptive and largely confined to non-woody species. The present study focused on the alien Gliricidia sepium, a tree species, to determine the invasive potential of its distribution in tropical dry deciduous forests of Central India. Forty square plots (25 × 25 m) were laid out at each uninvaded and invaded forest to enumerate phytosociological attributes to determine the impact of G. sepium on vegetation composition and community structure. Higher density (37.2 individuals ha−1), basal area (6.32 m2 ha−1) and importance value index (95.8) contributed by G. sepium clearly showed the suppression of seedlings, saplings and trees of native forest species at the invaded sites in terms of species richness, cover and other attributes as compared to at the uninvaded sites. Further, other invasive attributes such as higher seed production, dieback phenomenon, higher coppicing power and higher growth rate as observed during the study clearly affirmed the early speculation that the species might be invasive. The species has a strong potential to spread vigorously and may gradually become invasive throughout the country as already reported from various parts of India. In the present study area, G. sepium was introduced due to restoration and plantation programmes and our findings indicate its negative impact on the native vegetation. Thus, we strongly recommend the avoidance of this species for both plantation and restoration programmes, especially for Indian forests. The study helps in early recognition and rapid monitoring of G. sepium to control its spread throughout the country.

Study of medicinal plants used in ethnoveterinary medical system in riverine areas of Punjab, Pakistan

BackgroundThe use of medicinal plants to treat various veterinary illnesses has been practiced for millennia in many civilizations. Punjab is home to a diverse ethnic community, the majority of whom work in dairy farming, agriculture, and allied professions and have indigenous practices of treating animal illnesses using native flora. This study was designed to (1) document and preserve information about the applications of medicinal plant species in ethnoveterinary remedies among inhabitants of Punjab, Pakistan, and (2) identify popular plants for disease treatment by quantitative analysis of the obtained data and to assess the pharmacological relevance of these species.MethodsTo collect data from informants (N = 279), questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were used. The ethnoveterinary data were analyzed using principal component analysis, relative frequency citation, fidelity level, relative popularity level, and rank order priority.ResultsA total of 114 plant species utilized in the ethnoveterinary medicinal system were found, which were divided into 56 families and used to treat 16 different illnesses. The Poaceae family, with 16 species, was the most common in the region. The most commonly employed growth form in herbal preparation was herb (49%). The most used part in ethnoveterinary remedies was leaves (35%), while powder was the most commonly used way for preparing ethnoveterinary remedies (51 applications). According to principal component analysis, the most typically used species in the research region were grasses. Five grasses (Arundo donax, Desmostachya bipinnata, Eleusine indica, Hordeum vulgare, and Pennisetum glaucum) showed a 100% FL value when used to treat diuretics, helminthiasis, digestive problems, fever, cough, worm infestation, indigestion, galactagogue, oral infections, and genital prolapse. The maximum value of disease cured level (DCL%) was recorded at 87.6% for endo- and ecto-parasitic ailments in the study area.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that medicinal plants play an important part in satisfying farmers’ animal healthcare demands, making it a feasible practice. The study also provides a wealth of knowledge regarding ethnoveterinary methods for further planning and application, providing an option for farmers who cannot afford allopathic therapy.

Characterization of olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars; colour properties, biochemical contents, antioxidant activity and nutrient contents

AbstractThe olive tree, scientifically known as Olea europaea L., is an evergreen xerophytic tree that defines the natural flora, historical background, and cultural essence of the Mediterranean Basin. This study aimed to establish relationships using multivariate analysis methods between the nutrient content of soil conditions in which olive cultivars grown in Türkiye are cultivated and the nutrient element content, phytochemical contents, antioxidant activity, total chlorophyll amount, and leaf colors of these cultivars. All data sets used in the study were analyzed in 2022 and 2023, and average values were used in the research. According to Tukey's comparison result, it was determined that the soil structure of the garden was homogeneous in terms of nutrients it contained. In nutrient analysis conducted on leaves, in the ‘Çelebi’ cultivar, Al (59.25 mg kg−1), B (6.53 mg kg−1), Cu (48.36 mg kg−1), Fe (69.34 mg kg−1), K (1438.11 mg kg−1), Na (197.12 mg kg−1) nutrients are the highest; in the ‘Gemlik-21’ cultivar, Ca (5485.03 mg kg−1) nutrient is the highest; in the ‘Sarı Haşebi’ cultivar, Mg (928.11 mg kg−1), Mn (19.71 mg kg−1), S (632.77 mg kg−1) nutrients are the highest; and in the ‘Tavşan Yüreği’ cultivar, Ni (1.71 mg kg−1), Zn (9.76 mg kg−1) nutrients are the highest. The L* (49.19), b* (29.43) color values are highest in the ‘Sarı Yaprak’ cultivar, while the a* (28.84) value is highest in the ‘Girit Zeytini’ cultivar. The highest leaf chlorophyll content was determined in the ‘Girit Zeytini’ cultivar (95.57). Total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity were determined to be highest in the ‘Manzanilla’ (151.49 mg GAE/100 g), ‘Edincik Su’ (39.01 mg QE/100 g), ‘Nizip Yağlık’ (91.18%) cultivars, respectively. According to the principal component analysis, the first three principal components accounted for 82% of the total variation. The correlation matrix analysis revealed that high levels of certain minerals in the soil led to an increase in the leaves, resulting in positive correlation, while the opposite was true for negative correlation. According to heat map analysis, mineral elements in the leaf were in the same group, while other data sets were in different groups. The data obtained will shed light on future research on similar topics.

Fixation of high concentration CO2 using Chlorella – Bacteria symbiosis system

The mutualistic interaction between microalgae and bacteria provides a new strategy for improving carbon fixation by microalgae. In this study, Chlorella was co-cultured with natural flora at 15 % (v/v) CO2 concentration for 120 d. Three Chlorella symbiotic bacteria strains were identified and were co-cultured with Chlorella vulgaris HL02 (C. vulgaris HL02) to fix high concentrations of CO2. The results showed that the symbiotic bacteria significantly enhanced the fixation of 15 % CO2 by Chlorella, with C. vulgaris HL02 + Aeromonas GS-HL01 having the highest carbon fixation efficiency, which was 22.31 % higher than that of the sterile control, followed by C. vulgaris HL02 + Bacillus GS-F03, and C. vulgaris HL02 + Microbacterium GS-H02 (which was also 16.36 % higher than the sterile control). The composition of harvested Chlorella was not altered significantly following co-culturing with bacteria. Scanning electron microscopy and Excitation–emission matrix spectra analyses showed that at high concentrations of CO2, Microalgae and bacteria promote mutual growth and CO2 fixation mainly through extracellular secretion of organic matter. Our results provided a new strategy to improve the efficiency of microalgae in fixing high concentration of CO2.

Identification of the Potential for Development of the Rainforest Lodges Kedah Ecotourism Area, Gayo Lues District, Aceh Province

Aceh Province's natural resource wealth is diverse, offering natural panoramas, flora and fauna, and rainforest areas with attractive attractions for both domestic and foreign tourists. Forestry-based ecotourism has the potential to become a leading sector in the tourism industry. This research aims to map potential attractions, amenities, and regional accessibility of the Rainforest Lodges Kedah ecotourism area in Gayo Regency Lues Aceh Province. The area has unique natural resources, including beautiful flora and fauna, clear river flow, and tourist activities such as nature viewing, facilities, research/education, and sports. The area can accommodate up to 1,642 people per day. The ecotourism development strategy is in the quadrant one (I) SWOT matrix, allowing for optimal utilization of existing opportunities and support for aggressive growth

Occurrence of Sphingomonas olei with elemental S oxidation capability in sodic soil: Potential role in sodicity reclamation and plant growth promotion

The success of the sodic soil reclamation using elemental S (S°) depends on the population of the native S° oxidizers. Augmenting the native flora of the sodic soils with effective S° oxidizers can enhance the success of the sodic soil reclamation. Present study reports for the first time the S° oxidation potential of the Sphingomonas olei strain 20UP7 isolated from sodic soils with pHs 9.8 and ECe 3.6 dS m–1. Inoculation with S. olei strain 20UP7 caused 13.0–24.2 % increase in S° oxidation in different sodic soils (pHs 9.1–10.5). It improved the concentration of the Ca2+, Mg2+, PO43– and declined the HCO3– and total alkalinity of the soil solution. This isolate also showed appreciable P and Zn solubilization, indole acetic acid, ammonia, and titratable acidity production in the growth media. It tended to the formation of biofilm around sulphur particles. The PCR amplification with gene–specific primers showed the occurrence of soxA, soxB, and soxY genes with a single band corresponding to length of 850, 460, and 360 base pairs, respectively. The integration of the S. olei strain 20UP7 with S° caused 21.7–25.4 % increase in the rice and wheat yield compared to the soil treated with S° alone. This study concludes that the S. olei, native to high saline–sodic soils can be utilized for improving the sodicity reclamation and plant growth promotion using elemental S based formulations.

Occurrence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Enterococcus spp. in Healthy Chickens Never Exposed to Antimicrobial Agents in Central Italy.

Enterococci are part of the natural flora of the gastrointestinal tract of mammals, including humans, birds and invertebrates. They can cause infection, mainly among hospitalized patients, as well as acquire and transfer antimicrobial resistance genes. The present study allowed the isolation of 98 Enterococcus (73.47% E. faecium, 23.47% E. faecalis, 3.06% E. avium) strains from 120-day-old healthy chickens that had never been treated with antimicrobials. Their antimicrobial resistance was evaluated by the agar disk diffusion method; high-level aminoglycoside (streptomycin and gentamicin) and vancomycin resistance were established using the microbroth dilution method. The highest percentages of resistant isolates were detected with quinupristin-dalfopristin (88.78%), rifampicin (64.29%), tetracyclines (45.92%), and enrofloxacin (41.84%). High percentages of susceptible strains were found with teicoplanin (100%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (97.96%), nitrofurantoin (94.90%), ampicillin (92.86%), chloramphenicol (90.82%), and linezolid (88.78%). About 60% of the strains were classified as MDR (multidrug-resistant). Moreover, PCR was carried out to investigate genes encoding for tetracyclines resistance determinants: tet(M), tet(L), tet(O), tet(K), and Int-Tn. Genes were detected in 68 (69.38%) strains: 36 were shown to be resistant with the agar disk diffusion method, while 28 were intermediate, and 2 were susceptible. The present study showed that chickens never treated with antimicrobials potentially harbor enterococci having phenotypic and genotypic characters of antimicrobial resistance.

An Ethno-Pharmacological Study of Wound Healing Medicinal Plants Used by Traditional Healers in Dhamtari, Chhattisgarh, India

Ethno-pharmacology is "the multidisciplinary scientific investigation of the biologically active substances that are customarily used." As a result, the ethno-pharmacological approach is founded on a corpus of research encompassing pharmacology, chemistry, and botany, among other fields. The research was conducted in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh's Dhamtari areas. Fifteen families and a total of eighteen therapeutic plants with ethno-pharmacological potency, particularly in wound healing, were identified at the study site. In the research areas, extensive field surveys were carried out between March 2021 and February 2023. On field excursions, native knowledge of wild medicinal plants was gathered through conversations, questionnaires, and in-person interviews. Plants were arranged according to their scientific names, families, common names, and parts that were utilised to cure or promote wound healing. In the survey, the dominant families of plants like Amaranthaceae, Liliaceae, and Fabaceae had two (02) species of medicinal importance, particularly for wound healing treatment. The Dhamtari region's rural inhabitants have traditionally utilised native flora for primary healthcare and the treatment of a variety of ailments. On the other hand, hardly much was recorded regarding traditional knowledge of therapeutic herbs. The Dhamtari people of the countryside claimed that as society developed, newer generations became less interested in the traditional knowledge of therapeutic herbs. Therefore, before they become extinct and are no longer available, it is imperative to document ethno-medicinal plants that can heal wounds. In order to properly conserve plants and traditional knowledge for the future, this ethno-botanical database will be valuable to scientists, naturalists, planners, policymakers and chemists.

Pet-Related Pasteurella Multocida-Induced Peritonitis in Peritoneal Dialysis: A Case Report

Pasteurella multocida is a small, Gram-negative cocco-bacillus usually found in the oral cavities of most healthy cats and dogs as part of their natural oral flora. This zoonotic pathogen can cause a variety of infections in humans. The number of reported cases of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis caused by P. multocida has been limited worldwide. We report here the case of a 38-year-old woman on continuous peritoneal dialysis (PD) that presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain and vomiting lasting for two days. A sample of peritoneal dialysis fluid was explored in the microbiology laboratory where grown microorganisms was identified by the VITEK2 system as P. canis with 90% accuracy. Then whole genome sequencing concluded that the species is rather P. multocida and that the strain was sensitive to all antibiotics tested and harbored various virulence genes. Patient was treated by intraperitoneal antibiotic course with cefotaxime for 3 weeks.

Assessment and Characterization of the Traditional Parkland Agroforestry Practices in Mid and Lowlands of Bale: In the Case of Goro and Ginnir Districts

Agroforestry parklands are playing an important role, through trees and shrubs providing multiple products and important long-term ecological benefits. Purposive sampling methods were applied to select districts, PAs and farmers which mostly used parkland agroforestry practices. Based on information delivered from informal assessment result, formal survey was done with selected 84 HHHs (sample size) for the study purposes. Based on the existences of long lived parkland agroforestry practice and associated challenges four PAs from Ginir and Goro districts of Bale Zones were selected purposively with assistance of district agriculture office expertise and DAs. Survey results showed the presence of 17 woody species of trees and shrubs representing eleven (11) families at the study areas. Of seventeen (17) woody plant species retained/planted and managed on parklands, 82.4% were native. Fabaceae was the most dominant woody species family which accounted about 41.2% of the total number of species recorded. The Croton macrostachyus Hochst., Faidherbia albida, Cordia africana Lam., Acacia abyssinica Hochst., Junperus procera Hochst and Acacia species were the most frequently observed multipurpose woody species in the study area. Almost all of the respondents did practise different types of management activities or practices for the woody species they owned in parkland of the study areas. This finding revealed that pollarding (33.45%), coppicing (21.08%), branch pruning (35.56) and the rest thinning and protection woody species management practices were applied to the scattered trees on croplands of the study areas. On other side, respondents stated that the major challenges for the improvement of parkland agroforestry practices in the study area were instability of rain fail or drought (34.52%) and shortage of farmlands (21.43%). The finding of this study showed that agricultural landscapes (Parkland agroforestery practices) were the home/host of reasonable number of native woody species flora conservation or it’s almost the remnants of the natural vegetation. Therefore, further need for more comprehensive analysis of the multiple benefits and services provided by parkland trees located on farmlands or the interaction effects of the agroforestery components on soil fertility improvement, crop yields and quality in the future.

A sulfated exopolysaccharide derived from Chlorella sp. exhibiting in vitro anti-α-D-Glucosidase activity.

There is a great scientific curiosity to discover all environments sheltering microalgae, especially those with exceptional characteristics from coldest to hottest ones, the purpose remains to explore the potential of the native microalgae flora and the research for new bioactive compounds. This study aimed to isolate a polysaccharide-producing microalga from an extreme ecosystem and to evaluate its capacity to inhibit the α-D-glucosidase enzyme. Chlorella strain is isolated from hypersaline Lake in the Algerian desert. The exopolysaccharide extraction was performed by the concentration of free-cell supernatant in a rotary evaporator. The infrared analysis showed a characteristic footprint of carbohydrates with particular functional groups, such as sulfate. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has revealed a hetero-exopolysaccharide composed of galactose 35.75%, glucose 21.13%, xylose 16.81%, fructose 6.96%, arabinose 5.10%, and glucuronic acid 2.68%. The evaluation of the anti-hyperglycemic activity demonstrated a significant α-D-glucosidase inhibition of 80.94 ± 0.01% at 10mgmL-1 with IC50 equal to 4.31 ± 0.20mgmL-1. This study opens a vast prospect to use exopolysaccharides as natural nutraceutical or food additive.

Phytoliths from modern plants in the Canary Islands as a reference for the reconstruction of long-term vegetation change and culture-environment interactions

The Canary Islands were the first part of the Macaronesian archipelago to have been settled by humans. The various ways in which the indigenous inhabitants and later European colonisers interacted with the native and endemic flora is a central topic for archaeologists, geographers and ecologists. Floristic changes can be studied from phytoliths which are plant microfossils with a high potential for preservation in sediment deposits and they can help reconstruct past ways of life and vegetation changes through time. However, there is no comprehensive and systematic study and reference collection of phytoliths produced by the flora of the Canary Islands, so far. To make a start with a first phytolith reference collection of a selection of plants relevant for the study of past socio-ecological interactions there, we processed over a hundred modern plant specimens collected on the islands of Tenerife, Gran Canaria and La Palma to obtain the phytoliths from them, using the dry-ashing method. We then described the phytolith morphologies, and counted the numbers of morphotypes for each species. We have categorised taxa according to their phytolith concentration and production of morphotypes with diagnostic potential. Our results suggest that among the selected taxa, species within the Arecaceae, Boraginaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae and Urticaceae families are the main native producers of phytoliths in the archipelago. We also identified phytoliths with diagnostic potential in particular species within the Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Cistaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Ranunculaceae and Rubiaceae. We discuss how phytolith assemblages can be interpreted in archaeological sites and sediment records. Our growing reference collection is a significant step towards the application of phytolith analysis to disentangle the long-term climatic and human-driven transformation of this biodiversity hotspot, as well as the cultural use of plant resources.

The efficient applications of native flora for phytorestoration of mine tailings: a pan-global survey.

Mine tailings are the discarded materials resulting from mining processes after minerals have been extracted. They consist of leftover mineral fragments, excavated land masses, and disrupted ecosystems. The uncontrolled handling or discharge of tailings from abandoned mine lands (AMLs) poses a threat to the surrounding environment. Numerous untreated mine tailings have been abandoned globally, necessitating immediate reclamation and restoration efforts. The limited feasibility of conventional reclamation methods, such as cost and acceptability, presents challenges in reclaiming tailings around AMLs. This study focuses on phytorestoration as a sustainable method for treating mine tailings. Phytorestoration utilizes existing native plants on the mine sites while applying advanced principles of environmental biotechnology. These approaches can remediate toxic elements and simultaneously improve soil quality. The current study provides a global overview of phytorestoration methods, emphasizing the specifics of mine tailings and the research on native plant species to enhance restoration ecosystem services.

Rural Tourism In India - Scope And Perspectives

Rural India is a personification of indian culture.About 70% of indian population resides in villages. Indian villages showcase true image of indian custom and traditions which are diverse from one region to another spreading from mountainous region of north to the desert region of west stretching to the hot humid climate of south to the coastal region adjacent to Arabian sea. Tourism in such rural countryside present live demonstration of study indian culture but also act as an open gallery of indian ancient historic past. Each region has their own costume, folk song, folk dances and religious ceremonies which are largely promoted by Tourism Dept to boast national income and development of rural infrastructure. Beside infrastructure development there few challenges also to cope with like environmental degradation, destruction of fragile Ecosystem, flora and fauna a of the place,over carrying capacity, the emphasis should be lead on sustainable tourism with preservation of environment and cultural value and ethos of the places as well. The biggest challenges today is environmental pollution where heap of garbages leftover by visitors which not only mar the beauty of the place but also bring havoc to native flora and fauna which goes on the brink of extinction, like in Uttrakhand and other mountainous tourist destinations where govt. banned plastic to make it plastic free places.Smilarly there is dire need to preserve dwindling culture and tradition of the places which also struggling to thrive due to the negative impact of western culture brought by foreign tourists.