National Nuclear Power Research Articles

Analysis Of Rooftop Skyshine Radiation Exposure With Angle Of Gantry Linear Accelerator 180° In Radiotherapy Unit Of Pertamina Central Hospital Jakarta

Principally, the measurement of skyshine radiation exposure is important to be conducted if there is public activity in a certain place in which the source of radiation can emit its scattering radiation to all directions including to the rooftop of a Radiotherapy building. the Regulation of the Head of the National Nuclear Power Energy No. 8 Year 2011 Article 32a and No. 4 year 2013 article 23a namely 1 mSv/year. As for the design of this research, it is quantitative descriptive by conducting the measurement of radiation exposure to 44 points of measurement, research instrumentations used herein are 2 surveymeter, water phantom, Linac Primus 2D Plus. Result radiation exposure measurement are 6 point areas with the values above 1 mR/hr. Each of the average value of the measurement of the exposure rate at each point is calculated by the annual dose formula. All the final calculation results with the annual dose formula in mSv/year unit yields the values below 1 mSv/year at the 44 points measurement. the rooftop area of Radiotherapy building through Child Polyclinic Pertamina Central Hospital is under a safe limit with all calculation results of annual dose values below 1 mSv/year.

Monitoring and management of tritium from the nuclear power plant effluent

It is important to regulate tritium nuclides from the nuclear power plant effluent, the paper briefly analyzes the main source of tritium, and the regulatory requirements associated with tritium in our country and the United States. The monitoring methods of tritium from the nuclear power plant effluent are described, and the purpose to give some advice to our national nuclear power plant about the effluent of tritium monitoring and management.

Features of the International Cooperation in Nuclear Power at the Present Stage

Purpose: in article the author raises the aspects of the international cooperation in nuclear power. The author wants to analyse the multiplefactor analysis of the international regulation in the field of peaceful use of atomic energy and to reveal competitive advantages of the Russian Federation in this area. Methods: the methodological base of the research was made by set of general scientific methods and methods of the economic analysis. In particular, such methods of the scientific analysis were used as system approach, method of the comparative analysis, synthesis and analysis. From economic methods was used the method of the analysis of the branch competitiveness. Results: the author, raises the aspects of the international cooperation in nuclear power, comes to the conclusion that the specifics of branch cause need of comprehensive and close international interaction for prevention of distribution of dual-use technologies, for ensuring global and regional ecological and energy security, for ensuring the rights to use peaceful atom for needs of national economies and for observance of rules of the free market competition in such a complex branch of the world economy. Conclusions and Relevance: nuclear power is a high-tech and innovative branch of the Russian economy. Today it is one of the most dynamically developing in the country, and also plays a significant role in the world energy. Among the competitive advantages of the national nuclear power industry is the development of new technologies, flexible price offers in foreign markets, etc. The development of the branch and the sustainability of Russia's competitive position in this area on foreign markets require the development of new proposals for different regional markets and the implementation of planned measures to support the level of competitiveness. Сonclusions can be used as recommendations for developing programs to increase the competitiveness of the Rosatom State Corporation

Динамічна модель математичного програмування розвитку генеруючих потужностей національної атомної енергетики зі стохастичною змінною

Динамічна модель математичного програмування розвитку генеруючих потужностей національної атомної енергетики зі стохастичною змінною

Introduction to the Special Issue: Nuclear Power in East Asia

Asian Perspective 39 (2015), 555-558 Introduction to the Special Issue: Nuclear Power in East Asia Tilman Ruff Nearly five years after the Fukushima nuclear disaster, with the largest planned share of new nuclear power reactors antici­ pated to be built in Asia, it is timely to survey the status and chal­ lenges of nuclear power in East Asia. The articles in this special issue of Asian Perspective grew out of the international,work­ shop, Nuclear Power in East Asia: The Costs and Benefits, con­ vened by Peter Van Ness at the Australian National University in Canberra on August 12-14, 2014. The workshop aimed to identify what is really at stake in the vitally important decisions being made in many countries with respect to nuclear power. This spe­ cial issue, like the workshop, provides perspectives from various disciplines, key to a comprehensive assessment and evidencebased policy. Andrew Blakers provides an inspiring current overview of sus­ tainable energy options. He describes the uniquely vast and ubiq­ uitous nature of solar energy, and its minimal security, military, environmental, and accident risks. He underlines the rapid and continuing price reductions in photovoltaics (PV) and wind energy that have seen renewables become the majority of new generation capacity installed in recent years. A feasible threefold increase in the 2015 deployment rate of PV and wind alone could turn current world electricity production completely renewable by 2035. Tatsujiro Suzuki reviews nuclear power policy issues in Japan after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, identifying key chal­ lenges that must be addressed, whatever the future direction of nuclear power in Japan. The challenges include decommissioning the Fukushima site and restoring affected people’s lives and liveli­ hoods; enhancing safety and security; spent fuel and plutonium stockpile management; waste disposal; human resource develop­ ment; and, above all, restoring public trust. 555 556 Introduction to the Special Issue Amy King and M. V. Ramana examine the conflicts and com­ promises involved in China’s record of implementation of nuclear safety measures in the years since the Fukushima disaster. These are of global importance not only because of the transboundary spread of any uncontrolled release of radioactivity but also because China plans the most rapid construction anywhere of nuclear power reactors and hopes to export nuclear technology to boot. Across the Taiwan Strait, Kuang-Jung Hsu examines the poorly documented and murky history of nuclear power in Tai­ wan. She explains how many of the accidents, neglect of public safety, regulatory failures, and current dilemmas have roots in a secret nuclear weapons program undertaken, with assistance prin­ cipally from Israel, starting in the early 1960s. Richard Tanter analyzes nuclear power plans in Indonesia— the plethora of proposals and announcements, many with scant basis in reality, promoted over four decades by the national nuclear power agency BATAN. He lays out the domestic and international alliances that have enabled this “permanently failing organization” to survive. Here again we have a murky, disturbing, and not widely known nuclear history, this time linking Indone­ sia with Slovakia. As Tanter describes it, the history is entwined with an “informational fog of fantasy” that deflects attention from the substantial domestic opposition to Indonesian nuclear power reactors. Mely Caballero-Anthony and Julius Cesar Trajano explain the state of nuclear power plans in Vietnam (furthest advanced), Malaysia, and Indonesia, and the norms, framework, and opportu­ nities provided by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in the fields of nuclear power and nonproliferation. They highlight the need to fill substantial gaps that exist in vari­ ous combinations in all three countries regarding the institutions and capacity needed for each aspect of nuclear power, from assessment and planning, construction and operation, and disas­ ter preparedness to decommissioning and waste management. Humanity is facing a perfect storm—needing to drastically and rapidly curtail climate disruption, and remove from our increasingly resource-strained and cyber-wired world the daily Tilman Ruff 557 possibility of nuclear war. Achieving both objectives is not optional but preconditional if we are to survive and enable future generations to share any kind of healthy, sustainable future. Pre­ venting nuclear war requires achieving and sustaining the eradi­ cation of nuclear weapons. And this means ceasing the...

The Slovakian “Inspirasi” for Indonesian Nuclear Power: The “Success” of a Permanently Failing Organization

The Indonesian national nuclear power agency (BATAN) is a classic example of a permanently failing organization that survives due to external support and frequent announcements of imminent construction of a nuclear power plant (NPP). Between 2009 and 2013 BATAN claimed the Slovakian nuclear power industry as its mentoring partner and inspiration in building an NPP in Bangka-Belitung. BATAN failed to mention the scandal-ridden state of the now foreign- owned Slovakian nuclear industry, its catastrophic past, and its nonexistent construction capacity. The Slovakia/Bangka campaign, baseless though it was in reality, functioned as a kind of informational fog of fantasy that deflected attention from domestic critics of an Indonesian nuclear program.

World outlook for nuclear power

The Fukushima Daiichi accident of March 2011 has re-ignited the debate about the role of nuclear power in the future global energy mix. More than one and a half years after the accident, a somewhat clearer picture is emerging – different countries responded with different nuclear policies, e.g., one size does not fit all. While several countries confirmed or decided to phase-out the use of the technology or to cancel their plans of adding nuclear power to their future electricity generating mix, the majority of countries with operating nuclear power plants or plans to eventually start national nuclear power programmes continue with the implementation of their pre-Fukushima nuclear strategies albeit at a somewhat slower pace. Projections of future nuclear capacity expansion for the year 2030 show a likely shift of global nuclear generating capacities by about a decade but no significant retraction of national nuclear power programmes globally.

An approach of manpower development for new nuclear power programmes: a case study of Bangladesh

This paper reviews the present state of nuclear power infrastructure of Bangladesh. It describes how Bangladesh is progressing towards nuclear power. The major infrastructure issues about the way in which to implement the country’s first nuclear power project have been identified and analysed. The domestic education and training infrastructure of the nuclear power sector of the country has been reviewed and it is regarded as the most critical challenge to commence the nuclear power programme in the country. A broad-based academic and research capability in nuclear science and engineering disciplines and the professional educational and training courses for different tiers of professionals and staff of the Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) operating organisation and nuclear regulatory authority needs to be strengthened for the sustainable development of the nuclear power sector as well as the economic operation of nuclear power facilities of the country. An approach to the manpower development for the national nuclear power sector has also been proposed.

SUNRISE – A caesura after nuclear has gone: Energy in Germany(and in other potentially de-nuclearizing countries)

The German Bundestag decided June 30, 2011 to shut down by 2022 stepwise the complete national nuclear power plant capacity which at the time of decision generated some 22% of the nation’s electricity demand. This presentation tries to present a technology forecast of three potential compensations 1) energy and exergy efficiency gains, 2) renewable energies, and 3) hydrogen energy, thereby bearing in mind that fossil fuels such as coal, mineral oil and natural gas will by no means be gone after that short 10 year transition time. Consequently, not only the three compensations, but also fossil fuels – now efficient to the technological utmost – have to meet the obligation of reducing anthropogenic environmental and climate changing influences, and, in Germany’s case with 75% of its energy demand covered by imports of great importance, try to decrease the almost life risking high import rate by distributing suppliers all over the world and start introducing global clean renewable energies and trade in renewable hydrogen energy. Whether SUNRISE will evolve into a paragon for all those nations thinking of, planning for, or already taking the first steps towards saying farewell to nuclear is too early to determine. The four components of energy sustainability compensating for nuclear – energy and exergy efficiency gains, clean fossil, solar and hydrogen – pluck up courage, make headway and leave nuclear behind. And, in particular, hydrogen energy is and will increasingly become humankind’s common cause!Two conclusions recapitulate the findings: “Activate what lies dormant” and “Remove barriers.”

The impact of the Fukushima nuclear accident on European energy policy

Abstract The disaster that struck the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant in Japan has reignited the international debate on the future of nuclear energy. Interestingly, the incident has been used to both justify nuclear power generation and reconsider past decisions made on established or planned nuclear power sites. Geographically removed from the radioactive fallout, Europe's response to the massive nuclear accident differed greatly among the member states. The UK and Germany stand out as examples of the wide spread of policy response to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident. In the UK, policy makers remained firm on their decision to increase nuclear power generation in the near future, whereas in Germany, the federal government decided to at least temporarily shut down the old generation of nuclear reactors and re-examine the safety of all national nuclear power facilities. Furthermore, a regional voter backlash, fuelled by resentment of the Merkel government's previous commitment to nuclear power, dealt a serious blow to the ruling coalition parties. How can national policy responses to the same event be so divergent in two European countries? This article attempts to answer this question in five arguments. I argue that in contrast to the UK, the German public faced imminent elections, stronger media reporting, increasing trust in renewable technologies, a history of nuclear resistance and a feeling of close cultural proximity to the Japanese.

Not excluding nuclear power: the dynamics and stability of nuclear power policy arrangements in Finland

In this article, we aim at using the policy arrangement approach to explain the renewal of nuclear power policy in Finland from 1986 to 2010. From the point of view of national nuclear power decision making, we distinguish three different policy arrangement periods: (1) rejection (1986–1993), (2) revival (1994–2002) and (3) renewal (2003–2010). Within each period, the four dimensions which are, such as policy coalitions, ‘rules of the game’, policy discourses and resources are analysed. The three periods indicate that policy development has not been unilinear. In the rejection period, the ‘shock event’ of Chernobyl mixed up the policy arrangement. For example, the supporting coalition was temporarily paralysed, the political effectiveness of discourses changed and the anti-nuclear coalition found new resources. In the revival period, liberalisation and deregulation of electricity markets altered the formal rules of the game. A new energy policy of not excluding nuclear power was formulated, in which nuclear power was defined as a low-emission and technically or economically viable mode of production that could support environmental and climate objectives. The informal rules of the game also changed, as the supporting coalition re-styled its lobbying strategy. The latest period – renewal – is characterised by a strong supporting coalition aimed at further increasing nuclear power production capacity in Finland. This was most evident in the discourse aimed at the liberalisation of the licensing process. Despite changed policy arrangements, there is also continuity in the Finnish nuclear power policy, as the main formal rule of the game – the Nuclear Energy Act of 1987 – was largely left untouched. The supporting coalition seemed to survive the nadirs better than the challenging coalition, due to the proximity of interests held by the energy-intensive export industry, state and labour unions over the last two periods, and due to an asymmetry in the resources. It was revealed that climate change discourse strengthened during all the periods. The analysis also indicated the importance of the government programme, as it may or may not exclude nuclear power.

ICONE19-43200 Tokai-1 Decommissioning Project

Tokai-1 (GCR, Gas Cooled Reactor) nuclear power plant of JAPC (the Japan Atomic Power Company) started commercial operation in 1966 as the first commercial nuclear power plant in Japan The unit had helped introduction and establishment of the construction and operation technologies regarding nuclear power plant at early stage in Japan by its construction and operating experiences. However, The Japan Atomic Power Company (JAPC), the operator and owner of Tokai-1, decided to cease its operation permanently because of a fulfillment of its mission and economical reason. The unit was finally shut down in March 1998 after about 32 year operation. It took about three years for removal of all spent fuels from the site, and then decommissioning started in 2001. JAPC, always on the forefront of the nation's nuclear power generation, is now grappling Japan's first decommissioning of a commercial nuclear power plant, striving to establish effective, advanced decommissioning. The decommissioning for Tokai-1 was scheduled as 20 years project. At the beginning, the reactor was started to be in a static condition ("safe storage period"). While the reactor had been safely stored, the phased decommissioning works started from non-radioactive or low radioactive equipment toward high radioactive equipment. First five years of the project, JAPC concentrated to drain and clean spent fuel cartridge cooling pond and to remove conventional equipments such as turbine, feed water pump and fuel charge machine as planed and budgeted. From 2006, the project came into a new phase. JAPC has been trying to remove four Steam Raising Units (SRUs). The SRUs are huge component (750ton, φ6.3m, H24.7m) of the Gas Cooling Reactor (GCR) and inside of the SRUs are radioactively contaminated. Major concerns are workers safety and minimizing contamination areas during SRU removal. Therefore, JAPC is developing and introducing Jack-down method and remote control multi-functional dismantling system. This method is to cut and remove the SRUs in turn from the bottom to top remotely while lifting the SRU by a large jack system. The system enables cutting and holding not only the SRU body but also internals. This technology and experiences would be useful for the reactor removal in the near future. Skirt part of No.2 SRU cutting work was done carefully by well trained JAPC staff from August 2010 to December, 2010,

Ready for nuclear energy?: An assessment of capacities and motivations for launching new national nuclear power programs

The International Atomic Energy Agency reports that as of July 2009 there were 52 countries interested in building their first nuclear power plant. This paper characterizes and evaluates these “Newcomer Countries” in terms of their capacity and motivations to develop nuclear power. It quantifies factors historically associated with the development of nuclear energy programs and then benchmarks the Newcomers against these data. Countries with established nuclear power programs, particularly where nuclear facilities are privately owned, are typically larger, wealthier and politically stable economies with high government effectiveness. Nuclear power was historically launched during periods of high electricity consumption growth. Other indicators for the potential of nuclear power include: the size of the national grid, the presence of international grid connections and security of fuel supply for electricity production. We identify 10 Newcomers which most closely resemble the Established Nuclear Power Countries and thus are most likely to deploy nuclear energy, 10 countries where the development of nuclear energy is uncertain due to high political instability, 14 countries with lower capacities where pursuing nuclear energy may require especially strong international cooperation and 18 countries where the development of nuclear power is less likely due to their significantly lower capacities and motivations.

Nuclear power development in China and uranium demand forecast: Based on analysis of global current situation

There are 438 units of operable nuclear reactors all over the world with a combined capacity of 374,127 MWe today, which generated a total of 2560 TWh in 2009, accounting for 14% of total electricity generation. By contrast, the corresponding indicators in China are merely 11 units, 8587 MWe, 65.7 TWh and 1.9% respectively. Nuclear energy has been regarded as an important component of China’s energy development strategy, and the development of nuclear power industry has been paid high attention by government. In order to speed up the development of nuclear power industry, government has increased the target of installed nuclear power capacity from original 40,000 MWe up to 70,000 MWe by 2020, as well as the under construction capfrom 18,000 MWe up to 30,000 MWe in the same stage. Based on the current development situation and the new national plan on nuclear power, prediction and analysis have been made for uranium supply and demand according to the future national nuclear power development, drawing the conclusion that China’s uranium resources could not satisfy with the demand of nuclear power, and the degree of external dependence would reach as high as 90% or more, indicating that in less than 10 years, nuclear energy, instead of oil, would become the energy with the highest dependence on foreign. In the end of this paper, some suggestion has been proposed for development of nuclear power in China.

Fourteen lessons learned from the successful nuclear power program of the Republic of Korea

This paper summarized a development history and lessons of Korean nuclear power infrastructures from the beginning of the nuclear power program in 1956 to the localization of complete scope of PWR technology in 1990. The objective of this paper is to show the guideline on the issues that the development of a national infrastructure for nuclear power using the realistic experiences in order to help the developing countries newly starting nuclear power program as a long-term energy supply option. Development strategies and lessons learned from the successful Korean experience have been presented based on milestones structure of IAEA in order to help decision makers, advisers, senior managers and national planners of nuclear power program. Lessons for national nuclear power programs include considerations before launching a program, preparation and decision making, and the construction of the first nuclear power plant. Scope of these lessons includes knowledge and human resources management, financial and industrial infrastructure development, nuclear safety, legislative and regulatory experiences, fuel cycle and waste management, international cooperation. Fourteen lessons learned either positive or not are derived from the Korean case and are suggested for incorporation in the IAEA's efforts in support of developing countries’ development of nuclear infrastructure and planning.

Nuclear desalination and electricity production for islands

Nuclear desalination is an established and commercially proven technology that is now available and has the potential of further improvement. The technology of a small-sized reactor for desalination and electricity production will be an economically viable option and will also be suitable for islands with geographic, climatic, ecological and hydrological specifics. The operating experiences and achieved safety should benefit the early stage of a national nuclear power programme in developing countries.

Nuclear power and the spread of nuclear weapons: can we have one without the other?

In the wake of California's energy crisis, policymakers' rush to satisfy growing demand requirements may run the risk of naively ignoring the larger issues and dangers associated with increased reliance on nuclear power. A connection between national nuclear power programs and nuclear proliferation can be found in the strategic initiatives of North Korea, Iraq, Iran, India, and Pakistan. In response to this threat, the Nuclear Control Institute has assembled a consortium of experts to underscore the connection that exists between nuclear power and the proliferation of nuclear weapons. They evaluated proliferation risks and proposed viable alternative energy sources. This volume includes the analysis of such respected thinkers as Pulitzer Prize-winning author Richard Rhodes; Rep. Edward Markey (D-Mass.); Amory Lovins, CEO of the Rocky Mountain Institute; and Amb. Robert Galucci, dean of the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service.

臨界集合体の現状と将来利用 今後果たすべき役割の検証と展望

臨界集合体の現状と将来利用 今後果たすべき役割の検証と展望

Reactors-related utilization options of weapons plutonium being released from the defence program

The release of considerable amounts of fissile materials has once again drawn the attention of politicians, scientists and the public to the nuclear problem, as has often been the case in the past when nuclear arms were being developed and tested. An essentially new factor which makes the current status of relations different from the former ‘cold war’ years is the spirit of openness and collaboration between states in response to this problem. It is known that Russia and the United States have differing viewpoints concerning the most dangerous material—plutonium, though recently there has been a perceptible convergence of their respective positions. Russia from the very beginning has planned the separation of civil plutonium from the spent nuclear fuel and utilization of the former in nuclear reactors for electricity production. In this case the handling of surplus weapons plutonium can be considered as an additional episode in the nuclear power development strategy. In the United States, on the contrary, following the rejection of the policy of separating and recycling civil plutonium, the surplus weapons plutonium handling program is being considered, as a matter of fact, separately from the national nuclear power program. That is why burial in geological formations has been considered for a long time as the only principal method for disposal of surplus weapons plutonium. Nevertheless, recently, to a considerable degree thanks to the position of Russian scientists, the United States has had to recognize the expedience of utilization of weapons plutonium as a mixed oxide (MOX) fuel for light water reactors, in addition to the burial option. Presently in Russia various ways of surplus weapons plutonium utilization in fast and in thermal reactors are being considered. From the practical point of view, the most important question for each of the options is the amount of weapons plutonium utilized and the respective costs ratio. Preliminary analysis has shown that the extent of costs for weapons plutonium utilization for any of the options depends upon employment of new or partially constructed installations. In cases where only existing or to be upgraded installations are used, the costs look real enough. Employment of new or partially constructed installations will increase the total cost on principle to a new level. This factor is especially important for reactor variants of plutonium management, which include, as a minimum, two installations—the MOX fuel fabrication plant and the nuclear reactor itself.

Design concepts for the reactor protection and control process instrumentation digital upgrade project at the Donald C. Cook Nuclear Plant Units 1 and 2

As the nation's nuclear power plants age, the need to consider upgrading of their electronic protection and control systems becomes more urgent. Hardware obsolescence and mechanical wear out resulting from frequent calibration and surveillance play a major role in defining their useful life. At Cook Nuclear plant, a decision was made to replace a major portion of the plant's protection and control systems with newer technology. This paper describes the engineering processes involved in this successful upgrade and explains the basis for many decisions made while performing the digital upgrade.