National Sentiment Research Articles

Historical Echoes in Contemporary Diplomacy: Analyzing Xi Jinping Administrations Policy Toward Taiwan Within the Framework of Chinas Century of Humiliation

This paper investigates the complex interplay between historical narratives and contemporary foreign policy, with a particular focus on China under Xi Jinpings leadership. It is structured into several sections, each delving into different aspects of this relationship. Section II integrates IR and history, discussing presentism and contextualism methodologies. Section III examines the Century of Humiliation (CH) narrative promoted by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and its impact on Chinas national identity and foreign policy. It explores how this period, marked by foreign invasions and loss of territories, influences Chinas current assertive stance on sovereignty and territorial integrity. Section IV focuses on the rise of Wolf Warrior diplomacy during Xi Jinpings tenure, highlighting a shift in Chinese foreign policy towards a more assertive and aggressive approach, fueled by a revived nationalistic sentiment. Section V uses Taiwan as a case study to illustrate the impact of the CH narrative on Xi Jinpings foreign policy, including the triangular dynamics of U.S.-PRC-Taiwan relations. In conclusion, the paper underscores the significant influence of historical consciousness in shaping Chinas foreign policy.

Rallying around the vaccine: how state-level risk perceptions and nationalism motivate public acceptance of immunization program

This article presents new arguments on the role of trust in the government and nationalist sentiments in fostering policy-compliant behaviors. In July and September 2020, we launched two waves of a COVID-related survey in China with stratified quota sampling, and formed a longitudinal panel dataset of 822 responses. Based on the data, we examined how risk perceptions and nationalist sentiments jointly elicited trust in government agencies and, consequently, support for the state-sponsored immunization program. We argue that increasing concern about the risk to the state posed by the pandemic motivated Chinese citizens to rally around the government and comply with its vaccination drives. Nationalist sentiments simultaneously elevated risk perceptions, reinforcing their impact on trust in the government. Our findings contribute to the literature on crisis governance, offering new evidence on how trust in the government and nationalist sentiment may influence the dynamic interplay between risk perceptions and policy compliance.

Defensive national identity relates to support for collective violence, in contrast to secure national identity, in a sample of displaced Syrian diaspora members

This paper examines national identities and collective violence beliefs in a sample of Syrian diaspora members (N = 521). Most of the Syria diaspora fled the ongoing civil war and are therefore opposed to President Assad and his regime, which still control most of their homeland. It is therefore a compelling question if national identities, which remain strong in the diaspora despite displacement, shape attitudes towards the regime at home. To this end, we contrast national narcissism (i.e., defensive national identity), an exaggerated belief in one’s national ingroup’s greatness, and national identification (i.e., secure national identity), a feeling of belonging to the nation and evaluating it positively, as differential predictors of collective violence beliefs. We find that a defensive national identity was related to support for both upward (i.e., violence targeted at regime leaders) and diffuse (i.e., violence targeted at regime supporters) collective violence. Meanwhile, secure national identity was linked to opposition to diffuse collective violence and was unrelated to upward collective violence. Thus, in a sample of displaced, non-WEIRD people, a pattern often found in similar research in the West is replicated, in that secure national identity can relate to benevolent and peaceful group processes. Meanwhile, national narcissism seems to be a driver of hostile intergroup attitudes. National sentiments should therefore be central in any discussion on diasporic attitudes towards the Syrian homeland’s regime and fellow citizens. The results could be utilised in designing interventions to promote harmony in diaspora communities around the world, and ultimately reconciliation once peace is finally restored.

The Role of Fear and Memory in West Papua's Ethnonationalist Conflict

In the West Papua conflict, fear fuels both Papuan ethnonationalist and Indonesian nationalist sentiment. We argue that this reciprocal fear and memoria passionis plays a significant role in fuelling political violence. On the one hand, it provokes Papuan activists to respond violently to Indonesian military operations. Fear of losing future generations of indigenous Papuans has strengthened their identity as Papuans and encouraged them to join armed movements against Indonesia. On the other hand, fear of West Papuan independence leads the Indonesian military and police to conduct operations against members of the Free Papua Movement and affiliated groups and other activists not in the independence movement. This results in a "reciprocal fear-fuelled nationalism," whereby Indonesian security forces and Papuan separatist activists are drawn into increasing conflict. In this context, fear becomes institutionalized and socially constructed. By understanding the unending violent conflict in Tanah Papua as related to the transfer of emotions across generations, it becomes clear a military operations approach will not be effective in the long term. Non-violent approaches, especially dialogue with separatist groups, will be more effective in breaking the chain of violent memories, resulting in more positive outcomes for conflict resolution in Papua. Learning from negotiations between the government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement in 2005, we support the proposition that dialogue is the best entry point by which to end this prolonged separatist armed conflict.

The Effect of International Marketing and Tariff and Non-Tariff Strategy to Business Performance through Nationalism Spirit

In the rapidly evolving landscape of global business, this research investigates the intricate interplay between international marketing, tariff and non-tariff strategies, nationalist spirit, and their collective impact on business performance. Employing a cross-sectional quantitative design within the Indonesian context, the study explores how businesses adapt their marketing approaches to navigate diverse trade regulations and respond to nationalist sentiments. The results reveal significant relationships between international marketing and both business performance and nationalist spirit. Moreover, the study underscores the substantial influence of tariff and non-tariff strategies on business performance, with pronounced effects in markets characterized by heightened nationalist spirit. These findings contribute to theoretical advancements in international business literature and offer practical insights for businesses aiming to formulate effective strategies, navigate regulatory complexities, and enhance performance in a globalized economy

China deserves its hamburger: the controversy over WildAid’s Shu Shi campaign in China

ABSTRACT We analyze the responses of Chinese netizens to U.S.-based WildAid’s Shu Shi campaign, which was launched in China in 2018 with aims to reduce the nation’s meat consumption in support of climate change mitigation. We conduct an interpretive content analysis of approximately 3,000 online comments, finding that nationalist sentiment is the most prevalent theme underlying responses to the campaign. Netizens generally see the campaign as a criticism of their national identity. They define this identity by emphasizing China’s achievements, expressing a need for the population’s autonomy, recalling a collective history of humiliation by Western actors, and taking pride in Chinese food culture. Feelings among netizens of unfair treatment weakened the campaign’s effectiveness. Respondents cite national identity, nationalism, and climate justice in micro-level discourses to challenge the legitimacy of WildAid’s efforts to encourage reduced meat consumption as a climate change mitigation strategy in China. This study adds depth and nuance to our understanding of national identity, nationalism, and the perceived effectiveness of strategies encouraging behavior change to mitigate climate change.

The Formation of Literary Canons in History of Turkish Literature

The term ‘canon’ is derived from the Greek word ‘kanon’, which refers to a law, criterion, or rule. It implies a criterion for determining what is true or authentic. In the context of literature, the concept of canon is associated with works that serve as examples or criteria for subsequent literary works, and that can become classical masterpieces. The canonization of art typically occurs in two ways. The first occurs through the natural process of people appreciating certain works, leading them to become classics. The second occurs in a ‘guided (goal oriented)’ manner in which certain authorities, such as political parties, governments, or ideologies, shape the canon to serve their interests. It is observed that many countries use literature and art as cultural tools to promote the national identity and ideology to individuals and society, viewing them as a means of cultural control. The inception of contemporary Turkish literature can be traced back to the 'Tanzimat Edict' of 1839, which sought to revitalize various areas, including literature, during the final years of the Ottoman Empire. With the conclusion of the First World War, the Ottoman Empire came to an end and the Turkish Republic was established. During the war years spanning 1911 to 1923, national sentiments and ideas became prominent themes in Turkish literature. Upon the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, national sentiments and specific ideas continued to exert their influence on the country's literature due to the prevalent awareness of Turkish identity that many felt needed to be instilled in society. The works produced by authors for this purpose are considered as part of the national literature. The newly established state aimed to adopt contemporary norms and, in this context, introduced reforms in every sphere of Turkish life. Literature was utilized as a tool to encourage public acceptance of these reforms, and the literature produced for this purpose was referred to as ‘revolution literature’. When examining the history of Modern Turkish Literature, one can observe literary works that fit within the framework of a ‘national literature canon’ or ‘revolution canon’. These works aim to present new values, ideas, and understandings to society by devaluing or criticizing old ones. This process of guided transformation is also known as ‘dirigisme’. Throughout history in Turkey, various groups (Kemalists, Marxists, nationalists, Islamists) have created ‘guided literature’ to teach or persuade others to adopt their ideologies. Poets and writers who were constrained by the political regimes, ideologies, and dominant powers of their time often reacted through an ‘anti-canon’ or ‘dissent canon’ strategy, resisting the official canon that political powers sought to establish. As a result, literature and art placed increasing importance on irony in language and expression. Utopias were also explored in ‘dissent canonical texts’ as a means of escaping from the unhappy present world. Keywords: Literature, Art, Canon, Dirigism, Guidance

Platform-based diffusion-proofing: Digitally mediated discursive practice and China’s prevention of protest spillover during Hong Kong’s Anti-Extradition Bill Movement

Based on the example of mainland China’s online diffusion-proofing practices against Hong Kong’s Anti-Extradition Bill Movement, we identify a platform-based tactic of diffusion-proofing. We argue that this tactic manifested the orchestration of top-down statist governance and bottom-up grassroots practices, as well as within-border and cross-border discursive dynamics. Facilitated by the technical affordances of social media platforms, a faction of netizens both from mainland China and Hong Kong followed the state and its agents online to co-construct discourses for preventing the potential spillover of the Movement to mainland China. We further suggest that this tactic was enabled by the hybridization of both technical logic and discursive logic. The platform affordances, especially different types of hashtags, allowed the state and its agents to practice digitally mediated discursive production, reacting to the momentum of the Movement. As a result, a discourse was constructed, which delegitimatized protest actions and ignited nationalistic sentiment for the purpose of diffusion-proofing.

Internationalization and innovation: A multilevel meta‐analysis of national sentiments

AbstractInnovation is essential for sustaining the global competitive viability of multinational enterprises (MNEs), yet the internationalization–innovation relationship remains theoretically debatable and empirically inconsistent. To resolve the puzzle and identify the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the mixed findings, this study integrates existing empirical evidence from 298 independent samples and presents a multilevel meta‐analysis. Taking an organizational learning perspective, this study explores two critical yet underexplored national sentiments that can moderate the MNEs' innovation propensity in internationalization, including technologism and nationalism. Our results show that while technologism strengthens MNEs' innovation in internationalization, nationalism weakens it. In addition, the interaction between the national sentiments exerts significant moderating effects on the relationship. Through exploring the novel drivers and barriers at country level, this study generates new and nuanced insights into innovation management in an international context. It also provides important managerial implications and discusses opportunities for future investigations into the complexity of innovation management in an interconnected and competitive world.

“You Said Independence?” The Case of Scotland's and Catalonia's Nationalisms: A Discussion of J. H. Elliott's Scots and Catalans: Union and Disunion

Abstract This review essay addresses one of the most complex contemporary political issues: secessionism. The review essay discusses J. H. Elliott's 2018 book, Scots and Catalans: Union and Disunion, to raise questions regarding the processes of independence in the European Union. Particularly, it focuses on the problematic conceptualization of the debates about Catalan independence in twenty-first-century Europe, explaining why concepts such as nation and nationalism should be rethought, which also implies the need to rethink the use of symbols such as national flags. It also insists that one cannot write on such an urgent political topic without addressing at length the role of culture in political thought and national sentiment. The author theorizes the role of the emotions in the creation of political subjectivities, concentrating especially on the central role that the web and the media are given in the fight for independence.

Digital diplomacy and domestic audience: how official discourse shapes nationalist sentiments in China

This article aims to reveal the domestic implications of China’s digital diplomacy by centring the interaction between official diplomatic discourses and Chinese nationalist sentiments. Examining diplomatic discourse presented by Chinese foreign affairs spokespersons and the related nationalist comments of the Chinese domestic audience, this study illustrates the dynamic interplay between official diplomatic discourses, the salience of other, and nationalist sentiments. The findings suggest that China’s digital diplomatic discourse can influence the dynamic of domestic nationalist sentiments. A positive diplomatic tone contributes to more positive nationalist sentiments through an enhanced sense of national identification. Conversely, a negative tone of diplomatic discourse tends to generate more negative nationalist sentiments through intensified social comparison and derogation, particularly in the presence of salient foreign others. The study puts forward the theoretical commensurability between digital diplomacy, social identity theories, and nationalism construction. It also offers practical insights into China’s multifaceted nationalist communication and digital diplomacy strategies.

The Making of the Antinuclear Movement in the Bay of Biscay: Similar Movements in Different Contexts

Based on an analysis of three conflicts over nuclear power located in the Bay of Biscay, this article aims to understand the principal elements that shaped the ideology of the antinuclear movement during the period of its emergence in the 1970s and 1980s. On the basis of the cases of Lemoiz (Biscay, Spain), Deba (Gipuzkoa, Spain) and Blayais (Gironde, France), we seek to understand whether the key factor in triggering the antinuclear mobilisation was the risk posed by nuclear energy itself, or whether it is also necessary to analyse the social networks from which the movement arose to understand how its discourse was formed. Furthermore, we consider other contextual elements, such as national sentiment or the legitimacy of the state, as factors that help to understand the process of the making of the antinuclear movement.

Postponement of the 2024 Election: Failure to Create Policy Window from the Perspective of the Multiple Stream Framework

In late 2021, public attention was captivated by a contentious issue surrounding the potential postponement of the 2024 election. Prominent figures including Minister of Maritime Affairs and Investment Luhut Binsar Panjaitan, as well as leaders from the Golkar, PKB, and PAN parties, put forward proposals to delay the upcoming election. This study was undertaken to delve into the underlying factors contributing to the downfall of the discourse advocating the postponement of the 2024 election. Through the application of Kingdon's (2014) multi-stream framework (MSF) analysis, this research reveals that the notion of postponing the election lacked the necessary feasibility to transition into a viable policy agenda, as assessed from the perspectives of the problem stream, policy stream, and political stream. Examination of the problem stream reveals a lack of indicators supporting the idea of postponing the 2024 election from an economic standpoint. The prevalent positive economic growth and the optimistic sentiment of the populace toward national economic progress undermine any basis for endorsing the discourse. Moving to the policy stream, it becomes evident that most legislative members and community groups outright rejected the discourse. Additionally, the dearth of policy entrepreneurs emerged as a crucial factor contributing to the discourse's failure. Lastly, from the political stream perspective, the lack of widespread public support proved to be a pivotal factor in the discourse's demise. Political parties, the legislature, and various segments of society, including students, vehemently opposed the proposition. This landscape underscores the incongruence between the nation's sentiment and the notion of postponing the election. Consequently, the inability of the discourse to gain traction as a government policy agenda can be attributed to the prevailing economic conditions, the absence of substantial public support, and the lack of influential groups positioned as policy entrepreneurs advocating for the postponement of the 2024 election.

"Encumbered with useless graces": Ornamentation and Aesthetics in Eighteenth-century Scottish Music

Throughout the eighteenth century, a steady stream of Italian musicians travelled to Scotland, in search of artistic and commercial success. Inspired by the enterprise of their Scottish counterparts, many published collections of “Scots Tunes,” such that by the end of the century a rich body of repertoire had emerged. Italians and Scots alike valued this repertoire for various reasons: for some, these tunes represented an idealised vision of pastoral simplicity; for others, a fossilised record of the music of past generations; for others still, these tunes were a vehicle for the expression of nationalistic sentiment. This repertoire presents a challenge to Early Music practitioners today, who must contend with the fact that this music has been transmitted through textual sources and oral tradition. To this end, many musicians engage with elements of Scottish Traditional performance practice – a practice that often diverges from, and is at times incompatible with, dominant understandings of eighteenth-century performance practice. In this thesis, I summarise some of the ornamentation techniques employed by Scottish Traditional musicians, investigating their possible influence on Italian Scots Tunes sources. I contend that comparative analysis of these sources can inform performances of this repertoire, by revealing implicit relationships between notation, performance practice and aesthetic judgements. Further, I survey current trends in the historical performance practice of Scots Tunes, interrogating the ways in which this repertoire is framed by modern conceptions of “folk” music. I observe that this repertoire continues to be valued within a variety of aesthetic frameworks, which are themselves revealed, upheld, and reproduced through performance practice.

Native advertising on television business model: The case of Metro TV Indonesia

Objective: The primary objective is to ascertain the underlying factors that contribute to the formation of nationalist sentiments among this population and to propose strategic measures that the government could adopt to facilitate comprehensive growth on Sebatik Island.
 
 Theoretical Framework: Employing a mixed-methods approach that combines qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, this study seeks to comprehensively examine the extent of nationalist sentiments harbored by the inhabitants of Sebatik Island towards their country, Indonesia.
 
 Method: The study employs focused group discussions and customized questionnaires to collect data. The qualitative analysis encompasses responses gathered from a cohort of 62 participants, revealing that 66% exhibit a notable degree of nationalism, while the remaining 34% demonstrate a lower level of such sentiments. 
 
 Results and Conclusions: The research findings underscore a generally favorable perception of Indonesian nationalism among the populace of Sebatik Island, even amidst challenges stemming from their interdependence with Malaysia. By prioritizing the welfare of the Sebatik community, their affiliation with Indonesian identity can organically thrive, thereby contributing to heightened security and a stronger sense of patriotism within the border vicinity.
 
 Originality/Value: This research offers novel insights into the intricate determinants influencing nationalist sentiments within the population of Sebatik Island, casting illumination on the subtleties of their viewpoints within the unique context of a coexistent border alongside Malaysia.
 
 Research Implications: The outcomes of this study prompt a reevaluation of prevailing policies associated with the development of border regions, encompassing considerations related to infrastructure, education, healthcare, and the management of resources.

Uprooted in the ‘Postcolonial’ Moment: Attia Hosain’s No New Lands, No New Seas

‘Attia has come home.’ This is how Shama Habibullah describes the publication of a Distant Traveller (2013), a collection of essays and fiction written by her mother Attia Hosain. After the Partition of India in 1947, Hosain could not reconcile herself to India or Pakistan, created by imperial border-making and nationalist sentiments, and decided to remain in England. Hosain continued to grapple with the multitudinal meanings that came with leaving, making, and claiming a ‘home' in an unfinished novel No New Lands, No New Seas included in Distant Traveller. The novel centred recently settled and itinerant South Asian migrants in Britain as they struggle to establish roots and reconcile the borders of new homes. This article explores Attia Hosain's portrayal of migratory experiences in No New Lands, No New Seas on three levels. Firstly, it contends with how the migrant writer, Hosain, navigates border-making and the reorientations of ‘home' within these half-formed, tentative chapters. Secondly, it reflects on the form of the unfinished novel — Hosain embeds a longer pre-war, pre-Partition migratory narrative into chapters set in the 1970s. Thirdly, it considers how the novel’s protagonists deal with migration, economic hardship, racism, early formations of British South Asian identities, and the trauma-laced consequences of finding home after Partition.

Exhibiting Nation: A Brief History of Palestinian Exhibition Making in the Twentieth Century

ABSTRACT This article presents an overview of Palestinian exhibition making in the twentieth century. It addresses an absence of academic engagement with how, starting in the 1920s, a repertoire of Palestinian pedagogical and representational materials, temporary and makeshift spaces, and multiple protodiplomatic and unionized efforts under the Palestinian Liberation Organization informed a culture of exhibition making that created critical sites for: cultivating and critiquing taste within art movements and among Palestinians; operationalizing national sentiment and political consciousness; and mobilizing international support around the legitimacy of the Palestinian cause. Specifically, the article accounts for the Palestinian mobilization of exhibitions in response to European and Zionist expansionism (1917–48), as a social praxis of community building and resilience (1948–64), and as a form of political resistance through the radical internationalization of Palestinian cultural affairs (1964–87). It culminates with a discussion of the first intifada and the morphing of exhibition culture into the Palestinian Authority’s state-building project following the Oslo Accords (1987–93).

Modeling Student Management and Civic Education Strategies from an Interdisciplinary Perspective

Abstract This paper issues from an interdisciplinary perspective, combining computer technology, principles of management and other multi-disciplinary knowledge to build a model of student management and civic education strategy. Two modules are part of the student management model: student behavior analysis and prediction. In student behavior analysis, the fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm is improved, and the Gaussian density function is used to determine the initial clustering center. In student behavior prediction, the convolutional network is used to input raw data, and the extracted features are inputted into the CABLSTM model for training and prediction of student behavior. The Civic Education Strategy Model is built on the principle of feedback control and is constructed at the school, family, and individual levels. In the analysis of student management and Civic and Political Education practice, teaching practice was conducted at University C in Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, China. After the practice, the number of students who are very satisfied and satisfied with the overall student management is 2, 356, accounting for 65.81%, and the comprehensive quality of students is in the middle to high range. The students’ life values, family and national sentiment, and thought level dimensions in Civic and political literacy have significant differences (P<0.05), and the level of mastery of Civic and political knowledge is good.

Study on the Path of Informatization Construction of Civic Education in Colleges and Universities Empowered by Digitization

Abstract This study focuses on the informatization construction of ideological education, which is carried out in two modules, namely, teaching management and student education evaluation. Apriori algorithm in association rules is adopted in teaching management to improve teaching efficiency. Principal component analysis is introduced to construct a comprehensive evaluation model for student education evaluation, and SPSS software is used for dimensionality reduction to simplify the evaluation indexes. Further, this paper analyzes the status quo and challenges of the informatization of Civic Education in colleges and universities, and puts forward a specific path of informatization construction. To verify the effectiveness of the teaching method, a controlled experiment was set up, and through three months of practical teaching, the experimental group showed significant improvement in the Civic and Political scores and core dimensions, such as family and national sentiment and political identity. The results show that the informatization teaching practice has significant effectiveness in Civics education.

Nationalist Tendencies in the Foreign Policy of Central European States on the Example of Poland and Hungary. Implementation of the Idea of a Sovereign State

Central Europe is associated with several cultural, economic, and geopolitical processes undergoing considerable intensification in the 21st century. The emergence of nationalist sentiment in this region of the continent coincides with it. This is particularly evident in countries politically dominated by radical right-wing ruling parties (e.g., Poland, Hungary), aiming to reshape the EU, opposing the system of liberal democracy in favor of social solidarity and a Europe of Homelands, rejecting the concepts of a federal Europe, and supporting the idea of national sovereignty. These concepts are taken up by conservative formations of a populist nature, which explain their activities with Eurorealism. The consequence of this policy is the emergence of new visions of Central Europe and the desire to increase the region’s role in international relations. An essential role in these processes is played by the politics of memory preferred by the ruling regimes.