National Army Research Articles

The Indian National Army and the Making of Indian Nationalism in Japanese-Occupied Malaya

The Indian National Army and the Making of Indian Nationalism in Japanese-Occupied Malaya

The Influence of Human Resources and Performance Mediated by Organizational Development on the Implementation of Presidential Regulation Number 66 of 2014 2019 on the Army Organizational Structure Indonesian National

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of Human Resources (HR), Performance mediated by organizational development on the Implementation of Presidential Regulation Number 66 of 2019 concerning the Organizational Structure of the Indonesian National Army. This study uses a quantitative approach with an associative research strategy with a sample of 105 people, obtained through the Slovin formula. Data collection techniques through observation, data collection studies, questionnaires. The data analysis method uses descriptive analysis and Inferential analysis using Sem PLS. The analysis on PLS was carried out by analyzing the Outer model (Convergent Validity, AVE, Validity of Discrimination, Composite Reliability), Inner Model (Path Coefficient, R Square, Q2, GoF Index, Effect Size) and Hypothesis Test. The findings of this study are 1. Human Resources (HR) are the main asset in organizational development; 2. Good performance increases the efficiency of the implementation process, 3. Effective organizational development increases the ability to adapt to change, 4. Organizational development strengthens the capacity of Human Resources in supporting implementation. The conclusion of this study is that human resources influence organizational development, Performance and organizational development influence the Implementation of Presidential Regulation Number 66 of 2019 concerning the Organizational Structure of the Indonesian National Army and organizational development mediates the influence of human resources on the Implementation of Presidential Regulation Number 66 of 2019 concerning the Organizational Structure of the Indonesian National Army.

Law Enforcement of Indonesian National Army Soldiers Who Commit Criminal Acts Against Superiors

This research focuses on the legal enforcement against members of the Indonesian National Army (TNI) who commit the crime of insubordination. Insubordination, defined as defiance or resistance against superiors, is regulated under Articles 105-109 of the Military Criminal Code (KUHPM). This study examines the judicial process in Military Court III-19 Jayapura, specifically related to cases of soldiers disobeying orders from superiors through violent actions. Using normative and empirical legal research methods, this study aims to illustrate how legal mechanisms are applied in military violation cases, particularly in acts of insubordination. The analysis is based on court rulings where the offenders, low-ranking soldiers, were tried and sentenced according to the KUHPM. The results show that while there is a consistent pattern in sentencing, disparities in punishment remain due to various factors such as the severity of the offense and the discretion allowed within the military judicial system. This study recommends clearer guidelines to minimize differences in sentencing and ensure fairness in military justice.

Security, and gender: NATO’s advising program in Afghanistan

ABSTRACT This research critically questioned NATO’s security force advising in Afghanistan, focusing on the security notions promoted through its discourses and narratives, particularly regarding gender. Using NATO’s advising programme in Afghanistan 2016–2019 as a case study, a feminist poststructuralist framework analysed security narratives. Participant interviews, advising observations, and feminist critical discourse analysis of advising curriculum and Afghan National Army (ANA) doctrine supported this examination. Guided theory revealed contradictory themes that promoted gender and women’s empowerment and reinforced patriarchal dynamics. While NATO attempts to empower women through its programmes, it often reinforces patriarchal structures, negatively impacting women and men within NATO and the advised nation. NATO’s advising programmes and their gendered and hierarchical security notions can affect current and future conflicts. 1

Book review: Asha Sahay Choudhry (Translated by Tanvi Srivastava), The War Diary of Asha-san: From Tokyo to Netaji’s Indian National Army

Asha Sahay Choudhry (Translated by Tanvi Srivastava), The War Diary of Asha-san: From Tokyo to Netaji’s Indian National Army (New Delhi: Harper Collins, 2022), 224 pp., ₹599, ISBN: 978-93-19-5629-140-9 (Hardback).

Between State Duty and Peace Mission: The Other Side & Experience of Indonesia Peacekeeping Force in the Middle East

Further research has been conducted on the role of the Indonesian National Army and the Indonesian laskar after the declaration of independence on 17 August 1945 and during the revolutionary period from 1945 to 1949. However, after decolonization in the 1950s, military history including the lives of its members and their personal lives received less space in the narrative of military history. Peace veteran is a title given specifically to young Indonesians who had participated as special forces under the auspices of the United Nations. These young men did not only come from the TNI but also from student regiments who had the opportunity to join this special peacekeeping force. The main focus of this article revolves around their efforts to guard the border between Egypt and ‘Israel’ during the war in the Middle East. This article will use oral sources and personal documents from various Indonesian peacekeeping forces who served during this period. The results of the study show that although they were faced with uncertain situations, far from their families, and preparing to face the enemy, there was another side to their experiences, namely, meeting colleagues from other countries, language gaps, and other “normal” activities that they were still able to carry out while on duty.

Japanese Occupation in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Impact on Common Islanders

The focus of this research is on the effects of Japanese occupation (1942-1945) on the common islanders of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands who suffered due to the oppression, forced labour, violence and terrible conditions of that time. The Japanese occupation led to the diversion of agricultural resources for military deployment resulting in food deficits and famine on the Islands. Repressive measures, forced resettlement and economic oppression were the lot of both the local tribes and settlers. Whole ethnic groups, especially indigenous people, were recruited for labour, broke their way of life and were exiled from their homes. Furthermore, Japanese forces declared martial law and ruled the territory through terror, people’s executions, and collective punishments. Even though Subhas Chandra Bose’s Indian National Army (INA) officially gained control of the islands in 1943, it was the Japanese who continued to exercise the real power and the position of the INA was mostly decorational. The suffering experienced by the islanders was too deep and it affected their lives both physically and mentally, even the reconstruction numb post-war period saw no development in the social status of these people. This paper shall attempt to place the hitherto neglected pain of the islanders within the broader framework of the World War II and its repercussions on Asia.

TNI Neutrality in General Elections: Analysis of Army Family Voting Rights in Magelang

The neutrality regulations of the Indonesian National Army (TNI) enable them to be able to maintain the Spirit of Reform. The reformation mandate requires the army to be neutral in the General Elections in Indonesia. This writing aims to find out the participation of the Indonesian army family in the general election, especially in the 2019 presidential election in a case study in Magelang City, and the extent to which TNI family understands the neutrality of TNI and their participation in the activities of the Presidential General Election in 2019. The method applied in this research uses the qualitative descriptive type and the case study type based on interviews and observation. The research results show that army families in Magelang City already know the rules regarding TNI neutrality during elections. As civil society, the TNI family also exercised their right to vote, and no one participated as a success team or party officer. In this case, the TNI family is given the freedom to choose without any interference from TNI members. Based on the research that has been carried out it can be concluded that there is a need to increase awareness and conditions when the related person is faced with the situation as head of the family and a member of the TNI in order to to maintain the spirit of the constitution.

Assessment of the Investigative Objectivity in the Execution of Detention Authority under the Principle of Unity of Command in the Indonesian Military Criminal Justice System

The Indonesian National Army (TNI), as the Armed Forces in the country, operates under specific regulations to enforce military law, primarily governed by Law Number 31 of 1997 concerning Military Justice. According to Article 1 of the law, the responsibility for conducting investigations falls to Military Police Investigators, alongside Military Prosecutors and Superiors who have the right to punish suspects. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the authority of Military Police Investigators within the investigativeprocess, with a specific focus on their power to detain suspects. Under the current provision, Military Police Investigators lacked the independent authority to detain, which might compromise the objectivity of investigations. A normative juridical method was adopted based on a literature review and secondary data. The results showed that Military Police Investigators did not have the authority to detain suspects without an order from a Superior who has the right to punish, as stipulated in Law Number 31 of 1997 concerning Military Justice. For the investigation to run more objectively, Military Police Investigators needed to be granted the authority to detain suspects independently, without requiring prior authorization from a superior.

Dasar Rasionalitas Pertimbangan Hakim Dalam Penjatuhan Pidana Tambahan Pemecatan Prajurit TNI Pelaku Tindak Pidana Narkotika

Narcotics crime in the military environment is a serious offense that not only violates general criminal law, but also violates the code of ethics and discipline of Indonesian National Army (TNI) soldiers. This study aims to analyze the basis of the judge's consideration in imposing additional punishment of dismissal against TNI soldiers who commit narcotics crimes. The research method used is normative legal research using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach where cases that have permanent legal force (inkracht van gewijsde) are studied by the author from the judge's consideration to the verdict. The results of this study indicate that the rationality of the judge's consideration in imposing additional punishment of dismissal is based on several fundamental aspects: (1) The impact of actions on military institutions (2) Factors of violation of the code of ethics and discipline of TNI soldiers (3) Consideration of professionalism and integrity of TNI soldiers.

Efektivitas Perencanaan Alat Utama Sistem Persenjataan dalam Memenuhi Kebutuhan Pokok Tentara Nasional Indonesia

This study analyzes the effectiveness of planning the Main Equipment of the Weapon System (Alutsista) in meeting the operational needs of the Indonesian National Army (TNI). This study uses a qualitative method with the participation of 15 resource persons, including TNI representatives from various forces and defense experts with more than 10 years of experience. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were used to explore the main challenges in the planning of the Defense Equipment, supported by the analysis of related documents and literature. The results of the study identified three main challenges: budget constraints, ineffective inter-agency coordination, and evolving operational needs. Indonesia's defense budget, which is only 0.8% of GDP, shows a significant gap compared to neighboring countries, such as Singapore (3.2%). In addition, the lack of coordination mechanisms between the Ministry of Defense, the TNI, and local industries has led to inefficiencies in the procurement and maintenance of defense equipment. The impact of this challenge includes the limited operational readiness of the TNI, especially in Military Operations for War (OMP) and Military Operations Other than War (OMSP). The study recommends budget optimization of up to 1.5% of GDP, the establishment of an inter-agency integrated working team, and the integration of modern technologies such as drones, big data, and artificial intelligence in the planning of defense equipment. The implementation of these measures is expected to increase the effectiveness of the planning of the Defense Equipment in supporting the main tasks of the TNI and strengthening state sovereignty amid dynamic geopolitical challenges.

Kompetensi Digital dan Manajemen SDM TNI pada Era Revolusi Industri 4.0

The main problem in managing TNI human resources in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 era is the skills gap in facing the demands of advanced technology. Many personnel are not fully ready to master technologies such as AI, big data, and IoT which are increasingly crucial in modern military operations. The purpose of this study is to analyze TNI Digital Competence and Human Resource Management in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 Era. The method used is qualitative descriptive using the SWOT approach. The results of the study show that digital transformation in human resource management and operations of the Indonesian National Army (TNI) in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 era is a crucial strategy to strengthen national defense. The use of technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), big data, Internet of Things (IoT), and virtual simulation (VR) increases operational efficiency and the accuracy of TNI decision-making. This technology also facilitates more realistic and interactive personnel training and reduces the risks and costs of training. However, the success of this transformation is highly dependent on the readiness of infrastructure and budget. Cooperation with industry through public-private partnerships (PPP) is needed to accelerate infrastructure development such as 5G networks and cybersecurity systems. In addition, the development of competent human resources through continuous digital training is a key element in adapting to the dynamics of information-based global threats.

THE ROLE OF THE REHABILITATION CENTER OF THE MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA IN ENHANCING THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF DISABLED SOLDIERS OF THE INDONESIAN NATIONAL ARMED FORCES THROUGH THE UTILIZATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

The Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) are frequently exposed to the risk of physical and mental injuries that may result in disability. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into integrated rehabilitation programs has the potential to expedite the recovery process, enhance diagnostic precision, and facilitate more tailored and efficacious care. This study aims to examine the role of Integrated Rehabilitation at the Rehabilitation Center of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia in improving the quality of life for Indonesian national army soldiers with disabilities. The research employs a normative juridical research method to systematically investigate the legal framework underpinning rehabilitation programs for soldiers and explores the potential integration of AI into these processes. The results show that the integrated rehabilitation services at Pusrehab Kemhan can improve the operational efficiency of the rehabilitation centre. The incorporation of AI in rehabilitation processes serves a crucial purpose in the context of improving the effectiveness of rehabilitation services for people with disabilities, especially for TNI soldiers. Despite challenges related to patient data privacy and security, the potential of AI is enormous.

Minimum Essential Force (MEF) Strategy: A Systematic Literature Review in the Context of Globalization

The primary objective of this study is to perform a systematic analysis of research references associated with the Minimum Essential Force in the defense and security or military sector over the past decade (2013 to 2023). The current study examines the development trend of Minimum Essential Force research in these sectors using Google Scholar data. The current investigation employs qualitative research combined with the literature review process. It gathered data using the web crawling technique from the Google Scholar database. This study concludes that the volume of research on Minimum Essential Force from 2013 to 2023 can be described as consistently increasing. However, each article was published by a distinct journal. This phenomenon indicates that there is no established journal on this topic. In addition, development maps based on keyword co-occurrence are clustered into two categories. The research is limited by the content of the articles used, which were extracted from the Google Scholar database. In the future, in addition to conducting research with broader literature sources, the recommendations provided in this study can be used as hypotheses for in-depth, comprehensive subsequent studies. The findings of this study will likely be useful as a resource for scholars who wish to examine the Minimum Essential Force policy. The literature and bibliometric study on the issue of Minimum Essential Force is possibly the first systematic literature review carried out in Indonesia. Keywords: globalization, minimum essential force, systematic review, national army, military

Formation of the TNI Cyber Force: A Strategic and Policy Analysis

The increasing cyber threats in Indonesia require strengthening the country's defense strategy. This study focuses on the formation of the Indonesian National Army (TNI) Cyber Force as part of efforts to strengthen the country's cyber security in facing increasingly complex threats. The purpose of this study is to analyze the policy and strategy for the formation of the TNI Cyber Force and evaluate the synergy between institutions, especially with the National Cyber ​​and Crypto Agency (BSSN). This study uses a qualitative method with a secondary data analysis approach, including reports from Fortinet, AwanPintar.id, and national policy documents related to cybersecurity. The research findings show that the TNI Cyber Force has a crucial role in protecting Indonesia's critical infrastructure from the threat of botnets, ransomware, and other cyber-attacks. The synergy between the TNI and BSSN is key to building an effective cyber defense system. Although there has been an increase in cyber readiness, this study found that challenges still exist, including in terms of human resources and the technology used. In conclusion, the formation of the TNI Cyber Force is an important step in dealing with cyber threats, but there needs to be further strengthening in cross-sector coordination and adoption of the latest technology.

Harmonization of the Authority to Investigate Indonesian National Army Personnel Who Commit Corruption

This study aims to analyze the legal implications of disharmony of authority between the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) and the Indonesian National Army Military Police Center (Puspom TNI) in investigating corruption perpetrators from military personnel as well as the ideal formulation in the investigation of corruption cases from the perspective of the principle of equality before the law in the future. This research is normative juridical research that uses both the statutory and conceptual approaches. This study concludes two things. First, the resolution of the disharmony of authority between the KPK and Puspom TNI in the 2002 KPK Law, the Military Justice Law, and the TNI Law is that the legislators harmonize the regulatory material, submit a request for judicial review of the law in the Mahkamah Konstitusi, and apply the principle of lex specialis derogat legi generalis. Second, the ideal formulation for the future is to revise the Military Justice Law and the TNI Law, which specifically regulates TNI soldiers who commit military crimes only. If a soldier commits a corruption crime, the Corruption Court will resolve the case without distinguishing the perpetrator's military or civilian status.

Troops Preparation Policy On A World Peace Mission

Indonesia’s involvement in peacekeeping missions has long been a key part of its foreign policy, contributing to world peace as outlined in Republic of Indonesia Law Number 37 of 1999 concerning Foreign Relations. This study aims to analyze the government's policy implementation regarding troop preparation for world peace missions, particularly in relation to Indonesia's role as a Troops Contributing Country (TCC) to the United Nations (UN). The research utilizes a qualitative descriptive approach to understand the intricacies of the troop preparation process through George Edward III's policy implementation model, which emphasizes the importance of disposition, communication, resources, and bureaucracy. Data were collected through document analysis, interviews, and observation of relevant practices in Indonesian military operations. The findings highlight that the personnel selection process for peacekeeping missions is highly structured, requiring compliance with rigorous standards set by both the Indonesian government and the UN. The pre-deployment training, supervised by the TNI (Indonesian National Army) Headquarters, ensures that selected personnel are adequately prepared for their assignments. This comprehensive preparation includes mental and physical readiness, as well as the necessary technical and language skills. The results also emphasize the importance of strong inter-agency coordination, particularly between the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to ensure the success of these missions. Furthermore, the study reveals that budgetary and resource constraints remain significant challenges in sustaining peacekeeping operations. In conclusion, Indonesia's contribution to global peacekeeping missions underscores the nation's commitment

Optimalisasi Pengawasan Bidang Pertahanan dalam Rangka Mewujudkan Transparansi Pada Sistem Pertahanan Negara

This study is motivated by the government's efforts to realize ideal national defense management by means of transparent supervision and control by a relevant government institution. Because, in the government environment, maladministration, and violations of laws and regulations are still found. The purpose of this research is to comprehensively understand external supervision in the national defense system, the formation of effective supervisory mechanism regulations, internal supervision in the national defense system, and reform of national defense institutions. The research method used is a descriptive analysis approach through literature study. Based on the results of the discussion, it is found that in organizing a good defense system, it is necessary to optimize the control mechanism by conducting effective supervision. This supervision is carried out by government agencies, both the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia, the Inspectorate General within the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia and the Indonesian National Army

Does the Indonesian National Army develop democracy and human rights? a comparative perspective

Does the Indonesian National Army develop democracy and human rights? a comparative perspective

The Role of Motivation, Work Discipline and Work Environment and Their Influence on the Performance of the Air Force

Efforts to improve the performance of members of the Indonesian National Army Air Force at Maintenance Depot (Depohar) 60 Iswahjudi Magetan Air Base require proper processing of human resources to achieve the desired performance in line with expectations. This research aims to analyze the influence of motivation, work discipline and work environment on the performance of Indonesian National Army Air Force members at Depohar 60 Iswahjudi Air Base Magetan, either simultaneously or partially. This research also wants to analyze which variables, such as motivation, work discipline, and work environment, influence the performance of members of the Indonesian National Army Air Force at Depohar 60 Iswahjudi Air Base, Magetan. The type of research used is explanatory research. The research population was all members of the Indonesian National Army Air Force at Depohar 60 Iswahjudi Air Base, Magetan, namely 40 members. Considering that the population is a manageable 0size, census research is used. Namely, all members of the first 60 officers in Depohar will be research respondents. The analysis method uses multiple linear regression and hypothesis testing. The research results show that motivation, work discipline and work environment affect the performance of the first officer members of the Indonesian National Army Air Force at Depohar 60 Iswahjudi Air Base, Magetan, both simultaneously and partially. Furthermore, this research identified that the work environment had a dominant influence on the performance of Indonesian National Army Air Force members at Depohar 60 Iswahjudi Air Base, Magetan. The benefit of this research is that it can be used as input for practitioners so that they can find out how members' attitudes towards motivation variables, work discipline and work environment affect performance and can also be used as a reference in carrying out strategic steps in order to improve member performance.