National System Research Articles

Construction of a meteorological application system based on BDS ground-based augmentation network and water vapor products validation

The national Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) ground-based augmentation network (BGAN) of China is constructed with the existing GNSS observation resources of industrial sectors and local governments, based on the concept of joint building and sharing with sustainable development. This study provides a detailed introduction to the design, construction and operation of a meteorological application system based on BGAN, and validation of its water vapor products. BDS and GPS real-time observation of atmospheric water vapor is achieved nationwide in China and multi-GNSS applications. Through the application of multi-GNSS data and validation of the water vapor products from 2018 to 2020, the accuracy of precipitable water vapor (PWV) derived from BDS only is equivalent to that from GPS only. The root mean square error (RMSE) between them is about 2 mm with high correlation coefficient. Based on radiosonde data, the validation is conducted with the products of BDS-PWV, GPS-PWV, and Combined-PWV derived with multi-GNSS of BDS and GPS. The error characteristics of the three products show a consistent trend over the months. The bias is relatively small. The RMSE of the three products is in the range of 2.18–2.73 mm. The BDS-PWV has the largest RMSE, followed by GPS-PWV, and Combined-PWV has the smallest RMSE.

Let the records speak: an exploration of rehabilitation services offered in primary healthcare, Johannesburg metropolitan district

BackgroundPrimary healthcare in South Africa aims to transform the national health system by emphasising community-based care and preventive strategies. However, rehabilitation services, particularly for individuals with disabilities and chronic non-communicable diseases, are often overlooked in primary healthcare. This study aimed to investigate the provision of primary healthcare rehabilitation services in the Johannesburg Metropolitan District by exploring client sociodemographics and variations in services provided by rehabilitation professionals.MethodsA retrospective review of clinic rehabilitation records from 2011 to 2020 was conducted at nine provincially funded community health centres (CHCs) offering rehabilitation services. Stratified sampling facilitated record selection based on rehabilitation service type and year. A specifically designed data extraction tool captured demographics, disabilities, rehabilitation received, and referral sources. Descriptive analysis used means, standard deviations, and frequencies.ResultsThe findings show a diverse client population with a wide age range, with a significant proportion falling into the < 5 years and 30–49 years age groups. Neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related disabilities were most prevalent, affecting approximately two-thirds of clients. Referral sources were often undocumented, and inconsistent discharge information with no record of patient follow up, highlighted the need for improved documentation practices. Clinic visits were the primary service delivery mode, followed by limited home visits and outreach services. Occupational therapy and physiotherapy were the most used services. Speech and language therapy services were underused, and some CHCs lacked audiology services. There were variations in the number of individual and group sessions provided by the different rehabilitation services, and there were age- and disability-specific differences in service use.ConclusionThis study offers insights into rehabilitation service provision in the Johannesburg Metropolitan District and enhances our understanding of rehabilitation services in primary healthcare settings. It underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation team to address diverse rehabilitation needs, improving documentation and discharge practices, expanding service delivery models, and reducing disparities in service use. The findings inform strategies for optimising service delivery, workforce, resource allocation, and intersectoral collaboration to ultimately enhance the quality and accessibility of integrated rehabilitation services.

A JURIDICAL REVIEW OF INFORMED CONSENT BASED ON LAW NUMBER 17 OF 2023 CONCERNING HEALTH AS A REPLACEMENT FOR LAW NUMBER 36 OF 2009

In contemporary times, with the increasing legal awareness among the general public, the aspect of legal protection has become a focal point in the healthcare legal framework in Indonesia. The Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health, replacing Law Number 36 of 2009, illustrates significant changes in the healthcare legal structure in Indonesia. One of the primaries focuses in the implementation of this law is informed consent, which serves as a legal protection tool for patients. Therefore, this study aims to explore the regulation of informed consent in Law Number 17 of 2023 and its implementation among healthcare professionals or facilities. This research employs a normative juridical analysis method by examining the document of the Republic of Indonesia Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health, which replaces Law Number 36 of 2009 concerning Health. Legal reviews are conducted by referring to various legal sources and expert opinions. The research findings indicate that Law Number 17 of 2023 establishes a stronger foundation compared to the previous law for the implementation of informed consent. Informed consent is emphasized as both a medical duty and a patient's right, with an emphasis on providing comprehensive information. These changes reflect responses to the unequal access to healthcare services and the need to strengthen the national healthcare system, particularly in the context of emergencies, extraordinary events, or outbreaks. The study notes that there is still a need for adaptation and thorough understanding from healthcare professionals and facilities to maintain a balance between patient rights and the public health interest. Further issues to be addressed include aspects of informed consent that are not elaborated in detail in this new law, such as medical expansion procedures and decisions regarding life-sustaining treatment cessation or postponement. Keywords: Healthcare Law; Informed Consent; Legal protection.

Features of the process of evidence in criminal procedure of the United States of America

Recent years have been marked by a great growth of comparative legal research in various branches of legal science, which are gaining a growing number of supporters. The given process makes it possible to show the originality of certain branches of law, their institutions, norms in different legal systems, to compare the data of a specific branch of law with similar branches in other legal systems, and to reveal national differences. The practical significance of the given activity lies in the study and generalization of both positive and negative legal experience of foreign countries. In today’s transparent world, with the growing importance of the international component in the fight against crime, a legal expert needs knowledge that goes beyond the national legal field for a reason, with the purpose of its proper use in the process of international cooperation in criminal proceedings between states in particular.&#x0D; Nowadays there is the process of convergence of various criminal procedural systems of the world. And in this regard, the Anglo-American system of the criminal procedure, the United States of America (hereinafter the USA) in particular, is quite interesting. The given system has distinctive features that are different from the national system and deserve attention. They are the sources of the US criminal procedural law which include judicial precedent, regulations and legal doctrine. The peculiarity of the given system is that it is based on adversarial proceedings and justice, it generates phenomena of the criminal procedure, namely the plea agreement, the jury trial, the concept of restorative justice, the discretionary powers of persons conducting criminal proceedings, etc. Yet another characteristic feature of the Anglo-American system of the US criminal procedure is the specifics of the implementation of evidentiary criminal procedural activity.&#x0D; The focus of the given article is on the study of the specificity of evidentiary activity, such as questions related to: the concept, classification, sources and properties of evidence in the criminal procedure of the United States of America, the peculiarities of the process of evidence at certain stages of the procedure, the legal position of certain subjects of evidence. The materials of the article are of both theoretical and practical value. They can be used for further scientific research on the peculiarities of national criminal procedural evidence, as well as for the proper understanding and implementation of its law enforcement criminal procedural activity.

The International Criminal Court: current problems and ways of their solution

The article examines the current problems of the functioning of the International Criminal Court, in particular the main problem – insufficient expected effectiveness, problematic issues of jurisdiction, initiation of proceedings, duration of proceedings and its influence on the effectiveness of the ICC, as well as the issue of proper cooperation between the ICC and states.&#x0D; It is emphasized that the establishment of international criminal justice bodies was a response to impunity for committed international crimes, which arises due to the ineffectiveness of national legal systems in the fight against international crimes. It is emphasized that the effectiveness of the International Criminal Court largely depends on cooperation with states and international organizations, as well as available financial and human resources.&#x0D; It is concluded that there is an urgent need for the international community to review the mechanisms of response to those states that, by not extraditing suspects, de facto contribute to impunity for committed international crimes; effective countermeasures and sanctions by states and international organizations should be applied to them.&#x0D; Emphasis is placed on the expediency of amending the Rome Statute in accordance with Article 121 of the Rome Statute, giving the International Criminal Court unconditional ratione materiae jurisdiction over the crime of aggression, as is the case with genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. It is emphasized that the International Criminal Court should become a permanent court that will have such jurisdiction; in its turn, this will reduce the risk of committing new armed aggressions.&#x0D; A partial solution to the problem of the excessive length of criminal proceedings at the ICC is proposed by increasing funding and recruiting additional personnel.

The right to health care in the system of social human rights

In the current academic literature, the right to health is considered in the context of a wide range of disciplines, including medical law, international law and social sciences. An important step in the formation of the legal framework for the right to health was the adoption of the WHO Constitution in 1946, which proclaimed that «the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is a fundamental right of every human being». This declaration became the basis for the further development of international health standards, including the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which in Article 12 recognises the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.&#x0D; Research and scholarship on the right to health covers various aspects of this issue, including analyses of national health systems, examination of international standards and their impact on national legislation, and development of recommendations to ensure equal access to health services. Despite the significant achievements in the development of international norms and standards, there are challenges related to their implementation at the national level, including the need to adapt national legislative and institutional frameworks to international obligations.&#x0D; Ukraine, like many other countries, is striving to meet international standards in the field of the right to health, while facing a number of challenges that require a comprehensive approach to reforming the national healthcare system. Scientific research plays an important role in this process, helping to identify gaps in legislation and practice, as well as to develop sound recommendations for their elimination.&#x0D; Given these aspects, this article aims not only to analyse the theoretical foundations of the right to healthcare, but also to highlight the practical steps and challenges that Ukraine faces on the way to its full implementation.

Trend in the Prevalence of Overweight and Obese Adults in São Paulo, Brazil: Analysis between the Years 2006 and 2019.

The aim of this study was to investigate the trend in the prevalence of overweight and obese adults in São Paulo, Brazil, between 2006 and 2019 across chronic diseases and the domains of physical activity. A descriptive retrospective study was carried out on the trend in the prevalence of 26.612 overweight and obese adults (10.150 men and 16.462 women). All data analyzed were based on information from the national system for monitoring risk factors called Protective and Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey-VIGITEL. The variables obese and overweight were analyzed in general and stratified by sex, age group, education level, each type of physical activity domain (yes or no), presence of hypertension and diabetes (yes or no), and smoking (yes or no). The prevalence of obesity significantly increased from 11.1% in 2006 to 19.8% in 2019, regardless of age, sex, physical activity practice, and presence of diabetes or hypertension, except for people aged 55-64 y, working people, and smokers. The total prevalence of overweight adults significantly increased overall (from 30.5% in 2006 to 33.4% in 2019) but it significantly increased only in females, in people aged 18-24 y, those who are non-white, those with an education level of 9-11 y, those who are not working, those who are non-smokers, those who did not have diabetes or hypertension, and those who were not physically active during leisure time but physically active at work and at home. There was a significant increase in the prevalence of overweight adults and especially of obese adults living in the city of São Paulo (Brazil) between 2006 and 2019, the latter being observed in nearly every analyzed sub-category, regardless of age, sex, physical activity practice, and presence of diabetes or hypertension.

Addressing Thalassaemia Management from Patients' Perspectives: An International Collaborative Assessment.

Background and Objectives: The effective management of chronic diseases, particularly hereditary and rare diseases and thalassaemia, is an important indicator of the quality of healthcare systems. We aimed to assess healthcare services in different countries for thalassaemia patients by using publicly available health indicators and by surveying thalassaemia patients and their caregivers. Materials and Methods: We reviewed official worldwide databases from the WHO, World Bank, and scientific resources, and we used a structured patient-tailored self-completed questionnaire to survey thalassaemia patients and their caregivers in 2023. Results: A total of 2082 participants were surveyed (mean age, 27 years; males, 42%). About 1 in 4 respondents did not complete high-school education, while 24% had a bachelor's degree. About a third of respondents were married and were in either full- or part-time employment. The vast majority (~80%) had initiated transfusion therapy between 1 and 4 years of age. Only 42% reported no delays in receiving blood transfusion, while 47% reported occasional delays and 8% serious delays. About half of patients reported being very satisfied (11%) or satisfied (38%) with the quality of services provided, while 1 in 3 patients reported being unsatisfied or very unsatisfied, and that their access to treatment was difficult or very difficult due to traveling expenses and the high cost of treatment. Conclusions: Important improvements in the care of thalassaemia patients have been documented during the past few decades. Nevertheless, additional focus is required through national healthcare systems to effectively address the many unmet needs revealed by our recent survey, as well as to achieve satisfactory patient outcomes.

Cost-Benefit Methodology in Public Investment in the Peruvian Educational Sector of Invierte.Pe. a Practical Case

Objective: The purpose of the research is to show a specific process to perform the cost/benefit analysis in the social evaluation of public investment projects in the education sector, applying the net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) profitability indicators, taking into account that the approach of the National System of Multiannual Programming and Investment Management (Invierte.pe) applies a different methodology as the cost/efficiency analysis, where it uses criteria such as the Present Value of Costs (PVC) and the Cost Efficiency Indicator (CEI). Theoretical framework: In order to present our proposal, we used as a theoretical framework, mainly the directives, instructions, procedures, and methodological guides proposed by the Ministry of Economy and Finance of Peru, which can be improved by considering the results of investment in education. Method: The research proposes a technique to evaluate investment projects in the education sector through the cost/benefit methodology instead of the cost/effectiveness methodology. Within the materials and methods, an education sector investment project approved by Invierte.pe was used, and we added cost/benefit analysis to estimate the profitability indicators NPV and IRR to carry out the social evaluation of the project. Results: The results show that the education project has a net present value of S/. 794,874.30 at social prices, and an internal rate of social return of 9.56%. Finishing the research, it can be concluded based on the results obtained that it is possible to incorporate the cost/benefit methodology in the formulation and evaluation of standard, simplified technical sheets and studies at the profile level of public investment projects in the education sector. Conclusions: It can be concluded that it is feasible the social evaluation of investment projects in the educational sector of the Peruvian state, through the cost/benefit methodology in the region and the country, by means of the profitability indicators NPV and IRR, obtaining a higher internal rate of return.

Long-Term Follow-Up Cares and Check Initiative: A Program to Advance Long-Term Follow-Up in Newborns Identified with a Disease through Newborn Screening.

In the United States and around the world, newborns are screened on a population basis for conditions benefiting from pre-symptomatic diagnosis and treatment. The number of screened conditions continues to expand as novel technologies for screening, diagnosing, treating, and managing disease are discovered. While screening all newborns facilitates early diagnosis and treatment, most screened conditions are treatable but not curable. Patients identified by newborn screening often require lifelong medical management and community support to achieve the best possible outcome. To advance the long-term follow-up of infants identified through newborn screening (NBS), the Long-Term Follow-up Cares and Check Initiative (LTFU-Cares and Check) designed, implemented, and evaluated a system of longitudinal data collection and annual reporting engaging parents, clinical providers, and state NBS programs. The LTFU-Cares and Check focused on newborns identified with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) through NBS and the longitudinal health information prioritized by parents and families. Pediatric neurologists who care for newborns with SMA entered annual data, and data tracking and visualization tools were delivered to state NBS programs with a participating clinical center. In this publication, we report on the development, use of, and preliminary results from the LTFU-Cares and Check Initiative, which was designed as a comprehensive model of LTFU. We also propose next steps for achieving the goal of a national system of LTFU for individuals with identified conditions by meaningfully engaging public health agencies, clinicians, parents, families, and communities.

International legal mechanism for the development of urbanized territories: causes, evolution, consequences (conclusion)

This publication identifies the consequences of urbanization and substantiates their impact on the safety of urbanized territories and the life safety of residents of such territories. It is also determined that the consequences of urbanization pose a threat to the national security system, the security of the urbanized territory and the life safety of residents of such territories. In turn, the security of the urbanized territory is a component of national security, and the safety of life of citizens is a key element of both the security system of the urbanized territory and the national security system as a whole. The system of public administration in general and the processes of forming and implementing state policy in particular, focusing on the needs, interests, rights and freedoms of citizens, their health and life as the highest social value, in the context of developing a strategy to overcome the negative consequences of urbanization, ensuring the development and security of urbanized territories, it is necessary to take into account the features of the constituent elements of the national security system and the security of the urbanized territory.

Wildlife in the Tabuk Region, its Challenges and Protection Mechanisms, from the Islamic and Systemic Perspectives

Purpose: This research endeavors to safeguard the existence and reproductive capacities of beneficial wildlife organisms against the looming risks of extinction and extermination resulting from detrimental human actions. This endeavor is crucial for upholding environmental equilibrium, sequestering significant volumes of carbon emissions in the atmosphere, and mitigating the perils of swift climate changes. The study seeks to address a meticulously crafted set of inquiries, rooted in scientific and logical interpretation, aimed at devising viable and substantiated solutions. Key queries include rationale behind researching this specific topic, wildlife distribution within the Tabuk region, the efficacy of Islamic law mechanisms in averting and tackling these hazards, and the strategies employed by Saudi national environmental systems in safeguarding animal, plant, and aquatic wildlife. Method: The research methodology involves an exhaustive examination of extant literature in environmental sciences, scrutinizing previous studies that delved into facets or components akin to the present research's domain. This approach contributes to augmenting the information reservoir concerning wildlife, its constituents, and functionalities. Furthermore, it addresses gaps discerned in prior research endeavors, thereby enhancing comprehension of the subject matter and obliterating ambiguities. Implications of the research: By shedding light on the paramount issues and challenges imperiling wildlife organisms with extinction, the study underscores the imperative of implementing mechanisms outlined in Islamic law and Saudi national environmental systems. It strives to catalyze proactive measures for wildlife conservation, thereby fortifying ecological resilience and sustainability. Originality/value: This research delineates a comprehensive analysis of wildlife conservation challenges and solutions, particularly within the purview of Islamic law and Saudi national environmental frameworks. It offers novel insights into mitigating threats posed to wildlife, augmenting existing knowledge, and furnishing recommendations to bolster conservation efforts.

A prospective study on direct out-of-pocket expenses of hospitalized patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a Philippine tertiary care center

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in the Philippines and majority of the economic burden lies in hospitalizations during an exacerbation. Despite coverage of hospitalization cost with the national health insurance system (Phil-Health) for COPD exacerbations, patients often pay out-of-pocket. This study aimed to determine the demographic characteristics of COPD admissions at a Philippine tertiary care center, Philippine General Hospital, and assess mean cost of hospitalization, and identify predictors of prolonged hospitalization and cost > 20,000 Philippine pesos (Php). A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted for 6 months by chart review. Patients were categorized as charity service patients, that is, with no charged professional fees and free medications and private service patients who pay for their health care services. A total of 43 COPD admissions were included. The average daily cost of hospitalization (at peso-dollar rate of 56) for service patients was at $ 75.89 compared to private service patients at $ 285.71. Demographic characteristics and type of accommodation were not significant predictors of prolonged hospital stay nor hospitalization cost of ≥ $ 357. Accommodation cost and professional fees accounted for majority or 61.6% of the overall cost for private patients, while medications and diagnostic tests were the major or 76.01% contributor to the overall cost for charity patients. Despite existence of Phil-health, in-patient coverage for COPD remain insufficient. Measures for maximizing COPD control in the out-patient setting could potentially reduce total cost for this disease.

Factors associated with the timely diagnosis of malaria and the utilization of types of healthcare facilities: a retrospective study in the Republic of Korea.

This study aimed to analyze trends in the timely diagnosis of malaria cases over the past 10 years in relation to the utilization of different types of healthcare facilities. The study included 3,697 confirmed and suspected cases of malaria reported between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2022, in the national integrative disease and healthcare management system. Some cases lacking a case report or with information missing from the case report were excluded from the analysis. A generalized linear model with a Poisson distribution was constructed to estimate risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals adjusted for other variables, such as distance. When cases involving diagnosis >5 days after symptom onset in confirmed patients (5DD) were examined according to the type of healthcare facility, the risk ratio of 5DD cases was found to be higher for tertiary hospitals than for public health facilities. Specifically, the risk ratio was higher when the diagnosis was established at a tertiary hospital, even after a participant had visited primary or secondary hospitals. In an analysis adjusted for the distance to each participant's healthcare facility, the results did not differ substantially from the results of the crude analysis. It is imperative to improve the diagnostic capabilities of public facilities and raise awareness of malaria at primary healthcare facilities for effective prevention and control.

Beyond Words

Beyond Words

Новое образование для новой России

The problem of new education for today’s Russia is of great importance due to the fact that Russia has withdrawn from the Bologna educational system and is now beginning to form a new national education system. The crisis of liberalism is a manifestation of a new systemic crisis. A new ideology of education based on patriotism, traditional culture and modern achievements of science is required. The paper proposes the main principles of the new ideology and measures of post-market reform of the education system. The subject of the study is the crisis of the Russian education system and the problem of the ideology of teaching humanities. The purpose of the work is to formulate new principles of ideology and directions for the creation of a sovereign national education system in Russia. The stated purpose required the application of a systematic approach to the research. The practical result of the implementation of the methodology of moral-religious neo-institutionalism was the release by INFRA M Publishing House of a series of educational literature - the textbook “Economic Theory. Russian economics” and related textbooks on the philosophy of economy, home economics and methodology of scientific research, united by the subtitle on the moral content of science and economics. The importance of the research is due to the fact that the results obtained open new opportunities for secondary and higher school pedagogy in the light of the creation of a sovereign national system of education in Russia. The novelty of the study lies in the formulation of principles for a new national system of education taking into account the national patriotic ideology.

How integration of refugees into national health systems became a global priority: a qualitative policy analysis.

Despite a long history of political discourse around refugee integration, it wasn't until 2016 that this issue emerged as a global political priority. Limited research has examined the evolution of policies of global actors around health service provision to refugees and how refugee integration into health systems came onto the global agenda. This study seeks to fill this gap. Drawing on a document review of 20 peer-reviewed articles, 46 global policies and reports, and 18 semi-structured interviews with actors representing various bilateral, multilateral and non-governmental organizations involved with refugee health policy and funding, we analyze factors that have shaped the global policy priority of integration. We use the Shiffman and Smith Policy Framework on determinants of political priority to organize our findings. Several important factors generated global priority for refugee integration into national health systems. Employing the above-mentioned framework, actor power increased due to network expansion through collaborations between humanitarian and development actors. Ideas took hold through the framing of integration as a human rights and responsibility sharing. While political context was influenced through several global movements, it was ultimately the influx of Syrian refugees into Europe and the increasing securitization of the refugee crisis that led to key policies, and critically, global funding to support integration within refugee hosting nations. Finally, issue characteristics, namely the magnitude of the global refugee crisis, its protractedness and the increasing urbanicity of refugee inflows, led integration to emerge as a manageable solution. The past decade has seen a substantial reframing of refugee integration, along with increased financing sources and increased collaboration, explains this shift towards their integration into health systems. However, despite the emergence of integration as a global political priority, the extent to which efforts around integration have translated into action at the national level remains uncertain.

The emergence and regression of political priority for refugee integration into the Jordanian health system: an analysis using the Kingdon’s multiple streams model

BackgroundThe prolonged presence of Syrian refugees in Jordan has highlighted the need for sustainable health service delivery models for refugees. In 2012, the Jordanian government adopted a policy that granted Syrian refugees access, free of charge, to the national health system. However since 2012, successive policy revisions have limited refugee access. This paper seeks to understand factors that initially put refugee integration into the health system on the policy agenda, as well as how these same factors later affected commitment to sustain the policy.MethodsThis paper draws on data from a document review of 197 peer-reviewed and grey literature publications, a media analysis of newspaper articles retrieved from four officially recognized newspapers in Jordan, and 33 semi-structured key informant interviews. We used Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Model – a well-established tool for analyzing policy adoption – to understand how political priority developed for integration of refugees into the health system.ResultsWe find that several factors helped bring attention to the issue, namely concerns over infectious disease transmission to host communities, high rates of chronic conditions among the refugee population and the increasingly urban and dispersed nature of refugees. At the outset of the conflict, the national mood was receptive to refugees. Politicians and government officials quickly recognized the crisis as an opportunity to secure material and technical support from the international humanitarian community. At the same time, global pressures for integrating refugees into national health systems helped move the integration agenda forward in Jordan and the region more broadly. Since 2012, there were several modifications to the policy that signal profound changes in national views around the continued presence of Syrian refugees in the country, as well as reduced external financial support which has undermined the sustainability of the policy.ConclusionThis case study underscores the dynamic nature of policymaking and the challenge of sustaining government commitment to the right to health among refugees. Our analysis has important implications for advocates seeking to advance and maintain momentum for the integration of refugees into national health systems.

Analyzing institutional factors influencing the national innovation system

Purpose While extant literature explores the influence of institutions on the national innovation system (NIS), most research has either focused on specific institutional aspects or treated institutions as a unified entity. This study aims to examine the effect of various institutional factors on a country’s NIS. Design/methodology/approach The conceptual model was empirically validated using regression analysis. The study sample comprised a total of 84 countries. Findings This study identifies and empirically validates a comprehensive set of institutional factors. It also highlights the significant institutional factors (including political stability, government effectiveness, ease of resolving insolvency and the rule of law) that can help improve a country’s NIS. Originality/value The research provides practical implications for organizations and policymakers seeking to understand and foster an innovative culture within the NIS. Policymakers are encouraged to develop a nurturing environment within the NIS by focusing on significant institutional factors. Organizations are encouraged to closely monitor developments in the NIS of a country to make informed strategic decisions at the business, corporate and international levels.

Transformation of sales channels in wholesale trade of small businesses when importing non-food products subject to labeling

The purpose of the article is to develop new solutions for choosing sales channels in the wholesale trade of small businesses when importing non-food products that fall under the national “Honest Trademark” labeling system. The article examines the activities of wholesale companies of small businesses importing goods into the territory of the Russian Federation for the purpose of subsequent sale for professional use. The author analyzed the risks of using traditional sales channels taking into account new requirements for the sale of goods that fall under the national labeling system and tracking of products “Honest Trademark”. In the process of the research, the author proposed the criteria for adjusting the choice of sales channels in the wholesale trade of small businesses when importing nonfood products.