National System Of Conservation Units Research Articles

Mosaic of Protected Areas: a Conservation Strategy for the Seridó Potiguar Biome

Propose: The aim of this work is to show the Seridó Potiguar (Brazil) through the model of integrated management of conservation units and protected areas, known as area fragmentation mosaics. Theoretical Frame of Reference: The loss of native vegetation, caused by anthropic destruction, is felt as one of the conditioning factors in the decrease of biodiversity almost everywhere on Earth, however, only with the creation of Conservation Units (UCs) will it be possible to establish a tool as a conservation strategy. From this perspective, the National System of Conservation Units (SNUC) has initiated the structure in mosaics, providing a participatory and social management of the territory, taking into account the conservation of biodiversity and geodiversity. Method: The study of mosaics favors knowing the size of the distribution area by shallow cuts. Through this methodology, it is possible to know the depletion and/or rapid recovery of the APA protection scenario or fragmentation by deforestation. In this way, this article observes to what extent a good management of UC mosaics can cause a better contribution to the conservation of biodiversity and geodiversity, taking into account, particularly, the Caatinga biome in the Seridó of the state of Rio Grande do Norte. Results and Discussion: As results, it was observed that the project presents biophysical, socioeconomic and environmental elements of the Seridó of Rio Grande do Norte. Implications of the Research: There is no verification of studies of conservation mosaics in this region of Rio Grabnde do Norte, therefore a pioneer study. Originality/Value: This research is unusual and original and will broaden the discussion of the Conservation Units in the Brazilian Northeast

Mosaic of conservation units: a conservation strategy for the Seridó Potiguar biome

This article aims to show the Seridó Potiguar - Brazil through the model of integrated management of conservation units and protected areas, known as area fragmentation mosaics. The loss of native vegetation, caused by anthropic destruction, is felt as one of the conditioning factors in the decrease of biodiversity almost everywhere on Earth, however, only with the creation of Conservation Units (UCs) will it be possible to establish a tool as a conservation strategy. The National System of Conservation Units (SNUC) began the structure in mosaics, where it could provide a participatory and social management of the territory of those involved, taking into account the conservation of biodiversity and geodiversity. In this way, this article observes to what extent a good management of UC mosaics can bring a better contribution to the conservation of biodiversity and geodiversity, taking into account particularly the Caatinga biome in the Seridó of the state of Rio Grande do Norte. As results, the project presents biophysical, socioeconomic and environmental elements. Keywords: Mosaic. Conservation Unit. Protected Area. Protected Area. Environment.

ANÁLISE NORMALIZADA DO ÍNDICE DE DIFERENÇA DE VEGETAÇÃO UTILIZANDO ÍNDICES DE NDVI E SAVI NA UNIDADE DE CONSERVAÇÃO SERRA DA BORBOREMA PARQUE NATURAL MUNICIPAL, CAMPINA GRANDE, PARAÍBA, BRASIL

The nature conservation units (UC) are specially protected territorial spaces (ETEP), with creation, implementation and management provided for by Law 9985/2000, which established the National System of Conservation Units (SNUC). Over 28% of the Brazilian territory is set aside for nature conservation, in a universe of over 2,300 established Units. Paraiba, Northeast region, has 15 (fifteen) Protected Units, representing less than 1% of its territory, and the Municipal Natural Park of Serra da Borborema, classified as Full Protection UC, located in the eastern part of the city of Campina Grande, at coordinates Lat. (S) 07º23'250" and Log. (W) 35º84'331", is the only local UC. Objective: to analyze the vegetation cover of the Park through the: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), in the period from June to September 2020. Theoretical Frame: It was used citations and authors, respecting the quadrennium 2019 and 2022, being the main ones listed here: Ministry of Environment, WWF, IUCN, IBAMA and, Felix-Trigueiro & Fontgalland, favoring the understanding of concepts related to the protected area and the environmental conservation in the Poeta's Park in Campina Grande -Brazil, and the studies of Ponzoni et al. for the weighting of the derivations of sensorial studies of vegetation. Method: two forms of index analysis were proposed: data and geoprocessed images from LandSat8 satellite, provided by the US Geological Survey - USGS, using Qgis 3.10 software. Results and Conclusions: despite the difference in the representation of minimum and maximum values between the indices evaluated in the thematic maps, as a result, the NDVI and SAVI vegetation indices were close to 1, so that it can be inferred that from the analysis of the biophysical resource "vegetation cover" of the locality, it can allow the conservation of the area for the maintenance of its ecosystem services available to the region, despite the anthropic pressure suffered at the site. Implications of the research: The research is classified as extremely appropriate to the interests of the Post-graduate Program of the Federal University of Campina Grande and also corroborates as literature for other research groups in the Northeast that are involved with protected areas and analysis of vegetation index. Originality and value: The work is pointed out as essential because its differential are the analyses through NDVI and SAVI indexes adapted to the complex of the poet's park in Campina Grande-Brazil.

Recategorization of Conservation Units in Brazil: A systematic literature review

The Brazilian National System of Conservation Units (SNUC) has a wide spectrum of conservationist strategies, so that often the choice of a protected area typology is not adequate to the proposed conservation objectives. The recategorization of a Conservation Unit (CU) is a legal and widely used procedure to resolve conflicts of interest that exist even before the SNUC implementation. This research carried out a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) with the objective of identifying the methods applied in recategorizations and factors that led to the occurrence of this phenomenon in Brazilian CUs. Three bibliographic databases (Research gate, PubMed and Repositório UFSC) were searched, in addition to Google Scholar, obtaining total number of 1,068 articles. The results indicate increase in the number of publications on the theme in the last three years, and that there are twenty methods used in CU recategorization processes in Brazil. A variation of instruments used for recategorization was also identified, and it was found that in most cases, more than one instrument is used, with the implementation of a decree or law being the most used. Several factors are also responsible for recategorization, being territorial conflicts and their overlapping on traditional communities the most relevant.

The Conservation Management of Engenho Uchôa Wildlife Refuge as a Natural Heritage

From the perspective of United Statian preservationism, where the presence of human beings in areas understood as natural was opposed, the first protected areas in Brazil appear at the threshold of the discussion on the protection of the country's ecosystems, where the dichotomy between man and nature is admitted, and through which instruments for the management of Brazilian biomes and ecosystems are developed. This article discusses the nature management model in Brazil, contrasting traditional management (through the provisions of the National System of Conservation Units / SNUC and which reverberates to State and Municipal Systems) and the conservation management, understood as the modality of management that acts on the patrimonial dimension of nature. This discussion permeates the definitions of Natural Significance, Conservation and Natural Heritage in the Australian Natural Heritage Charter (IUCN, 2002), and through the example of the Mata do Engenho Uchôa Wildlife Refuge (RVSMEU), a state conservation unit by the State System of Conservation Units of Pernambuco / SEUC, it is discussed how the current ecosystem management plan approaches and distances itself from the conservation management of its heritage values.

Turismo e Unidades de Conservação: análise teórico-conceitual e empírica do uso indireto em parques nacionais brasileiros

The National System of Conservation Units defines indirect use as that which does not involve consumption, collection, damage, or destruction of natural resources. In this context, this research questions, from a theoretical and empirical applicability, the existence of an indirect use of natural resources by tourist activity and by residents in the National Parks of Lencois Maranhenses, Jericoacoara, and Chapada das Mesas. In this set, its centrality is based upon analyzing the concept of indirect use and its applicability in these loci. For that, it uses classic authors who discuss common use resources, comparing them with contemporary researchers. The methodology consists of bibliographic and documentary research, field research, direct observation, and qualitative approach. Thus, based on theoretical assumptions and empiricism, the results demonstrate that what is practiced in these Conservation Units is the direct use of common use resources both by tourism and residents.

Vulnerabilidade ambiental em áreas de caatingas na unidade de conservação parna do Catimbau, Pernambuco, semiárido brasileiro

O Parque Nacional do Catimbau é uma unidade de conservação integral muito importante na conservação da biodiversidade do bioma Caatinga. Estando situado na região semiárida de Pernambuco, na zona de transição entre o agreste e sertão, o parque comporta excessiva beleza de caatingas, monumentos esculpidos pela ação erosiva dos ventos em rocha arenítica e diversos sítios arqueológicos. Sabendo-se que o Parna do Catimbau constitui áreas de prioridade alta de conservação devido à susceptibilidade a desertificação, essa pesquisa teve como foco avaliar a vulnerabilidade das caatingas presentes nesta unidade de conservação. A metodologia utilizada contou com a aplicação do índice de vegetação ajustado ao solo (IVAS), sensoriamento remoto termal e visita em campo que permitiu a análise da espacialização das imagens orbitais, dos satélites Landsat 5 e 8 nos anos de 1995, 2006 e 2016. Os resultados mostraram aumento térmico nas áreas de caatingas e impactos ambientais ocasionados pela antropização de suas áreas. A antropização das caatingas no interior do Parna do Catimbau fere a Lei 9.985/00, que institui o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC) e define as atribuições de uma unidade de conservação de uso integral. Sendo necessário para essa UC o alinhamento de sua gestão com o SNUC e a implantação de espaços de aprendizagem para disseminação da educação ambiental à população dos municípios que a integram.

Vinte anos da lei do SNUC: Histórico e momento atual das unidades de conservação em Mato Grosso do Sul

No Brasil, a Lei nº 9.985 que institui o Sistema Nacional de unidades de conservação completa vinte anos em 2020. Nesse cenário, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a expansão das Unidades de Conservação no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul ao longo das últimas décadas e a representatividade de suas categorias no Sistema Estadual de Unidades de Conservação. Os resultados mostram que 15,20% da área do estado é provida de unidades de conservação, sendo 13,90% de uso sustentável, 0,38% de uso sustentável indireto (RPPNs) e 0,92% de proteção integral. O sistema estadual mostra um crescimento expressivo principalmente após a criação da Lei do SNUC, privilegiando principalmente as categorias de uso direto como as APAs, em número de unidades e extensão. A desconexão entre os dados e a busca pelo equilíbrio por diferentes categorias de manejo estão entre os principais desafios identificados.

Participação comunitária na gestão de recursos pesqueiros na Reserva Extrativista Marinha de Soure, Amazônia Marajoara (PA)

As políticas ambientais brasileiras criadas no final do século XX influenciaram significativamente o manejo dos recursos naturais no país. Elas possibilitaram novos tipos de gestão ambiental e a criação de áreas protegidas, atualmente gerenciadas por meio de dispositivos de governança que envolvem a esfera institucional e os arranjos locais. O Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC), especificamente as Reservas Extrativistas Marinhas (Resex), são exemplos-chave para pensar em como a governança territorial e ambiental, através de novos instrumentos, permite a gestão inovadora dos recursos naturais de modo sustentável, equitativo e compartilhado. Com base nessa premissa, o objetivo deste texto foi o de analisar a participação comunitária na gestão dos recursos pesqueiros na Reserva Extrativista Marinha de Soure, Marajó (PA). Para atingir esse objetivo, pesquisas de campo ocorreram entre 2015 e 2019 com base na perspectiva metodológica do estudo de caso e de métodos qualitativos de pesquisa, focados em geografia. Foram aplicadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação participante a pescadores artesanais e funcionários do Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) e houve participação em reuniões internas dos comunitários e do Conselho Deliberativo.
 
 Abstract
 
 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE FISHING RESOURCES IN SOURE MARINE EXTRACTIVE RESERVE, IN MARAJOARA AMAZON (PA)
 
 Brazilian environmental policies created at the end of the twentieth century have significantly influenced the management of natural resource in the country. They have made possible new types of environmental management and the creation of protected areas that are currently managed through governance devices involving the institutional sphere and local arrangements. The National System of Conservation Units, specifically, Marine Extractive Reserves, are key examples for thinking about how environmental governance, through new instruments, allows for innovative sustainable resource management, which is at once sustainable, equitable and shared. Based on this premise, this paper aims to analyze the community participation in the management of the fishing resources in the Soure Marine Extractive Reserve, Marajó (PA). To achieve this end, field researchs took place between 2015 and 2019 by using a case study methodological perspective and qualitative research methods, focused in geography. Moreover, I have applied semi structured interviews and participant observation with locals and Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation’s (ICMBio) staff and there was participation in the internal meetings of the locals and the Deliberative Council.

Protected Area of Integral Protection of the Atlantic Forest Biome: Management Council as an instrument for verification of potentialities and problems

In a capitalist society, dictated by irrational consumption and use of natural resources without measuring consequences, environmental policies have become necessary to reconcile the relationship between society and the environment. The Brazilian National System of Conservation Units (SNUC – Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação) is one of these policies. This study seeks to analyze a specific type of Conservation Unit (UC – Unidade de Conservação), which is classified as a National Park, the Itatiaia National Park (PNI – Parque Nacional do Itatiaia). The objective was to highlight the park’s socio-environmental problems and potentialities through the Management Council. To do so, data were collected through reviewing the council’s meeting minutes; the identification of potentialities and problems; and use of the SWOT matrix. Thus, problems such as land tenure, budget issues and wildfires were verified. As for potentialities, it was noted that the Council has a well-developed structure and park’s facilities are excellent. More problems were found than potentialities. Still, one can consider that one of the keys to solving the difficulties encountered would be participatory management through Freirean communication, as well as changes in Brazilian public policy.

Impact of mining activities on areas of environmental protection in the southwest of the Amazon: A GIS- and remote sensing-based assessment

The southwest Brazilian Amazon state of Rondônia has a relatively recent non-indigenous occupation, which subsequently develops a variety of human pressures and conflicts of interest presently identified in the region. Given such framework, it is worthwhile to note that there are 57 Conservation Units that must guarantee the biodiversity protection of Amazonia biome. However, due to the need for electricity and the international high demand for minerals, the highlighted scenario has dramatically changed in recent years. Official data from mining processes in the studied area demonstrated the existence of high interest for minerals, especially cassiterite and gold. Mining is indeed an essential activity for the nation mainly due to the generation of jobs and income. On the other hand, it produces several environmental and social impacts that vary accordingly to the peculiarities of the mining and with respect to the type of ore. Therefore, this research work investigated the concentration of mining projects in the state of Rondônia and complementarily evaluated the impact of such activities on areas of environmental protection. Landsat 8 OLI imageries were employed to map the diversity of land covers across the study area and also to evaluate the corresponding impact of mining activities. More than 500 processes have been identified within the Conservation Units. A significant part of the mining areas, covering about 26 km2, was observed inside one of the three types of evaluated areas (Integral Protection Sustainable Use Conservation Units and Damping Zone), clearly showing the development of the illegal activity, as defined in terms of the National System of Conservation Units. If deforestation is considered in this analysis, the area increases to about 6110 km2, representing more than 5.2% of the Conservation Units. In addition, we proposed the creation of the Mining Pressure Index (MPI), which allows classifying a Conservation Unit by the degree of pressure from mining activities. The proposed index revealed to be very efficient since it predicted high values over Conservation Units where it was expected a greater vulnerability. The index is a promising tool for public policy formulation and management of protected areas, as well as for enforcement action. The results provide a new horizon in terms of the perspective of importance and applicability of geotechnologies in the evaluation of environmental impacts, not restricted to mining activity.

Patrimônio geomorfológico e interpretação ambiental em trilhas de montanha (Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil)

Promover a valorização da geodiversidade e de seu patrimônio geomorfológico em unidades de conservação, a partir de uma perspectiva interdisciplinar, é de suma importância e contribui para o uso sustentável destes territórios e seu entorno. O Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (PARNASO), localizado na Serra do Mar, região Sudeste do Brasil, possui um conjunto de montanhas com grande valor estético que possibilita ressaltar outros valores e usos, como o científico, o didático e o turístico dos seus geomorfossítios, por meio de uma interpretação ambiental em trilhas, contribuindo no cumprimento de seus objetivos de acordo com o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação. O presente trabalho apresenta uma proposta de caracterização da geodiversidade do PARNASO e a implementação de estratégias de gestão e divulgação do patrimônio geomorfológico em trilhas de montanha, a partir da elaboração de roteiros geoturísticos e didáticos, com o auxílio do aplicativo de navegação Wikiloc®. Neste sentido, detalhar, registrar e divulgar aspectos da geodiversidade em trilhas contribui no destaque da dimensão estética da paisagem, da sua dimensão dinâmica, ao identificar e visualizar processos e mudanças, e também da sua imbricação de escalas, seja espacial ou temporal. Então, é necessário ressaltar uma abordagem mais integrada ligando a geodiversidade, a biodiversidade, a paisagem e as pessoas, aspecto central em que a presente pesquisa pretende contribuir.

Conciliating the overlap of protected areas and traditional territories: legal innovations for biological diversity conservation in brazilian parks

The National System of Conservation Units was introduced as part of the normative framework that regulates the creation of protected areas implemented by the Convention of Biodiversity. Here we analyze particularly protected areas, specifically those that do not allow the direct use of natural resources and predict that the traditional populations residing within its boundaries should be relocated. However, until you can perform this resettlement, the government may take action in order to reconcile the permanence of these populations for the purposes of the unit. Our goal was to identify and analyze the legal innovation adopted by the management bodies of Brazilian Parks of State and Federal in order to ensure the right’s of traditional population living in these areas. First, we conducted an exploratory study using the Citizen Information System to raise the cases of overlapping full protection conservation units to traditional lands and territories. After this step, we conducted a cutout in the research object to analyze only the Park category and we chose the empirical research methodology with application of documentary research method in the field of official public documents, namely, the management plans of federal parks and state approved and available on the website of the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation and state Departments of the Environment of all federal entities. We note that other solutions are adopted and not included resettlement as the first solution in all cases. In reality, there are several compositions using different legal instruments.

Spaces of Environmental Conflicts in the Buffer Zones for the Protected Area of the State Park Mata Do Pau Ferro in Areia – Paraiba

The National System of Conservation Units has defined a buffer zone as an area around a Conservation Unit, where activities must be subject to specific standards, in order to minimize negative impacts on ecosystems. Based on this discussion, this research uses remote sensing and geoprocessing and has as objectives: to map the use and occupation of the land, to simulate the buffer zone and to characterize the spaces of social and environmental conflicts of the State Park Mata do Pau Ferro, Areia-PB. Through the mapping of use and occupation was identified that the Park has 600 ha. Of these, 492 ha (82%) present a spectral response of forest vegetation (Seasonal Semideciduous Forest) in different successional stages, 54 ha (9%) represent clearings, with pioneer vegetation (Poaceaea and shrub), which present the same response spectral of crops and pastures, and 54 ha (9%) is the Vaca Brava reservoir, which presents its Permanent Preservation Area. The spaces of conflict are the protagonists of the buffer zone and summed represent 600 ha or 75% of the area. This fact can be considered an aggravating factor because all these economic activities are not being monitored and spatially symbolize a high degree of edge effect. Integrated management between the Conservation Unit and its buffer zone in this situation is urgent and should involve the surrounding social sectors, especially rural producers. An alternative would be the payment for Environmental Services and incorporate the agroforestry system.

The Legacy of Chico Mendes: successes and obstacles in the Extractive Reserves

O conceito de Reservas Extrativistas foi criação de seringueiros amazônicos, e Chico Mendes, com o apoio de aliados urbanos que deram visibilidade ao programa em escala nacional e internacional, propagando a ideia nas comunidades da floresta. As Reservas Extrativistas foram propostas para reconhecer direitos de moradores da floresta a territórios tradicionalmente ocupados e manter as florestas que são a base de seu modo de vida (Allegretti, 1990). Com esse programa, seringueiros, caboclos e ribeirinhos, habitantes da Amazônia até então invisíveis e residuais (Parker, 1985; Allegretti, 1979; Teixeira, 1980; Barbosa de Almeida, 1990; Nugent, 1993; Adams et al., 2006), ganharam rosto e, numa reviravolta da história, começaram a ter voz sobre seus destinos (Carneiro da Cunha & Barbosa de Almeida, 2000). O programa pelo qual lutou Chico Mendes fez diferença. Trinta anos após seu assassinato, há no Brasil 94 Reservas Extrativistas que integram o sistema nacional de Unidades de Conservação, abrangendo um território total de 15 milhões e 500 mil hectares, além de 381 Assentamentos Extrativistas no âmbito do programa de Reforma Agrária, abrangendo 10,8 milhões de hectares. Nesses 26 milhões de hectares (260.000 km2) moram seringueiros e castanheiros, quilombolas, coletores de molusco, pescadores artesanais e outros camponeses que têm em comum baixíssimo impacto ambiental, conservando e ampliando a diversidade de culturas e técnicas do país. Reservas Extrativistas são florestas (e outros biomas) com alta biodiversidade habitadas por populações com baixa densidade demográfica que utilizam técnicas de baixa intensidade. As Reservas Extrativistas visam conciliar direitos territoriais e diversidade cultural com a conservação e aumento da biodiversidade.

Mosaico Carioca de Áreas Protegidas e a perspectiva de gestão integrada do território no contexto urbano

O Mosaico de Área Protegida (MAP) é uma estratégia que preconiza a gestão integrada e participativa de áreas protegidas, e está previsto na Lei 9.985 de 18 de julho de 2000 – que instituiu o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC). Este artigo apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa cujo objetivo foi analisar e problematizar o funcionamento do MAP a partir da categoria analítica “território”, com base principalmente na sua acepção sociopolítica, utilizando como objeto de estudo o Mosaico Carioca. Esse mosaico possui uma particularidade em relação aos outros mosaicos devido ao fato de estar inserido no contexto urbano, situado no município do Rio de Janeiro – uma cidade que vem sofrendo transformações na sua configuração, geradas a partir de interesses diferenciados que raramente contemplam a conservação da biodiversidade. Por meio de uma abordagem qualitativa, foram aplicados os seguintes métodos de pesquisa: levantamento bibliográfico, análise de dados secundários e realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas. A partir do conceito de território, da abordagem escalar e de reflexões que permeiam o debate sobre a gestão integrada de áreas protegidas, foram ressaltadas as potencialidades e os desafios em relação aos mosaicos, em especial ao MC. Além disso, o estudo identificou divergências entre a visão da esfera pública e a da sociedade civil no que diz respeito à gestão do território e as expectativas de transformação espacial por parte dos atores com maior poder de influência, no caso do Rio de Janeiro, aliadas à interesses políticos em confluência com o modelo de cidade instituído.

Evaluating the Management Effectiveness: The Specific Case of Environmental Protection Areas (APAs)

As Áreas de Proteção Ambiental (APAs) são Unidades de Conservação (UCs) de uso sustentável constituídas por terras públicas e privadas, onde diversos usos são permitidos. Entende-se que sua efetividade de gestão depende de uma melhor compreensão do contexto social em que estão inseridas. Além disso, é um dos principais instrumentos para a conservação no país e a categoria mais representativa do território brasileiro. Atualmente, existem dezenas de metodologias para Avaliação da Efetividade de Gestão, entretanto, ocorrem limitações para o uso dos métodos já conhecidos aplicados às APAs, pois é uma UC particular do Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação e sem correspondência direta com as categorias da International Union for Conservation of Nature. O objetivo deste trabalho, portanto, é propor um método adequado de avaliação de efetividade de gestão de APAs devido as suas características únicas. Elaborou-se um método de Avaliação da Efetividade de Gestão de APAs, adaptando a metodologia Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Area Management (RAPPAM) à categoria APA com a colaboração de outras 11 metodologias. Como o RAPPAM é projetado para se fazer a avaliação de um grupo de unidades de conservação e avaliação de UCs florestais, a metodologia teve que ser adaptada para se adequar tanto para ser aplicada a apenas uma área como para APAs com territórios marinhos e continentais. O método foi testado aplicando-se o questionário para a equipe da APA da Baleia Franca (APABF), localizada no litoral sul de Santa Catarina. Observou-se que a APABF, por meio do método utilizado, possui uma efetividade de gestão de 49,4%; assim, a efetividade de gestão dela é minimamente satisfatória. Este dado indica que a APABF não está cumprindo com os objetivos de conservação e se encontra altamente vulnerável. Concluiu-se que o método proposto atendeu a expectativa de avaliação de eficiência de gestão da APABF.

Using Ostrom's principles to assess institutional dynamics of conservation: Lessons from a marine protected area in Brazil

The success of protected areas as a management tool for biodiversity conservation remains as a challenge, and broader approaches for protected area management have been proposed. Considering biodiversity conservation as an issue of the commons and within the realm of social-ecological systems is a promising alternative. In Brazil protected areas are under a State management regime, ruled by the National System of Conservation Units. The Ecological Station of Guaraqueçaba (ESG) is a no-take protected area located in the Paranagua Estuarine Complex, surrounded by traditional communities. In this article, Ostrom's design principles were adapted to assess the institutional dynamics of this protected area management, during two periods. Research methods included semi-structured interviews, participant observation and document analysis. During the first period, management actions were oriented to prevent the conversion of forest areas into anthropic occupations. The second period originated in 2000 with the creation of the National System of Conservation Units, which established more precise management tools and mechanisms for participatory decision making. In both periods there was low fulfillment of Ostrom's principles. The main changes over time were the creation of the ESG management council as a conflict-resolution mechanism, and an increase in the recognition of the rights of local communities. Yet, only three of the eight principles are totally present in the current institutional arrangement (well-defined boundaries, conflict-resolution mechanisms, and minimal recognition of rights). The results suggest a not robust institutional arrangement in terms of commons sustainable management.

Human population and socioeconomic modulators of conservation performance in 788 Amazonian and Atlantic Forest reserves.

Protected areas form a quintessential component of the global strategy to perpetuate tropical biodiversity within relatively undisturbed wildlands, but they are becoming increasingly isolated by rapid agricultural encroachment. Here we consider a network of 788 forest protected areas (PAs) in the world’s largest tropical country to examine the degree to which they remain intact, and their responses to multiple biophysical and socioeconomic variables potentially affecting natural habitat loss under varying contexts of rural development. PAs within the complex Brazilian National System of Conservation Units (SNUC) are broken down into two main classes—strictly protected and sustainable use. Collectively, these account for 22.6% of the forest biomes within Brazil’s national territory, primarily within the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest, but are widely variable in size, ecoregional representation, management strategy, and the degree to which they are threatened by human activities both within and outside reserve boundaries. In particular, we examine the variation in habitat conversion rates in both strictly protected and sustainable use reserves as a function of the internal and external human population density, and levels of land-use revenue in adjacent human-dominated landscapes. Our results show that PAs surrounded by heavily settled agro-pastoral landscapes face much greater challenges in retaining their natural vegetation, and that strictly protected areas are considerably less degraded than sustainable use reserves, which can rival levels of habitat degradation within adjacent 10-km buffer areas outside.

UMA QUESTÃO DE DIREITO: SOBREPOSIÇÃO ENTRE PARQUES NACIONAIS E TERRAS INDÍGENAS INGARIKÓ, NUKINI E NAWA

O Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação estabelece, entre outras providências, que toda área que se encontre nos limites da unidade de conservação classificada como parque nacional será desapropriado em favor do Estado. A presença humana nesses espaços tem gerado uma série de discussões, visto que cerca de 60 unidades de conservação se encontram sobrepostas a terras indígenas. Compõem esse número o Parque Nacional do Monte Roraima e a Terra Indígena Raposa Serra do Sol, em Roraima, bem como o Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor e as terras indígenas Nukini e Nawa, no estado do Acre. Desta forma, este artigo pretende analisar tais sobreposições. Para fundamentação teórica, recorreu-se ao levantamento bibliográfico e as disposições legais pertinentes ao assunto. Muitas variáveis devem ser avaliadas quando se trata de sobreposições, no entanto, um caminho possível seria a gestão compartilhada dessas áreas, permitindo a conservação da biodiversidade e da cultura local.