National Struggle Research Articles

TOROSLARDA YAKILAN İSTİKLAL ATEŞİNİN ROMANI KAYIP SANCAK’TA YAPI VE İZLEK

Geçmişte yaşanan olayların yazarların muhayyilesinde yeniden yorumlanarak kurgulanması sonucu meydana gelen tarihî romanlar, kimi yazarlar tarafından millî kimliği oluşturan değerleri muhafaza etmek ve millî bilinci uyanık tutmak amacıyla kaleme alınır. Türk edebiyatında geçmişten günümüze birçok tarihî roman kaleme alınmıştır. Mehmet Uluğtürkan’ın kaleme aldığı Kayıp Sancak romanı da bunlardan biridir. Yazar, özgün bir bakış açısıyla Millî Mücadele döneminde Güney cephesinde yaşananlara dikkat çeker. Adana’nın düşman işgalinden kurtuluşuna ithafen yazılan romanda Adana halkının Millî Mücadele’nin kazanılmasında gösterdiği kahramanlık ve mücadele gözler önüne serilir. Romanın olay örgüsü, 31 Ekim 1918 tarihinde Mustafa Kemal’in Adana’ya gelişiyle başlar ve 5 Ocak 1922 tarihinde Adana’nın düşman işgalinden kurtuluşunun kutlama gösterileriyle son bulur. Bu zaman aralığında yaşananlar bir tarihî süreç şeklinde aktarılır. Romanda Millî Mücadele döneminde Mustafa Kemal tarafından Adana’nın işgalden kurtarılması amacıyla görevlendirilen başkişi Tekelioğlu Sinan’ın ve çevresindekilerin verdiği direniş hareketi anlatılır. Bu çalışma boyunca metin merkezli bir yaklaşımla Kayıp Sancak romanı yapı ve izlek açısından tüm yönleriyle incelenecektir.

Tasawuf Underground: Menumbuhkan Self-Awareness Anak Jalanan Dalam Kesadaran Melaksanakan Ibadah

Children are the next generation who inherit the ideals of the nation's struggle which have an important role in the continuation of the existence of the nation and state in the future. Thisstudy aims to find out (1) The Worship Consciousness of Street Children in Subconscious Sufism. (2) Efforts of Subconscious Sufism in fostering the self-awareness of street children in carrying out worship. (3) Implications of the formation of self-awareness on the consciousness of street children in subconscious Sufism. This research is a qualitative research and field research using a case study approach. The subjects of this study were the founders of underground Sufism and street children of underground Sufism. The research location is under the Tebet Bridge, South Jakarta. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews and documentation. The results showed that the awareness of street children worshipping in underground Sufism was initially very low. It is shown by being undesirable to worship, consume illegal drugs, busk in the streets, and be homeless. The steps taken by underground Sufism to cultivate self-awareness in worship are to approach with reference to the theory of social concentration in five stages 1) Orientation stage 2) Affective exploration exchange 3) Affective exchange 4) Stable exchange 5) Depenetration. Then continued by introducing worship to street children with stages 1) understanding proselytizing 2) understanding haraki 3) understanding tandzhimi The implication of the efforts of underground Sufism in cultivating the self-awareness of street children is to carry out worship that there is a change in behavior in street children under his guidance which includes, wanting to worship, thinking, learning the Qur'an. a, and want to go to school.

Atatürk Dönemi Zafer Bayramı Kutlamaları (1929-1938)

Holidays are important days that unite society, consolidate feelings of unity and togetherness. The important days that countries have experienced in the past have been the national holidays of those countries. In Turkey, the events of the period of the National Struggle also constituted the days of the militia. One of the important days in the National Struggle is the date of August 30. The offensive, which began on August 26, 1922, resulted in the victory of the Turkish nation. The Great Offensive caused the hopes of the Turkish nation to flourish again and to regain its former strength. The offensive was planned in great secrecy. Only Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha and his close friend were aware of when the attack would be made. Before the Great Offensive, Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha was given the title of Commander-in-Chief again. . The Great Offensive, which ended with the decisive victory of the Turkish army on August 30, was greeted with great joy.
 It is important for nations to remember their past and raise new generations connected to their country in terms of the way holidays are celebrated and to know from which date they are celebrated. Therefore, on August 30, 1924, victory was celebrated in Dumlupinar with a ceremony attended by Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha. Two years after this ceremony, a law was passed in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and it was decided that the date of August 30 should be celebrated as a holiday. The draft law on the celebration of August 30 was adopted in 1926. there were no major victory celebrations that took place at the senior level until the mid-1930s. But especially after 1930, Victory Day on August 30 was celebrated with great enthusiasm all over the country.

Bureaucracy Reform In The Body of The Indonesian National Police (Applying The Principle of Professionality

State administrators have a very important role in realizing a clean and free country from corruption, collusion, and nepotism. State administrators must work hard and cooperate with the community. This is in accordance with the ideals of the nation's struggle to create a just and prosperous society as stated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. principles of state administration. State administrators in this case the National Police as a state instrument that has a role in maintaining public security and order, enforcing the law, and providing protection, protection, service, and a good example to the community. Demands for the professionalism of the Police are now being intensively voiced by the public. This community demand is to reform the police bureaucracy.

Gender and Nationalism: Political Awakening of Muslim Women of the Subcontinent in the 20th Century

This paper explores the conflicting relationship between feminism and nationalism by probing into the perception which views women as merely symbols of biological repository of a nation. This formulation is temporarily suspended during nationalist struggles, where women’s support was needed to show unity of identity driven by common objectives. Once independence was achieved, women were expected to stop being comrades in the nationalist struggle and return to being biological and ideological repositories of the nation itself. The political struggles of the Muslim women in the pre and post-independence Pakistan have been used as a case in point. The 20th century social reform movement, the Pakistan Movement and post-independence political struggles, till the end of the century, reflect how a masculine nation-state attempts to limit women’s political and legal rights: the same nation-state that was born as a result of the struggles of women alongside their men.

Silent Agents of Nationalist Struggle? Women of Mozambique, Fighting a War Within a War

ABSTRACT What narratives carry women who experienced war in the first person, even if they are not military or even directly part of a nationalist movement? How can they challenge the colonial and nationalist archives, that insist in silencing women’s experiences in their chronicles? In contemporary Mozambique, while the dominant nationalist historiography has acknowledged the role played by the women who left home and joined the nationalist armed struggle, the analysis tends to rend invisible the experiences of women that, from home, participated in the struggle. Methodologically, archival research is combined with ethnographic methods to explore the lived experiences of African women whose destinies were crossed by the nationalist war in Mozambique (1964–1974). In-depth interviews with three women, supported by semi-structured interviews with relatives and acquaintances, are used to research ‘home’ as a key political space of women’s anti-colonial resistance and a context where emancipatory projects were dreamed. In parallel, this article aims to discuss the patriarchal dimension of knowledge kept in official archives, thus contributing to questioning the masculine hegemony in the ‘national’ discourse, as well as to reintroduce the question of agency and instrumentality back into the liberation narrative.

FUNGSI SOSIALISASI KELUARGA DAN MASYARAKAT DALAM UPAYA MENCEGAH TAWURAN ANTARPELAJAR

Brawls between students are a very worrying problem for parents, schools, and the community. The brawl has resulted in many victims, both minor and severe injuries, even to the point of death from being hit by sharp weapons. The incident of brawls between students, of course, also disturbed the peace of the general public. Unfortunately, Indonesia has to lose the young generation to succeed in the nation's struggle in an unexpected event. This article aims to determine the function of family socialization and the role of society as social control in an effort to prevent brawls between students. Through the socialization process in children, parents can instill mutual respect for differences, tolerance, cooperation, fairness to one another, and respecting the rights of others, as well as an understanding of the joint obligations of other community members to create a calm, peaceful, and peaceful life. Peaceful and conducive. This effort can prevent teenagers from doing evil deeds such as brawls between students. Society as social control is needed as an element to avoid brawls between students. The community must instill positive values and be supported by mutually agreed rules to prevent juvenile delinquency. A morally conducive society can teach children and young people how to behave, respect differences, respect the rights of others, and carry out their obligations as members of society

Race, Politics, and Nation in Albion W. Tourgée's American Historical Novels Series: The Example of Hot Plowshares

Race, Politics, and Nation in Albion W. Tourgée's American Historical Novels Series: The Example of <i>Hot Plowshares</i>

THE CONSTRUCTIVE WORKS OF SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL, THE CREATOR OF UNBROKEN INDIA. (IN CONTEXT WITH AHMEDABAD MUNICIPALITY)

Sardar Patel is one of the most foremost figures in the annals of the Indian national movement. Due to his versatile personality he made many fold contribution to the national causes during the struggle for freedom. The great achievement of Vallabhbhai Patel is his successful completion of various satyagraha movements, particularly the Satyagraha at Kheda which made him a popular leader among the people and at Bardoli which earned him the coveted title of “Sardar” and him an idol for subsequent movements and developments in the Indian National struggle. The role of Sardar Patel in constructive activities are admirable. The present study focuses on the great achievement of Sardar Patel in the fields of social, educational and women empowerment. I used analytical, descriptive and historical method to complete my work.

Türk Sinemasında İzmir’in Kurtuluşunun Kadın Kahramanı – Fato: Ya İstiklal Ya Ölüm (1951)

Yönetmen Turgut Demirağ tarafından çekilen Fato: Ya İstiklal Ya Ölüm filmi, milli mücadeleye ve İzmir’in kurtuluşu temasına farklı bir bakış açısıyla yaklaşması sebebiyle benzer temalı diğer filmlerden ayrılmaktadır. Çekimlerine 1949 yılında başlanan fakat çekim süreci içinde gerçekleşen bir trafik kazası yüzünden ancak 1951 yılında gösterime giren film, Fato adlı kadın kahramanı ön plana alması bakımından, sinemamızda özgün bir yere sahiptir. Gerek teknik açıdan gerekse sinema dili açısından dönemindeki yerli örneklere oranla daha yetkin olan bu çalışma, seyirci tarafından da ilgi görmüş ve uzun yıllar boyunca tekrar tekrar gösterime girmiştir. Kurtuluş Savaşı sırasında Yunan birliklerinin İzmir’den Ege’nin iç kısımlarına doğru ilerlemek için kullandıkları bir köprüyü imha etmekle görevlendirilmiş olan bir grup akıncıya kılavuzluk eden genç Fato, yeri geldiğinde bu gruba adeta önderlik edecek ve hayatı pahasına da olsa görevin başarıya ulaşmasında başrolü oynayacaktır. Bu çalışmada film, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin ve Türk sinemasının içinde bulunduğu tarihsel koşullar içinde incelenecek ve filmin sinemamızdaki özgün yeri somut örneklerle ortaya konacaktır.

Bir Savaş İki Kardeş: Büyük Taarruz’da Görev Alan Kurmay Binbaşı Mustafa Şemsettin (Taner) ve Kurmay Binbaşı Cemil Tahir (Taner)’in Meslek Hayatlarından Bazı Kesitler

The main purpose of the study was to examine the biographies of Mustafa Şemsettin (Taner) Bey and his brother Cemil Tahir (Taner) Bey serving as staff majors during the Great Offensive and the Field Battle of the Commander-in-Chief. Mustafa Şemsettin was born in 1890 and his brother Cemil Tahir was born in 1892 as the children of Cavalry First Lieutenant Tahir Bey and Emine Hanım in Uzunköprü (Ergene) district of Edirne. Of the two brothers serving as staff majors during the Great Offensive and the Field Battle of the Commander-in-Chief, Mustafa Şemsettin Bey successfully performed his duty as the Chief of the 1st Section (Operations Section) and Cemil Tahir Bey successfully carried out his duty as the Chief of the 1st Army Operations Section. Mustafa Şemsettin Bey who served at various ranks in the army and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general after the Turkish War of Independence served as the Commander of War Academies between the years of 1943-1945. He passed away on 22 June 1945 due to his illness. The younger brother Cemil Tahir Bey was appointed as the General Director of Physical Training in 1938 while he was serving at the rank of major general after promoting to this rank by undertaking important duties in the army after the Great Offensive. Cemil Tahir Bey who carried out his duty successfully until 1945 passed away on 28 December 1946 due to his illness. In the article, it was tried to present the biographies of the two brothers who served with a high sense of responsibility and achieved significant successes until the last days of their lives by undertaking important duties both during and after the National Struggle. The primary sources of the research were the Archive of the Ministry of National Defence, the Republic Archive of the Presidency, periodicals, and memoirs.

Examples of Confidential Correspondence between the Heroes of the National Struggle, 23rd Division Commander Ömer Lütfi Argeşo (Karahisar-ı Sahib Deputy) and Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Nuh Bey)

Millî Mücadele döneminde vatansever subaylar Mustafa Kemal Paşa ve Temsil Heyeti ile birlikte işgal devletlerine ve İstanbul Hükümeti’ne karşı büyük bir mücadele vermiştir. Bu subaylar arasında ki önemli isimlerden birisi de 23. Fırka Kumandanı Ömer Lütfi Argeşo’dur. Aslen İstanbul doğumlu olan Ömer Lütfi Bey gerek asker gerekse siyasetçi olarak Afyonkarahisar Sancağı için önemli faaliyetlerde bulunmuştur. Özellikle Sivas Kongresi ve seçimlere giden süreçte Millî Mücadele harekâtının örgütlenmesinde önemli çalışmalara imza atmıştır. Bu sürede 23. Fırka Kumandanlığı mıntıkasında yer alan bölgeler başta olmak üzere birçok bölgenin Sivas karargâhıyla iletişiminin sağlanmasında kilit isimlerden olmuştur. Tıpkı Temsil Heyeti gibi Ömer Lütfi Bey de Millî Mücadele’nin başarılı olabilmesi için öncelikle Müdafaa-i Hukuk merkezlerinin güçlendirilmesi gerektiği kanaatindedir. Bu nedenle mücadele yıllarında tecrübeli ve başarılı bir asker olarak hem direniş hareketlerinin örgütlenmesine yardımcı olmuş hem de halkın bu mücadelede yer alması için elinden geleni yapmıştır. Dahası İstanbul Hükümeti’nden gizlice silah ve cephanelik temin edilmesini sağlayarak Millî Mücadele’ye önemli yardımlarda bulunmuştur. Aynı zamanda halk tarafından da sevilip sayılan bir isim olan Ömer Lütfi Bey bu çalışmalarından dolayı Temsil Heyeti tarafından desteklenmiş ve 1919 seçimlerinde Afyonkarahisar’dan aday gösterilmiştir. Her ne kadar Temsil Heyeti adına meclise seçilmiş olsa da arşiv kayıtlarında askerliğin onun için mebusluktan önce geldiği görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada ATASE ve TİTE arşivleri başta olmak üzere Ömer Lütfi Bey’in hayatı, mebusluk süreci ayrıca Temsil Heyeti ile Mustafa Kemal Paşa ile yaptığı bazı yazışma örnekleri ele alınmaya çalışılmıştır.

Among Nations, Texts and Media: Spectatorship, World War I and the Occupation of Istanbul

Sinemanın kurumsallaşması, İstanbul’da 1900-1910 arasına rastlayan dönemde, Batı Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika ile neredeyse eşzamanlı olarak ilk sinema salonlarının açılmasıyla başlamıştır. Kurumsallaşma süreci, yerli film prodüksiyon şirketlerinin kuruluşu, düzenli sinema dergilerinin çıkmaya başlaması ve özellikle film yıldızlarına dair yazıların yaygınlaşmasıyla gerçekleşmiştir. Bu, aynı zamanda, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'ndan ulus-devlete geçiş dönemidir. Ayrıca, Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na, işgal dönemine ve Kurtuluş Savaşına, sinemanın yeni bir teknoloji ve sanat formundan adeta kamusal bir alana dönüşmesi süreci eşlik etmiştir. Bu süreçte, film piyasasının ulus-aşırı dinamikleri İstanbul’un bu dönemdeki çok uluslu ve çok dinli yapısıyla uyumlu ilerlemiş, savaşın kaybı, İstanbul’un işgali ve Milli Bağımsızlık Mücadelesi şehirde gösterilen filmlerin milliyetlerini de etkilemiştir. Bütün bunlar filmlerin alımlanması sürecinde özellikle erkek yazarlarda cinsiyet temelli bir ayrımı tetiklemiş, edebi tahayyülün sinemasal üsluba yakınlaşmasına yardımcı olmuştur. Öte yandan dönemin edebi yazınında sinemaya dair en ayrıksı yaklaşımlardan biri Halide Edip Adıvar’ınkidir. Onun romanlarında, hafıza, hatırlama, hayal kurma gibi bilişsel süreçler ile sinema arasındaki estetik benzerliklere çokça rastlanır. Bu nedenle çalışmada, bilişsel süreçler ile sinema arasındaki fark Halide Edip’in romanlarından, sinema seyircisinin cinsiyetlendirilmesi de dönemin çoğunluğu erkek diğer romancılarının yazınından yola çıkılarak analiz edilmiştir. Analiz yapılırken, sinema seyirciliğinin cinsiyetlendirilmesinde savaşların film dağıtımına etkisi ve dağıtımla bağlantıları da göz önünde bulundurulmuştur. Bu kapsamda makalede, Birinci Dünya Savaşı ve İşgal dönemi İstanbul’unda sinema ve seyirciliğin duygusal ve kültürel tarihine odaklanırken çok boyutlu ve feminist bir bakış açısı ortaya konulmuştur. Analiz kapsamında ilk olarak dönemin gazeteleri, ticari kayıtları ve belgeleri aracılığıyla şehirdeki film dağıtımının ulusal/uluslararası niteliklerine, sonrasında da kurgu yazında dağıtımın etkilerine bakılmıştır.

MODEL PENINGKATAN PERILAKU HEALTH MAINTANANCE ANAK BERBASIS INDIVIDUAL COACHING PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic is a challenge throughout the world, where children are one of the most vulnerable groups. Children are the assets of the nation and the future generations of the ideals of the nation's struggle that will determine the future of the nation and state. Therefore, great attention and hope needs to be given to children. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of individual coaching on children's health maintenance behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. This type of research used quasy experiment with one group pre-test-posttest design. The population in this study were 143 parents of Geliting grade IV, V, VI children with a total sample size of 30 people. The technical sample in this study used Stratified Random Sampling. Measurement of health maintenance behavior using a questionnaire.Individual coaching intervention is given for 1 (one) month with several stages, namely: check in, pre visit, visit, post visit, between visits. The research is located at SD Geliting, Kewapante District, Sikka Regency. The study was conducted on 15 November -15 December 2020. Data analysis used univariate and bivariate (Wilcoxon Rank Test). The results of the Wilcoxon Rank Test analysis showed that before and after being given the individual coaching intervention, it gave a price (p-value 0.000 &lt;0.05), this indicates that there was a significant effect caused by the individual coaching intervention. The results of this study prove that individual coaching interventions can improve health maintenance behavior in children. It is hoped that the results of this study can be used as additional interventions to improve health maintenance behavior in children.&#x0D;

MATBUAT VE İSTİHBARAT MÜDÜRİYET-İ UMUMİYESİ GENEL MÜDÜRLERİ (1920-1931)

General Directorate of Press and Intelligence is an organization that played an important role in the victory of the Turkish National Struggle. The Directorate is one of the organizations that made an important contribution to the Turkish National Struggle in terms of intelligence, both with propaganda and other intelligence activities other than propaganda. In this study, individuals who served as General Directors in the General Directorate of Press and Intelligence from June 7, 1920, the date of its establishment, until June 1, 1931, the date of its abolition, are examined. The study is based on the hypothesis that the General Directors who have a decisive role in the execution of institutional activities, made significant contributions to increasing the institutional performance of the Directorate between 1920-1931 and these contributions naturally had positive reflections on the Turkish National Struggle. While testing this hypothesis, archive documents determined as a result of scanning Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye Directorate of State Archives, Minutes of The Grand National Assembly of Türkiye, memoirs, primary and secondary sources within the scope of the subject are used. As a result of the holistic evaluation of the sources, which are handled in accordance with the historical research method, it has been determined that the General Directors including Hamdullah Suphi Tanrıöver, Muhittin Birgen, Ahmed Ağaoğlu and Zekeriya Sertel who have experience in the field of press, had made a significant contribution to the development of Directorate’s institutional capability and performance. Thanks to this contribution of the General Directors, it is seen that the intelligence and propaganda activities in the Turkish National Struggle could be carried out in a healthy way with an institutional understanding and within a certain program.

GENERALLİKTEN İDAM SEHPASINA (DADAŞ) RÜŞTÜ PAŞA: ASKERÎ VE SİYASİ FAALİYETLERİ

Millî Mücadele yıllarının kurtuluşa odaklanarak tüm farklılıkları ortadan kaldıran kenetlenme süreci Cumhuriyet’in ilk yılları ile beraber bir yol ayrımına dönüşmeye başlamıştır. Bu sürecin ilk evresinde kurtarıcı sıfatıyla hareket eden askeri ve siyasi yöneticilerin birçoğu yeni dönemde köklü devrimler karşısında muhalif bir tavır takınmışlardır. Bu radikal değişimin en önemli örneklerinden birini teşkil eden Rüştü Paşa’nın konu edindiği bu çalışmada onun askeri safhadaki başarılı çalışmalarının ardından siyasi anlamda Mustafa Kemal Paşa’ya başlatılan muhalif çalışmalardaki rolü ve bir suikast planına kadar varan süreci ele alınmaktadır. Düşünsel farklılıkların ve mevcut siyasi atmosferin kendisini muhalefete ittiği bu yıllarda, Rüştü Paşa, bağımsız ve tek başına muhalefet yerine tüm kariyeri boyunca olduğu gibi geri planda kalmayı ancak yine muhalif bir görev edinmeyi ihmal etmemiştir. Askeri faaliyetleri boyunca güvenilir ve sadık bir ikinci adam sıfatını hak eden Rüştü Paşa, Meclis faaliyetlerinde ise sıkı bir muhalif haline gelmiştir. Onu İzmir Suikastı gibi bir olay içinde yer almaya ve dolayısıyla idama götüren süreci ortaya koymak çalışmanın temel hedefidir. Çalışma arşiv belgeleri, gazeteler, anılar ve çeşitli araştırma eserler incelenerek hazırlanmıştır.

BEHIND CLOSED DOORS: The Paris Meetings of the Allies on the Turco-Greek War (20-23 September 1922)

The Mudanya Armistice and the Lausanne Peace Treaty have without doubt a prominent place in the history of the Turkish National Struggle. Thus, there have been many studies and publications to this date which have dealt with all aspects of the Armistice and the Lausanne. It is for this reason that the current study will not deal with the armistice and the Lausanne itself. Rather, as stated in the title, the study will look at Allies’ meetings in Paris on the Turco-Greek War on 20-23 September 1922. More specifically, it will investigate how the British, French, and Italian statesmen (such as Lord Curzon, Poincaré, and Kont Sforza) evaluated the Turco-Greek War, the armistice and the peace conference. On 20 September, Lord Curzon went to Paris to discuss the matters with the French Prime Minister, Poincaré and Italian counterpart.

Büyük Taarruz’un İletişim Stratejisi

A strategic mind that managed the whole process played an important role in the making of the National Struggle and its victory. This mind, which managed to unite the regional resistance movements in a single center and turn into a national will, ensured the final victory by spreading its effectiveness in the field of planning and management to every field.&#x0D; The phenomenon of communication is one of the key concepts of the Turkish National Struggle with its strategic understanding. A communication strategy based on planning and implementation has always existed in the National Struggle, which started with the departure of Mustafa Kemal Pasha to Samsun. Until the end of the war, the communication strategy was actively used together with the military, political and diplomatic fronts of the main strategy. This strategy makes itself felt by strongly accompanying the activities behind the war, diplomatic contacts, press and public relations.&#x0D; Mustafa Kemal Pasha, who used the press as an effective tool in enlightening the domestic and foreign public opinion during the War of Independence, ensured the organization of national resistance and the formation of national unity with his communication strategy. In addition to the military struggle, the legitimacy of the National Struggle was explained to the Turkish and world public opinion through communication policies during the period of diplomacy and propaganda wars.&#x0D; The Great Attack, which ended the occupation of Turkey and confirmed its national independence, is the last stage in which war and communication strategies are successfully carried out. Important decisions taken regarding communication in coordination with military action plans were decisive in the fate of the war.

THE ARMENIAN ISSUE IN ALBAYRAK AND IRADE-I MILLIYE NEWSPAPERS

The Ottoman Empire was a multinational state. Armenians also benefited from the Ottoman Empire's management style based on tolerance. Turkish-Armenian relations and the Armenian issue are a very comprehensive issue and this issue was published in two newspapers that were the voice of the years of national struggle; It appears frequently in Albayrak and İrade-i Milliye Newspapers. Albayrak Newspaper published 93 issues on March 14, 1913 and March 29, 1915 in Erzurum during the days when Turkish lands were occupied, but 2 of these 93 issues have survived to the present day. The second time the newspaper started its publication life, when the country began to be occupied by the enemy after the Armistice of Mondros; It was dated March 5, 1919 and was published until February 14, 1921. İrade-i Milliye Newspaper started its publication life in Sivas on 4 September 1919 at the end of Sivas Congress and was published until 24 May 1921. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk followed the newspaper closely. These two newspapers carry the characteristics of announcing the occupations of the country, the injustices and the things that need to be said, being the voice of the country and defending the Turkish liberation struggle. In this study, news, articles and articles about the Armenian issue in Albayrak and İrade-i Milliye newspapers were examined. Keywords: Armenian İssue, Albayrak Newspaper, İrade-i Milliye Newspaper

Ireland, Literature, and the Coast: Seatangled by Nicholas Allen

<i>Ireland, Literature, and the Coast: Seatangled</i> by Nicholas Allen