National Statistical Service Research Articles

Новые направления трудовой миграции из Таджикистана: на примере Великобритании

Introduction. Tajikistan is one of the few countries in the world whose state budget is largely based on tax revenues from remittances from citizens working abroad. The deterioration of the economic situation in Russia has forced migrants to look for a new direction of labor migration. In particular, the Government of Tajikistan itself is interested in reorienting migrants to a new direction. In 2021, Tajikistan signed an employment agreement with the United Kingdom (UK) and the Republic of Korea to send seasonal migrants. Goals. The article aims to identify the prospects and trends in the development of labor emigration from Tajikistan to the UK, as well as the features and channels of seasonal migration from Tajikistan to the UK. Materials and methods. In this study, statistical and sociological research methods are used. The statistics includes numbers of seasonal migrants from Tajikistan for a variety of years. A content analysis of interviews with labor migrants to the UK has been conducted. The analytical method includes systematization of the materials of recruitment agencies’ websites and bilateral agreements of the Republic of Tajikistan with foreign countries. The data are provided by the Agency on Statistics under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, the National Statistical Service of Great Britain, World Bank, International Organization for Migration (IOM). Currently, the Agency on Statistics under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan has information on the unemployment rate in the country, the economically active population, as well as the number of Tajik migrants until 2021, the World Bank provides data until 2021. Data on the number of seasonal migrants and the structure of labor migration from Tajikistan at the end of 2022 are published in annual or quarterly sections and posted on the official website of the National Statistical Service of the UK. Results. The UK, which needs cheap labor for agriculture, after BREXIT was forced to expand the geography of attracting labor. In addition to the traditional region of hiring seasonal workers — Eastern European countries (Poland, Baltic states, Bulgaria), labor resources began to be actively attracted from Central Asian countries, including Tajikistan. The main factor in attracting migrants from Tajikistan to the UK is the shortage of labor in the country’s labor market after leaving the EU. The main reasons for the reorientation of Tajik migrants from the Russian labor market to the UK are as follows: economic crises in Russia; tightening of migration policy towards Tajik migrants; the spread of English among the youth of Tajikistan, etc. Migration of low-skilled citizens of Tajikistan began in the second quarter of 2021. The main type of migration from Tajikistan to the UK are seasonal migration. The main channel of emigration from Tajikistan to the UK are public and private recruitment agencies. The main one from the bottom is the state institution — Center for Counseling and Pre-Departure Training of Migrant Workers.

Distribution of The Health Workers in The Tuberculosis Sector, Mongolia: Assessment Results Using the Gini Index

Background: Mongolia was classified as one of the 30 countries with the highest tuberculosis burden by World Health Organization in 2021 and tuberculosis is the first leading cause of mortality among deaths from all communicable diseases in the country. The number and distribution of health workers to provide tuberculosis healthcare services will play an important role in the fight against tuberculosis. However, there has been no quantitative evaluation of the distribution of tuberculosis health workers in Mongolia. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the distribution of health workers in the tuberculosis sector using the Gini index. The results provide quantifiable information for monitoring resource distribution and serve as a basis for informed decision-making on resource allocation, facilitating targeted interventions and equitable healthcare distribution in Mongolia. Methods: Data from the National Center for Communicable Diseases and the National Statistical Information Service of Mongolia was obtained and analyzed. The Gini coefficients were calculated to reflect the inequality of distributions. Results: Total number of health workers in the tuberculosis sector was only 1.29 per 10,000 population. The Gini index values for the distribution of tuberculosis doctors, assistant workers, nurses, and laboratory technicians were at 0.61, 0.67, 0.43, and 0.33 respectively, all showing a range from severe to relative inequality. Conclusions: Findings showed the number and distribution of tuberculosis health workers were both inadequate and unequal and ring the need for proper health system planning. To plan the tuberculosis control and address the high burden of the disease in the country, the human resources situation should be analyzed and handled regularly. Keywords: Mongolia, Tuberculosis, Health workers, Distribution, Gini index

The role and place of big data in official agricultural statistics

The agro-industrial sector, like other industries, is increasingly data-driven and data-analytical. From crop selection to assessing consumer food preferences, data is collected at every stage of the agricultural chain. The huge amounts of data collected and processed have already fundamentally changed the structure and efficiency of various agricultural production and supply systems. Modern digital technologies are being actively introduced into agriculture, from laboratory conditions to open and protected fields. The use of machine learning tools, robotics and big data technologies significantly transforms and optimizes not only production processes, but also methodological approaches for scientific research. The results of the study suggest that the use of big data sources in addition to statistical observations helps to reduce the burden on respondents, which is an important task for national statistical services.

სახელმწიფოს როლი ტურისტული ბიზნესის განვითარებაში

Tourism business in Georgia is a means of stimulating the country's economy, it creates additional jobs, develops small businesses, is an important source of income for other business sectors, promotes the sale of products produced and imported in the country, and therefore, as in other countries, this sector is an important source of state income in Georgia. According to the information spread by the National Tourism Administration, in 2022, Georgia received 3.5 billion dollars in income from international travel. According to their own statement, the income received from travel in 2022 exceeded the figure of 2019 and showed a record figure of 3,516,634,479 USD, which is a recovery of the similar figure of 2019 by 107.6%. According to the data of the National Statistical Service of Georgia, in 2022, 5.4 million international non-residents travelled to Georgia, which is 2.9 times higher than the previous year. Most of the visits were made in Tbilisi at the regional level, 57.2%, followed by Adjara with 45.1% and Mtskheta-Mtianeti with 19%. From the rest of the regions, the most visits were made to Kvemo Kartli 7.9%, Samtskhe-Javakheti 7.7%, Imereti 7.5% and Kakheti 5.8%. In Georgia, in order to develop the tourism business during the pandemic and post pandemic period, it was necessary for the state to develop a systematic approach. It is worth noting that the government has shown some support in this direction and carried out the postponement of loans taken by individuals and legal entities, exempting a number of companies from taxes and establishing certain benefits, etc. The National Tourism Administration, in its turn, implemented the following activities: support of the private sector and trainings in the direction of adaptation of operations, communication with private sectors, recommendations and planning of future actions, deepening of international cooperation. The project "Work from Georgia" of the National Tourism Administration made a great contribution to the development of tourism, which meant hosting highly paid citizens of foreign countries who wish to work remotely in Georgia. This project contributed to the entry of more affluent tourists to Georgia, and what is very important, it increased the statistical stay period of travelers in Georgia compared to previous years. Tourism, like other economic sectors, needs the establishment of appropriate state policies and state support, both at the local, regional and national levels, for stable development. The development of tourism business in Georgia and the growth of incomes from this field were caused by the recognition of tourism as a priority area of the country's economy. For a country that actually has tourism potential and possesses certain competitive advantages, tourism should be one of the main pillars and priority areas of the country's development strategy. Our country really has this potential, and with the support of the state, the tourism business will become more competitive throughout the region. Conclusions 1. The state should make the population more informed about the existence of state programs promoting tourism business, so that interested people can get involved in it if they wish. 2. The state should actively take care of the arrangement of destinations and infrastructure. 3. The more the demand of foreign tourists based on the increased tourist flows will be satisfied with local products, the more stimulating it will be for the economy of our country. 4. Involvement of the state in the development of tourism business is undoubtedly necessary. 5. The development of tourism business can make a significant contribution to the solution of the country's unemployment problem and the stability of the exchange rate of the lari.

EU migration policy: policy of humanism vs threat to national security

Uncontrolled migration sweeping Europe is a priority of the political leadership led by a number of European states such as France, Italy, as well as their allies in the United States. The climate crisis in Europe also plays an important role here, which can be resolved, according to Germany, with the help of future “new citizens” who arrived from countries in Africa and the Middle East, exclusively with a Muslim population. What are the migration and immigrant policies in EU countries? How is the immigration policy of European countries being transformed? A detailed analysis of the current state of affairs in Europe is based on official data from the national statistical services of Germany, France, Great Britain, the Ministry of European Integration of the Republic of Serbia, the Department of Civil Liberty and Immigration of the Italian Republic, as well as international organizations - the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the International Organization for Migration (IOM), Eurostat, World Bank. The article examines the security problem in connection with the penetration of radical Islam along with refugees. The authors reveal the consequences of the migration crisis in Europe and make an attempt to answer the question: is the reception and integration of refugees an act of humanity or a problem of national security for EU countries.

The Importance of Quality Management System and The Ways to Increase Its Awareness in Georgia (on the example of neighboring countries)

In today's business environment, high quality products and services are vital for organizations to survive and maintain competitive advantage. Implementation of quality management system is still a challenge for Georgian entrepreneurs. According to the data of the National Statistics Service of Georgia on 31.12.2021, there are 183,300 operating organizations registered in Georgia, and only 176 organizations are certified by the ISO 9001 standard, i.e. approx. 0.1% (ISO Survey, 2021), which shows that awareness of the importance of the quality management system is extremely low in our country. Georgian entrepreneurs are less informed about the requirements needed to enter export markets, among which one of the most important requirements is quality assurance. The paper aims to review the existing experience in the direction of measures supporting the awareness of the quality management system of the business sphere of Azerbaijan and Russia and to develop specific recommendations based on their analysis, taking into account the reality of Georgia. Keywords: Quality management, principles of quality management, quality management system awareness, ISO 9000 series standards.

Analysis of Migrational Trends in the Context of Formation of Georgian Labor Market and Economic Development

Georgia's participation in global migration processes has increased substantially in recent years. The significance of migration in the socioeconomic, cultural, political, and demographic aspects of the nation is growing. Effective migration management is one of the prerequisites for assuring the security and long-term stability of the nation. It is also an essential tool for reapprochement with the European Union and contributes to the country's socioeconomic development by maximizing the potential of migration. For this reason, proper planning of migration policy and continuous development of its management effectiveness is one of the Government of Georgia's top priorities, and its study is even more pertinent at the present time. The purpose of the study is to analyze migrational trends within the context of the formation of Georgian labor market and the growth of the economy, as well as to determine future prospects. Based on the purpose of the research, the main research objectives and hypotheses can be formulated as follows: 1. Analysis of migrational trends; 2. Characterization of the causes of migration; 3 Assessment of the impact of migration on the formation of the Georgian labor market and the development of the economy. The methodological foundation of the work is economic science research; Georgian and foreign language scientific articles, papers, and studies are used; and the research material is founded on National Statistics Service data. In the research, qualitative and statistical methodologies are employed. This research focuses primarily on data acquisition, comparison, evaluation, and analysis. Finally, the results and conclusions of the research can be used in higher education institutions as a guide material, and it will significantly help various institutions in working out the adequate issues of defining and realizing the country's economic development course. Key words: Modern migrational trends, Migrational challenges, Exporting-importing countries, Migration factors, Migration policy.

Density and regional distribution of radiologists in a low-income country: the Ghana situation

BackgroundThis study assessed the density and distribution of radiologists across all 16 regions in Ghana to generate reference information for planning and policy formulation to encourage radiology specialization and in designing systems to improve the dissemination of radiological services across all the regions in Ghana.MethodA cross-sectional design was used to collect secondary data on all radiologists (n = 93) registered with the Medical and Dental Council of Ghana (MDCG) as of December 2022. This information collected on the records of the MDCG was confirmed with records from the Ghana Association of Radiologists. Population and land area data were also collected from the National Statistical Service of Ghana for each region in the country. The Stata statistical software version 15 was used to analyze the data collected.ResultsThere were 93 radiologists in the country. The majority were male (n = 60, 65%) and about one-third of the radiologists were female. The national density of radiologists was 1.9 radiologists per 5000 km2. Only 3 of the 16 regions in the country had a better distribution of radiologists per 5000 km2. There were three radiologists per million people in Ghana with a skewed regional distribution. Seven out of the 16 regions lacked radiologists. The proportion of female radiologists stationed within the Greater Accra and Ashanti regions was 87.9% (29/33). The Bono, Eastern, Northern, and Western regions had one female radiologist each.ConclusionsActions are needed to improve the shortage and skewed distribution of radiologists. The outcome will help to improve radiological services across all the regions in Ghana.

Analysis of the results of Structural Surveys of russian Business for 2017–2022

The development of business structures with a different scales of activity, as well as individual entrepreneurship (IE) is the basis of the economy of any country, the source of creating highly efficient jobs, the basis for introducing innovations; therefore, in all countries of the world, structural survey programs are implemented annually, including a unified system of indicators — business organizations and individual entrepreneurs act as objects of continuous annual monitoring by national statistical services. In this regard, the purpose of the study — that is to study the patterns of demography of Russian enterprises and changes in their business activity in 2017–2022 — is so relevant. The work used a selective method of observation, methods of dynamic and correlation-regression types of analysis. The authors studied the structure of the totality of Russian business organizations, their distribution by federal districts according to such criteria as the birth rate (economic birth rate), official liquidation (mortality), structural shifts in their demography in 2022 compared to 2017. In the course of the study trends in changes in the levels of fertility and mortality of organizations were determined and short-term forecasts of their values for 2023 were built. The authors also present the results of an analysis of the development of individual entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation for 2017–2021. The results of the study can be used both in territorial statistical services and in Rosstat, and can also be used to train economists, analysts, statisticians in universities of a financial and economic profile, in scientific organizations, in the system of regional and state administration for the development of socio-economic policy.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNAL FINANCIAL CONTROL IN GEORGIA

Aleksandre Mzhvanadze 
 Email:aleksandremzhavanadze@gmail.com
 PhD Student, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University 
 Batumi, Georgia
 https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4079-8416
 
 Abstract. Reason of research. Raising awareness about financial management and control and timely response to existing challenges.
 Methodology/approach. The methodological basis of the paper is the fundamental research of economic science. Georgian and foreign scientific articles, works and studies are used in the work, the material used in the research is based on the data of the Ministry of Finance of Georgia, the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development, and the National Statistics Service. Qualitative and statistical methods, data from international organizations are used in the research, this research is mainly based on information collection, comparison, study and analysis.
 Research tasks. The main tasks and hypotheses of the research can be formulated as follows: the need to introduce the reform was determined not only by Georgia's obligations to the European Union, but also by the potential benefits obtained as a result of its introduction, because the state's internal financial control system ensures the proper functioning of public services and the legal and transparent use of state funds. , economical, efficient and productive disposal.
 Practical value/consequences. The results and conclusions of the research can be used in higher education as a guide material. In addition, it will significantly help the government institutions in the development of the country's economic development course, its adjustment and implementation of specific issues.

PARADIGM CHANGE OF "MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS" DUE TO THE REMOTE WORKING CONDITIONS CAUSED BY THE COVID 19 PANDEMIC

Paata Aroshidze 
 E-mail: aroshidze.paata@bsu.edu.ge
 Associate Professor, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University 
 Batumi, Georgia
 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5723-8261
 Abstract. The main challenge of the Covid-19 pandemic crisis was the perfection of remote work, which lasted not a few days, but several months and even a year in some organizations. In this research, the main focus is not on legal entities under public law and the impact that remote work has brought, but on private structures as legal entities independently performing management functions.
 During the pandemic, the functioning of organizations underwent significant changes. Some organizations have remained on the market with limited functions, some have changed their profile, and some have completely disappeared from the business arena. Despite the fact that on May 5, 2023, the World Health Organization declared the end of the global health emergency related to the Covid-19 pandemic, obviously, the changes caused by the pandemic in the new understanding of paradigms of "management functions" have not yet been analyzed.
 The paper examines the impact of forced remote work on "management functions". Organizations of various directions, which were forced to switch to remote work during the pandemic, were included in the research.
 The in-depth interview method was adopted as the research methodology. The majority of organizations have more or less preserved their organizational structure and managerial hierarchy, although it was not uncommon to optimize stuff. The goal of structural optimization was mainly to reduce costs, not to improve the communication process and to better perform the duties assigned to a small number of employees. According to Geostat (National Statistical Service of Georgia), the number of employees during the pandemic period (2020-2022) decreased the most in the industry sector (141.3 thousand - 137.2 thousand), in the field of accommodation and food supply (36 thousand - 33.4 thousand), arts, entertainment and recreation field. These are the areas that suffered the most from the so-called "Lockdown" process. The first period of remote work for the Horeca sector turned out to be relatively easy because, due to seasonality, the number of employees was already reduced to a minimum. As a result of analyzing the data, it was determined that in the conditions of remote work, the function of leadership and control decreased the most. Also, the motivation of remotely working employees decreased, which resulted from the reduction of the control function. It turned out to be quite difficult to maintain the leadership function and implement it perfectly. The number of employees involved in the planning and decision-making process has also decreased.
 As can be seen from the table, remote work had less impact on the planning function since most of the research organizations make their planning only involving upper management levels, and lower management levels are less involved in this process. In many cases, employees in non-managerial positions do not know the overall plan of their company and do not understand the mission and vision. Such an approach contributed to the fact that the work performed outside the place of employment has affected lees on the management function of planning.

სოციალურ-ეკონომიკური ფაქტორების გავლენა შობადობის თანამედროევე ტენდენციებზე

სოციალურ-ეკონომიკური ფაქტორების გავლენა შობადობის თანამედროევე ტენდენციებზე

Cardiac morbidity and the cause of death in elderly patients with prostate cancer and incidental cardiac uptake on bone scintigraphy.

Cardiac transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) is a possible incidental finding on bone scintigraphy imaged due to prostate cancer. We investigated its significance in 1426 elderly prostate cancer patients (>70 years) who underwent bone scintigraphy in three nuclear medicine departments in Finland. Patients with Perugini grade two or three uptakes were considered positive for cardiac uptake. Heart failure diagnoses and pacemaker implantations were collected from the hospital's records. Mortality data were gathered from the Finnish national statistical service (Statistics Finland). The Median follow-up time was 4 years (interquartile range: 2-5 years). Cardiac uptake was detected in 37 individuals (2.6%), and it was associated with an elevated risk of both overall and cardiovascular death in univariable analysis. However, cardiac uptake did not predict overall mortality in the multivariable analysis when adjusted to age, bone metastases or the diagnosis of heart failure (p > 0.05). The risk of heart failure was higher in patients with cardiac uptake (47% vs. 15%, p < 0.001), while the risk of pacemaker implantations was not elevated (5% vs. 5%, p = 0.89). In conclusion, cardiac uptake on bone scintigraphy imaged due to prostate cancer is associated with an elevated risk of heart failure and both overall and cardiovascular death. However, cardiac uptake was not independently associated with overall mortality when adjusted to age, bone metastasis or heart failure. Therefore, they are essential to consider when incidental cardiac uptake is detected on bone scintigraphy. The need for pacemaker implantation was not elevated in patients with cardiac uptake.

1341-P: The Improvement in Age at Mortality in Individuals with Peritoneal Dialysis Was Less Prominent in Persons with Diabetes in Korea

Backgrounds: The most prevalent underlying cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is diabetes mellitus (DM). If kidney transplantation is not possible, people with ESKD must undergo hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD). This study investigated whether the prognosis of individuals with diabetes who received PD improved recently. In addition, we analyzed the age of death and the cause of mortality to determine if there was a difference based on DM or gender from 2006 to 2018. Methods: We Used data from the National National Health Insurance database maintained by the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) and mortality records from the National Statistical Information Service (NSIS). The NHIS claims data was merged with NSIS death records from 2006 to 2018 and then analyzed. We excluded those who underwent HD or transplanting from the 93,487 cases of ESKD-related death to include only those who underwent PD. Results: A total of 11,174 deaths were documented (4,818 individuals with DM and 6,356 individuals without DM). Age at death increased by 0.11 and 0.44 years/year in persons with and without DM, respectively. Changes in mortality age were the biggest in females without DM (0.47 years/year) and lowest among men with DM (0.10 years/year). DM itself, cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, and cancer were the leading causes of death among people with DM receiving PD. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study, which utilized the entire Korean population, revealed that the death age of individuals with DM receiving PD increased marginally over 12 years, but the change was much smaller than in persons without DM. Based on these results, efforts should be made to improve the prognosis of the person with DM who underwent PD. In addition, identifying the precise cause of death and the optimal management strategy in this population would be important. Disclosure H.Kim: None. K.Son: None. S.Song: None.

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: GEORGIA-EU RELATIONS

Ramin Tsinaridze &#x0D; Email: ramin.tsinaridze@bsu.edu.ge &#x0D; PhD of Business Administration, Associate Professor Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University &#x0D; Georgia, Batumi &#x0D; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0444-9740&#x0D; &#x0D; Giorgi Rizhvadze &#x0D; Email:giorgirijvadze@gmail.com &#x0D; PHD student of Business Administration, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University &#x0D; Georgia, Batumi &#x0D; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9750-4808&#x0D; &#x0D; Purpose. Analysis of foreign direct investment motivations and assessment of their impact on Georgia's economy, under the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as analysis of Georgia's EU investment relations and determination of future prospects.&#x0D; Methodology/approach. The methodological basis of the paper is the fundamental research of economic science. Georgian or foreign language scientific articles, works and studies are used in the research, the material used in the research is based on the data of the Ministry of Finance of Georgia, the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development, and the National Statistics Service. Qualitative and statistical methods, data from international organizations are used in the research, this research is mainly based on information collection, comparison, study and analysis.&#x0D; Research tasks. The main tasks and hypotheses of the research can be formulated as follows: the effect of the inflow of foreign direct investments on the stability of the exchange rate of the lari, Determination of factors affecting GDP and economic growth.&#x0D; Practical value / results. Research results and conclusions can be used in higher education as a guide material. In addition, it will significantly help the government institutions in determining the course of the country's economic development, its adjustment and processing specific issues of realization.

STATISTICAL STUDY OF PRIORITY DIRECTIONS AND EXPECTATIONS OF DOMESTIC TOURISM REHABILITATION IN GEORGIA

Nino Abesadze &#x0D; Email:nino.abesadze@tsu.ge &#x0D; Associate Professor, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University &#x0D; Tbilisi, Georgia&#x0D; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6564-2771&#x0D; &#x0D; Natalia Robitashvili &#x0D; Email:nato.robitashvili@bsu.edu.ge &#x0D; Associate Professor, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University &#x0D; Batumi, Georgia&#x0D; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7645-6491&#x0D; &#x0D; Otar Abesadze &#x0D; Email:o.abesadze@gmail.com&#x0D; Associate Professor, Georgian National University (SEU) &#x0D; Tbilisi, Georgia&#x0D; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1644-4995&#x0D; &#x0D; Rusudan Kinkladze &#x0D; Email:r.kinkladze@gtu.ge&#x0D; Associate Professor, Georgian Technical University &#x0D; Tbilisi, Georgia&#x0D; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1351-2382&#x0D; After recovering from two years of economic uncertainty and shock, the development of tourism in Georgia returned to the pre-pandemic situation. There is a growing trend in the movement of tourist flows, the activation of companies operating in the domestic tourist marketIt's on the face.&#x0D; Methodology. Both general and specific statistical methods were used in the research process: observation, gathering-grouping and analysis: average values, relative indicators, variational analysis, dynamic series, selective observation, etc. The data was processed and the indicators were calculated based on the computer program SPSS&#x0D; Results. Domestic tourism is gaining strength in the country, the number of people wishing to travel domestically has increased, the attitude of the population toward travel has changed. In particular, the 31-50-year-old category always prevails among domestic visitors. It is noteworthy that the activity of the population aged 15-30 years slows down and the domestic tourism activity of visitors aged 71+ increases.&#x0D; If, according to the researches of the National Statistics Service, Georgian citizens travel mainly to visit friends/relatives and then to visit their second home, then according to the results of the research conducted by us, the purpose of domestic visits is mainly recreation, entertainment, visiting friends/relatives. The most active for tourism are: Tbilisi, Adjara and Imereti. The average number of nights spent by visitors is increasing. Family/relatives predominate among accompanying persons on internal visits, although the number of those wishing to travel alone is also increasing; Popular accommodation options include hotels and home-rental services. The average monthly volume of expenses incurred during domestic travel is also increasing. The structure of tourism expenses has changed.. According to the results of the research, mountain tourism, sea tourism, eco, and agro-tourism are the most prioritized among tourism products. According to the respondents, the locations of Svaneti, Adjara, Tusheti, Kazbegi, Fasanauri (for rafting), etc. are attractive.

Age at Mortality in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Who Underwent Kidney Transplantation: An Analysis of Data from the Korean National Health Insurance and Statistical Information Service, 2006 to 2018.

Although the clinical outcomes of diabetes have improved, diabetes remains the principal cause of end-stage renal disease. The aim of the study is to investigate whether mortality trends in individuals with type 2 diabetes and kidney transplantation (KT) have changed. This study analyzed data from the National Health Insurance Service claims database linked to death records from the National Statistical Information Service in Korea. Information from a total of 2521 deaths of KT recipients was collected from 2006 to 2018. The age at death of KT recipients increased from 57.4 years in 2006 to 65.2 years in 2018, with a mean change of +0.65 years/year (p < 0.001). The overall age at death increased by 0.55 and 0.66 years/year in the type 2 diabetes and non-diabetes populations, respectively. The age at death was significantly higher in the type 2 diabetes group, and was maintained during the study period. The proportion of death due to malignancy and cerebrovascular and heart disease was maintained, that due to type 2 diabetes decreased and that due to pneumonia increased. Neither diabetes nor hypertension determined the age at death, and the age at KT was the most prominent factor affecting age at death in KT recipients. The age at death in KT recipients increased over the 12 years between 2006 and 2018, with similar trends in the type 2 diabetes and non-diabetes groups. The age at KT was higher in patients with type 2 diabetes, and was the main contributor to the age at death in KT recipients.

STILLBIRTH RATE AND INFANT MORTALITY RATE: STUDY IN THE REGIONS OF UKRAINE MOST INTENSIVELY RADIOCONTAMINATED UPON THE CHORNOBYL NPP ACCIDENT.

to evaluate the time pattern peculiarities of stillbirth and infant mortality rates in the radiocontaminated territories of Ukraine in the post-accident period on the basis of the national State Statistics Service data. stillbirth and infant mortality rates of population of the most intensively radiocontaminated territories of Ukraine (Lughinskyi, Narodytskyi, Ovrutskyi and Olevskyi districts of Zhytomyrska oblast, Vyshgorodskyi, Ivankivskyi and Poliskyi districts of Kyivska oblast, Rokytnivskyi and Sarnenskyi districts of Rivnenska oblast, and Kozeletskyi and Rypkinskyi districts of Chernihivska oblast).Research materials and methods. Information resources of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine for 1986-2020 regarding the infant mortality and stillbirth rates were used in the study. Demographic, mathematical-statistical, graphical, and software-technological research methods were applies. Parameters of infant mortality and stillbirth rates for the 1986-2020 period were studied retrospectively. Significant variations in values were revealed both between the territories and years of survey.

მრეწველობის განვითარების ხელშემწყობი ეკონომიკური პოლიტიკა საქართველოში

In connection with the transition to a market economy, the industrial industry inherited from the Soviet economy was almost completely dismantled. In 1990-1994, compared to the Soviet era, the production of industrial products decreased fivefold and the number of jobs fourfold (National Statistical Service of Georgia, 1995). Industrial products became uncompetitive in both domestic and foreign markets. The production of machines, devices, tools, electric machines, vehicles, products of light and partly food industry was stopped. Accordingly, the level of industrial production fell, the specific share of industry in the total domestic product decreased, and industrial ties were dissolved. All this led to the deindustrialization of the country. In 1999, the Ministry of Industry of Georgia developed: the Industrial Concept of Georgia and “Strategic Programs for the Development of Industrial Enterprises of Georgia in 2000-2005” in order to solve the extremely important tasks facing the industry of Georgia in the period of transition to a market economy and for their further development. However, they did not have a major impact on the revitalization of the industrial sector. In the years 2003-2012, the share of industry in the total domestic product decreased. By 2020, sales of industrial products and production increased significantly, but the pandemic had a serious impact on both indicators. In 2022, compared to 2020, sales decreased by 2.6 times and output by 2.9 times. The number of employees has increased slightly in recent years; there were no major changes during the pandemic. Wages increased 1.9x in 2022 compared to 2014, with a slight increase in the post-pandemic era. The largest sub-sector of the industry is manufacturing, the share of which has increased compared to previous years (2018 - 18.4%, 2019 - 18.4%, 2020 - 20%). The share of the mining industry has also increased slightly (2018 - 1.2%, 2019 - 1.4%, 2020 - 1.9%). This is followed by the supply of electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning, the share of which is characterized by a downward trend (2018 - 2.3%, 2019 - 2.1%, 2020 - 2.1%). The water supply is also characterized by a decreasing trend; Sewage, waste management and decontamination works (2018 - 0.7%, 2019 - 0.7%, 2020 - 0.6%) (Georgian National Statistics Service, 2021). The economic policy of the state plays an essential role in the development of industry. Institutes have been established in Georgia since 2012, the aim of which was, among other things, to promote the development of various branches of industry. To date, the Government of Georgia has implemented a number of programs in this direction. Specifically, Produce in Georgia, Partnership Fund, Industrial Development Group, Innovation and Technology Development Agency of Georgia, Startup Georgia. After the implementation of programs to support the industrial sector, there are some positive results both in terms of employment and business development. At the current stage of industrial development, the country should choose a model aimed at technological development and maximum growth of export potential. An industrial policy should be developed in the country, which will allow us to apply innovative approaches in the priority branches of industry. It is necessary to use such instruments of industrial policy as: innovations and technologies, education and skills, orientation to foreign trade, development of a mechanism to support priority industries, competitiveness and protection of competition. Based on the identified challenges in the area of ​​industry, recommendations for the implementation of an active industrial policy in short and long term periods were developed. Namely: the government's priority orientation of industrial development; paying special attention to the processing industry sectors that Georgia has the potential to produce; supporting the development of scientific fields; Determination of certain benefits for those investors who invest money in industrial production; State partnership with the private sector, manifested in the fight against bureaucracy, corruption and crime, creating favorable business conditions for entrepreneurs; Coordination between education - science - production should be implemented in the country. Much attention should be paid to basic scientific research, which does not require purely commercial returns in the short term, science should become a real productive force; Particular importance should be attached to the formation of such an entrepreneurial ecosystem that will contribute to the expansion of export-oriented production; Overcoming entry barriers in export markets. Keywords: Industry, sectoral structure of industry, export-import of industrial products, institutions implementing industrial policy. JEL Codes: L16, L52, L53, O25

FISCAL EFFECTS OF IMPORT DUTIES AND IMPORT REGULATION

Ramin Tsinaridze &#x0D; Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University,&#x0D; Georgia&#x0D; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0444-9740&#x0D; &#x0D; Saba Kakhidze&#x0D; Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University,&#x0D; Georgia&#x0D; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0693-2859&#x0D; &#x0D; Levan Tsetskhladze&#x0D; Ivane Janakhishvili Tbilisi State University&#x0D; Georgia&#x0D; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6354-2091&#x0D; &#x0D; Aim. The aim of the study is to determine the dependence of the country's economy on imports, the fiscal effect of the budget revenues received from import taxes. Also, to highlight the role of import taxes in the formation of the country's budget, which is quite large, that is good on the one hand, but on the other hand, it is a big problem for the country, because the economic value cannot be created on the ground, through which it will be possible to form the budget and reduce dependence on imports.&#x0D; Imported products entering the country significantly harm local production and hinder its development, because due to low tariffs or taxes, imported products are cheaper compared to locally produced products. Consequently, the population consumes the cheapest products.&#x0D; Therefore, the liberal customs policy chosen and introduced by Georgia significantly harms the country's economy and leaves local production with less chance of development.&#x0D; &#x0D; Methodology/approach. The methodological basis of the paper is the fundamental research of economic science. Georgian or foreign language scientific articles, papers and studies are used in the paper. The material used in the research is based on the data of the Revenue Service of the Ministry of Finance of Georgia, the State Treasury of Georgia, the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development, and the National Statistics Service. Qualitative and statistical methods are used in the research, this research is mainly based on information collection, comparison, study and analysis.&#x0D; &#x0D; Originality/scientific innovation. The originality and scientific innovations of the research can be formulated as follows: the fiscal effect of import duties and the factors affecting domestic production of the country and its indicators are defined. Forms of state regulation in terms of foreign economic activity have been developed, its advantages and disadvantages have been analyzed, directions for optimizing the country's customs policy and import regulation have been substantiated. Based on the analysis of the country's customs and tax policy, mechanisms for improving the tax system are proposed, which provide the expansion of the tax base in parallel with the protection of national business.&#x0D; &#x0D; Practical value / results. The practical implementation of the theoretical conclusions and recommendations formulated in the paper will contribute to the improvement of the theoretical-methodological and practical aspects of the regulation of the country's foreign economic activity and the fiscal effect of import duties, which is a prerequisite for the successful development of local business, the growth of budget revenues and the economic well-being of the country.&#x0D; The final result of the research is the perfection of the calculation of import payments and administration in the budget. Elaboration of recommendations on various factors affecting it when crossing the customs border in order to solve the issues of theory and practice of managing customs processes at the state level, to introduce them into the budget system and to determine the main directions of the country's financial, social and economic planning.&#x0D; Key words: import taxes, budget revenues, import regulation, fiscal effect, protectionism.