National Sleep Foundation Research Articles

Sociodemographic and environmental factors associated with childhood sleep duration

ObjectivesThis study investigates sociodemographic and environmental correlates of sleep duration among school-aged children. Design & SettingThe New York City 2009 Child Community Health Survey was analyzed using weighted regression analyses. Participants1293 Asian, Black, Latino and White children ages 6–12 years, 999 children in Pre-K – 5th grade and 294 children in the 6th-8th grades. MeasurementsParents/guardians completed a survey about the target child's sleep duration on a typical school night/day, and sociodemographic and household characteristics. ResultsMost children (89.3%) met the National Sleep Foundation's (NSF) recommendation of 9–11 h of sleep per night. Pre-K-5th grade children who were born in the United States were less likely than children born outside of the United States to sleep 9–11 h. When sleep duration was examined continuously, children slept an average of 9 h 44 min. On average, with each additional year of age, children slept 7.2 min less than children who were one year younger. Although there were no differences among ethnic/racial groups in sleeping the recommended 9–11 h/night, when sleep duration was measured as a continuous variable, Asian, Latino, and Black children slept an average of 23, 14, and 17 min fewer, respectively, than White children, adjusting for sociodemographic and environmental factors. ConclusionsSleep duration varied across sociodemographic groups of children in New York City in 2009. Future studies should determine causal influences and whether these differences persist.

The Difference of Effectivity Between Nutmeg Seed Extract (Myristica Fragrans Houtt) and Diazepam Based on Sleep Induction Time on Swiss Webster Mice

According to the National Sleep Foundation in America, more than one third (36%) of young adults aged 18-29 years reported having difficulty getting up early (compared to 20% at 30-64 years old and 9% over 65 years). The National Sleep Foundation also states that in Indonesia the prevalence of insomnia sufferers reaches 70% at least once a week and 30 million people have difficulty sleeping every night. This study is an experimental study with a post-test only control group design. The samples used were 27 male Swiss webster mice which were divided into three groups. The treatment group was given nutmeg seed extract at a dose of 7.5 mg / kgBW; the positive control group was given diazepam, and the negative control group was given aquabidest. The results showed the difference in the average value of sleep induction time in the treatment group was 2.97 minutes, positive control group 5.06 minutes, and negative control group 8.43 minutes with p = 0.00. Conclusion: There is a significant difference between the effectiveness of nutmeg seed extract 7.5 mg / kgBW with diazepam based on the time of sleep induction in Swiss webster male mice.

0829 Sleep, Chronic Pain, and Global Health in Adults Ages 65 or Older

Abstract Introduction Understanding the association of sleep and pain in older adults can help improve their global health. The purpose of the study was to describe the associations between sleep, chronic pain, and global health in adults ages 65 or older. Methods This study was a secondary analysis of data from adults over 65 years in the 2015 Sleep in America Poll - Sleep and Pain by the National Sleep Foundation (NSF). The survey included demographics (age, race, marital status, education), sleep (duration, quality, insomnia symptoms), and pain (type [none, chronic, fleeting], intensity, location). Global health derived from general health, physical health, mental health, and quality of life with a potential range of 4-20; higher score=better health. The survey also queried fatigue and stress. Results The sample (N=248) was 65-91 years (mean age=72.8±5.9), male (53.6%), White (82.7%), married (65.7%), and with post-highschool education (54.4%). Average sleep duration was 425±74 minutes. “No pain” was reported by 38.7% of the sample (n=96), “fleeting pain” by 32.7% (n= 81), and “chronic pain” by 28.6% (n=71). The most common locations for chronic pain were shoulder or neck (63.2%) and back (69.4%). Average global health score was 9.8±2.9. There was no significant difference in time in bed, sleep duration, bedtime, or wake-up time between groups. Persons with chronic pain had higher average pain intensity, worst pain intensity, and current pain; they reported significantly lower sleep quality with significantly more restlessness, trouble staying asleep, and worry about getting a good night sleep (all p-values<.02), there was no significant difference in difficulty falling asleep compared to persons with no pain. Persons with chronic pain had significantly worse general health, physical health, mental health, global health, fatigue, and stress (all p-values<.02); but no significant difference in quality of life compared to persons with no pain. Conclusion We conclude that chronic pain has a significant negative impact on sleep and global health in the sample of adults ages 65 or older from the 2015 Sleep in America Poll - Sleep and Pain by the NSF. Support Undergraduate Research Mentoring Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing.

0785 Associations Between Circadian Preference And Sleep-related Thoughts: Data From The 2015 Sleep In America Poll

Abstract Introduction Evening types of sleep tend to have poorer sleep quality and sleep habits than morning types. Maladaptive beliefs or thoughts about sleep can affect one’s sleep and may differ between evening and morning types. We examined the association between the circadian preference and sleep-related thoughts in U.S adults. Methods A secondary analysis used survey data from the 2015 National Sleep Foundation’s Sleep in America Poll. Questions included normal bedtime and wake-up time for week/work days and weekend/non-work days. Circadian preference was determined by midpoint of sleep calculated as midpoint of sleep on weekends corrected for average nightly sleep duration. Participants were excluded if their sleep midpoint was from noon to midnight. Midpoint of sleep was divided into two groups using median split (“earlier” vs. “later”). Sleep-related thoughts were “worry about getting a good sleep”, “overwhelming thoughts about getting enough sleep”, “motivation to get sleep”, and “concern about serious physical consequences due to poor sleep”; responded often/always or extremely to somewhat for these items were coded as maladaptive. Logistic regression analysis controlling for socio-demographics, sleep duration, and sleep disturbance (PROMIS Scale; higher scores = greater sleep disturbance) was conducted to examine the relationships between midpoint of sleep and sleep-related thoughts. Results The sample (N = 1011) was primarily White (73.6%), male (50.9%), college educated (62.2%), married/partnered (67.6%) with a mean age of 51.65 ± 17.05 years. Mean midpoint of sleep in “earlier” type was 2:33AM and 5:29AM in “later” type. “Later” type had shorter sleep duration on weekdays and longer sleep duration on weekends than “earlier” type (p < .01), but average sleep duration was similar between two types. “Later” type had more “worry” and “overwhelming thoughts” (p < .05) about sleep. In logistic models, midpoint of sleep was significant only for “concern” (p = .02). Conclusion In this study, late chronotype was associated with increased sleep disturbances and greater variability in sleep duration. The relationship between the timing of sleep and thoughts about the impact of impaired sleep remains unclear and an area for further study with objective measures. Support

Parental Expectations Are Associated with Children's Sleep Duration and Sleep Hygiene Habits.

Although parents recognize the importance of sleep, most have a limited understanding of children's sleep needs. This study examined whether parental expectations about sleep were linked to children and adolescent's sleep duration and sleep hygiene. Participants included 376 unique parent-child dyads. Parents (mean age = 47.0 years, SD = 6.7) estimated the number of hours of sleep their children (mean age = 13.0 years, SD = 2.2; 9-17 years) needed. These estimates were age-matched with recommended pediatric guidelines of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and the National Sleep Foundation to yield 3 groups: expect less (8%-11%), expect appropriate (85%-89%), and expect more (3%-4%). Sleep duration for school nights and weekends were reported by children and parents. Sleep hygiene included sleep-promoting practices (quiet, dark bedroom, regular bed/wake times, consistent routine) and sleep-interfering practices (physiological arousal, presleep worry, alcohol/smoking intake, daytime napping, screen time). Most parents (68.7%) endorsed that children do not get enough sleep. Linear and logistic regressions were used to assess the impact of parental expectations. For every additional hour of sleep expected, children slept between 15.5 (parent-report 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.0-22.0) and 17.9 minutes (child-report 95% CI, 9.7-26.2) longer on school nights, adjusted for age, sex, puberty, and parental education. For parents who expected less sleep than recommended, their children had the shortest sleep duration, least favorable sleeping environments, and greater presleep worry. Parental sleep expectations were directly linked to children's sleep duration. Pediatricians and primary care providers can mobilize knowledge to optimally convey accurate information about developmental sleep needs and recommended hours to parents to promote longer sleep.

SPORTS PERFORMANCE, SLEEP AND ANXIETY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: SECOND YEAR RESULTS OF A LONGITDUINAL STUDY

Background:In the preliminary results of a longitudinal study, we gathered baseline insights into students’ sleeping habits, activity levels and anxiety. The results showed that the seventh grade (now eighth grade) students reported mild anxiety, played sports non-competitively and underslept according to the National Sleep Foundation (NSF). In the second year of this study, we continue to look at the trends of sleep, athletic performance and emotional wellness.Methods:40 eight grade students were administered an ActiGraph watch to assess sleep patterns. Students completed a background survey to obtain information regarding sports participation and subjective injury reports. Students completed the Beck Youth Anxiety Inventory (BYAI) to assess anxiety. Actigraph data was reviewed with a board certified sleep pulmonologist.Results:16 males and 24 females wore the watch for 5 school nights. Average age of patients was 13 years (range: 13 to 14). 200 nights of nocturnal sleep were analyzed with total sleep time (TST) averaging: 6.2 hours (370 minutes) (range: 216 to 448 minutes). Females averaged 6 hours (368 minutes) and males averaged 6.25 hours (375 minutes) (p=0.62). Out of the 40 students that wore the watch, 78% (31/40) completed the background survey regarding sports participation. 78% (24/31) reported playing a sport and on average spend 7 hours a week playing (range: 1 to 30 hours). 78% (24/31) also participate in an organized or recreational sport and on average started competitive sports at the age of 6 years (range: 3 to 12 years). 46% (11/24) of students reported injuries that removed them from their sport during the school year (range: 1 to 4 injuries). On the BYAI (n=32), scores were significantly higher this year with a mean score of 16 (moderate anxiety) compared to last year (mean=12, p=0.01). Females scored significantly higher (p=0.04) on the BYAI (mean=18, n=20) than males (mean=12, n=12). Patients that also reported higher anxiety received significantly less sleep (p=0.01, r=-0.46).Conclusion:In the second year of our longitudinal study, our results show that students continue to sleep below the recommendation of the NSF (9 to 11 hours, 546 to 660 minutes) and select students are starting to specialize in sports. However, anxiety compared to last year was significantly higher. As they transition from middle school to high school, we expect to see students undergo personal development, commit to one sport and have a more rigorous school schedule that will continue to affect sleep and emotional wellness.

Disparities in Sleep Health among Adolescents: The Role of Sex, Age, and Migration.

Background. Disparities in sleep disturbances have been described in adults; nevertheless, among adolescents, data have yielded conflicting results. Therefore, analyses of our cohort study of 500 urban, normally developed Hispanic adolescents (10–18 years), aim to determine if rates of sleep debt differ between: (a) male and female adolescents, (b) US-born Hispanics and first-generation immigrant ethnic counterparts, and (c) specific activities that these teens trade for sleep. Participants’ weekday and weekend sleep patterns, along with the reasons for sleeping less than the recommended hours were recorded. Standardized surveys were used to gather information regarding sociodemographics, migration, acculturation, and medical history. Using the criteria set forth by the National Sleep Foundation, analyses indicated that sleep deprivation is a pervasive problem, with 75% in the preadolescents and 45% of the late adolescents exhibiting sleep problems. Females slept on average at least one hour less per day than their male counterparts (7 vs. 8 hours). The sleep problems were rooted in several overlapping causes, including use of technology, video games, studying, and employment. Nevertheless, reasons for sleep loss differed by gender and by immigrant status. Multivariable adjusted logistic regression analyses showed that females, US-born teens, and preadolescents had higher odds of being sleep deprived. Pediatricians and sleep experts should be aware of gender-specific causes and responses of sleep problems. Cultural ecological frameworks need to be considered, and clearly indicate that findings may not generalize to youth from other cultural backgrounds.

Assessing the effects of sleep on neurocognitive performance and injury rate in adolescent athletes using actigraphy

ABSTRACT The National Sleep Foundation recommends that adolescents (age 14–17 years) sleep 8 to 10 hours per night. Sleep loss is associated with cognitive dysfunction, decreased reaction time, and poorer athletic performance. This study evaluated the effects of sleep on sports injury rate and academic and cognitive performance. Seventeen high school track and field athletes (7 males, 10 females, mean age 15.9 years) wore an actigraph device for 10 weeks and performed a computerized neurocognitive assessment. Overall, 900 nights of nocturnal sleep data were analysed. Total minutes in bed averaged 501 minutes (8 hours and 21 minutes) and total sleep time averaged 378 minutes (6 hours and 18 minutes). Statistically significant correlations were observed between mean total sleep time and age-adjusted scores for the neurocognitive domains of episodic memory (p = .03) and fluid cognition (p = .03). Sleep loss in student-athletes may result in greater cognitive difficulties and impair academic abilities in the classroom.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KUALITAS TIDUR PADA REMAJA DI SMA PGRI 2 PADANG

National Sleep Foundation found more than a third (36%) Teenagers reportedly have trouble sleeping, consequently teen activity is often found late in class due to sleep disturbances. Factors affecting sleep quality in adolescents include physiological, stress, behavioral, social and cultural, as well as environmental and lifestyle changes. The purpose of the research is to know Factors related to sleeps quality in adolescents at senior high school PGRI 2 Padang on 2019. This type of research is descriptive analytic with cross sectional study design, implemented in SMA PGRI 2 Padang in September 2019- February 2020. The population is all students with samples amounting to 61 people. The steps in data processing are editing, coding, entry and cleaning. Analysis of univariate data with frequency distribution and analysis of bivariate with test-square with confidence level 95%. The results of this study were obtained more half (65.6%) Teenagers with poor sleep quality, more than half (62.3%) Teenagers with moderate stress, more half (55.7%) Teenagers with less good environment, more half (55.7%) With an unkind lifestyle. In this study found a significant link between stress and sleep quality (p value = 0.000 value), Sleep-quality environment (p value = 0.000 value), sleep-quality lifestyle, (p value value = 0.001). Through head of SMA PGRI 2 Padang in order to involve parents in monitoring and supervising students ' sleep time to get a good quality of sleep. As well as monitoring and supervising students using gadgets in the school and effective learning activities (such as reducing assignments or homework) so that students get enough rest and sleep at home.

Perbedaan Efektivitas Ekstrak Hiji Pala (Myristica Fragnas Houtt) Dengan DIazepam Berdasarkan Durasi Tidur Mencit Swiss Webster

According to National Sleep Foundation in America, more than one third (36%) in young adults aged 18-29 years old reported hard to wake up in the morning. Nutmeg seeds contain atsiri oil about 10% and miristin that have sedative effect. The purpose of this study is to prove that nutmeg seeds shorten sleep induction time and prolong sleep time. This type of research is experimental research with a post test only control group design. The samples used were 27 male Swiss Webster mice, which were divided into three groups. The first control group was given diazepam; the second group was given nutmeg seed extract dose of 7.5 mg; and the third group was given aquabides. The data obtained from the sleep duration of mice in each group. To determine differences in each experimental group, data with normal distribution were analyzed by one way ANOVA test and data with abnormal distribution were analyzed by the KruskalWallis test using SPSS 22.0 for Windows. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that sleep induction time had a value of p = 0.001. Based on the one way ANOVA test, the result shows the length of sleep time from the treatment group has a significant difference to the control group with a value of p = 0,000 and also showing a significant result to the comparison group with a value of p = 0,000. Nutmeg seed extract (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) with a dose of 7.5 mg can significantly extend the sleep duration of mice. Keywords: nutmeg seeds extract, sleep duration.

Sleep patterns and sleep deprivation recorded by actigraphy in 4th-grade and 5th-grade students

ObjectiveThis study investigates sleep patterns of fourth- and fifth-grade students using actigraphy. MethodsThe study included 257 students enrolled in a Southwestern US school district who participated in a novel sleep science curriculum during the Spring 2016–17 and Fall 2017-18 semesters and met the study inclusion criteria. As part of this curriculum, participants underwent 5–7 days of continuous wrist actigraphy and completed an online sleep diary. ResultsApproximately two-thirds of the 9-11-year-old fourth- and fifth-grade students slept less than the minimum 9 h per night recommended by both the American Academy of Sleep Medicine/Sleep Research Society and the National Sleep Foundation. The sleep midpoint time on weekends was about 1 h later than on weekdays. There was a significant effect of age on sleep duration. Compared to 9-year old students, a larger proportion of 10-year old students had a sleep duration less than 8.5 h. Boys had shorter sleep duration than girls, and a larger percentage of boys obtained less than 9 h of sleep compared to girls. ConclusionsInsufficient sleep is a highly prevalent condition among 9-11-year-old fourth- and fifth-grade elementary students. Importantly, there is a difference between sleep patterns on weekdays and weekends which may portend greater problems with sleep in adolescence and young adulthood.

Sleep Disturbance Among Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Acute Leukemia

BACKGROUND: Most patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) describe difficulty sleeping (Luskin et al Br J Haem 2017) and sleep disturbance is a likely contributor to the fatigue experienced by patients with MDS and acute leukemia. Data are sparse regarding the sleep of this patient population as formally assessed with sleep-focused survey instruments. METHODS: We surveyed consecutive adult patients with MDS, AML or ALL at the Dana-Farber Leukemia clinic. With permission from the treating oncologist, patients with a physician-assessed life expectancy ≥ 12 weeks were mailed a questionnaire packet assessing insomnia symptom severity (Insomnia Severity Index; ISI), sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PSQI), obstructive sleep apnea risk (STOP-Bang), and depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PHQ-9). Respondents underwent concomitant medical record review. RESULTS: Of 332 eligible patients contacted, 158 (47.6%) responded. Responders were 56% male with a median age of 67 years. Overall, 42% of patients reported insomnia symptoms (ISI ≥10) with the prevalence of such symptoms similar among patients with MDS and acute leukemia (48% vs 38%, p=0.23). OSA risk was high (58%), particularly in patients with MDS (67% vs 52% p=0.10). Those with high OSA risk were more likely to have clinical insomnia as defined by ISI ≥10 (OR 2.6, p=0.01). Depression was uncommon: only 7% had PHQ-measured moderately severe or severe depression. Median sleep duration for the entire cohort was 6.9 hours (range 3-12) indicating that over half of respondents slept less than the 7 hours per night recommended by the National Sleep Foundation for healthy adults. Poor sleep quality (PSQI "Bad Sleep") was seen in 79% of the overall cohort. CONCLUSION: When measured with validated tools, disturbed sleep is common among patients with MDS and acute leukemia. OSA risk is also prevalent but does not likely explain all of the poor sleep quality seen. These data suggest that strategies are needed to improve both quantity and quality of sleep in this population. Table Disclosures DeAngelo: Abbvie: Research Funding; GlycoMimetics: Research Funding; Blueprint: Consultancy, Research Funding; Amgen: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy; Shire: Consultancy; Incyte: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding; Takeda Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Jazz Pharmaceuticals Inc: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy. Garcia:Abbvie: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding. Winer:Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer: Consultancy. Steensma:Aprea: Research Funding; Arrowhead: Equity Ownership; Pfizer: Consultancy; H3 Biosciences: Other: Research funding to institution, not investigator.; Astex: Consultancy; Onconova: Consultancy; Stemline: Consultancy; Summer Road: Consultancy.

Prevalence of self-reported suboptimal sleep in Australia and receipt of sleep care: results from the 2017 National Social Survey

ObjectivesThe National Sleep Foundation’s (NSFs) sleep duration recommendations and quality indicators enable trichotomous classification of sleep parameters as ‘appropriate’, ‘may be appropriate’ or ‘inappropriate’, with the latter representing ‘suboptimal’ sleep. This study reports the prevalence of self-reported suboptimal sleep and associated demographics in a large sample of Australian adults. In addition, reported are rates of suboptimal sleep assessment by health-care clinicians/services and receipt of and desire for sleep care, and their associations with suboptimal sleep. Design/Setting/ParticipantsA descriptive study (N = 1265) was undertaken using data derived from a cross-sectional telephone survey of Australian adults undertaken in 2017. Measurement/AnalysisDescriptive statistics summarised the prevalence of suboptimal sleep, and chi-square and multivariable logistic regression analyses explored associations between suboptimal sleep, demographics and receipt of/interest in sleep care. ResultsAlmost half of participants (42%) were considered to have suboptimal sleep: 19% met criteria on one parameter, 13% on 2, 11% on ≥3. The highest prevalence of suboptimal sleep was seen on measures of sleep duration (20%-23%). Participants who were single, female, middle-aged (26-64) and of low socioeconomic status were more likely to experience suboptimal sleep (p<0.01). Rates of assessment and treatment are currently suboptimal: 16% reported their sleep had been assessed and 10% received at least one element of sleep care, most commonly pharmacotherapy (43%). ConclusionsSuboptimal sleep is prevalent in Australia, and rates of assessment and treatment are currently low. Finding supports the need for a coordinated population health strategy to improve the sleep health of Australians.

Objective Sleep Duration in Older Adults: Results From The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing.

This study assessed the distribution and correlates of objective sleep duration in the older population in Ireland. Cross-sectional study using population-derived data from wave 3 of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. Community-dwelling adults. Adults, aged 50 years and older, who wore an accelerometer for at least 4 days (N = 1533). Sleep was measured for at least 4 days in 1533 participants using a GENEActiv wrist-worn accelerometer device. Sleep parameters included total sleep time (TST) and self-reported sleep problems. TST was categorized as short and long sleep duration using US National Sleep Foundation guidelines. Linear and multinomial logistic regression models assessed sociodemographic, health, and behavioral correlates of sleep duration. Mean TST for the sample was 463 minutes (SD = 72.6 minutes). Of participants, 13.9% and 16.5% measured short and long sleep duration, respectively. TST decreased as sleep problems increased, as did durations recorded in summer compared to winter recordings. Advancing age was associated with longer sleep, as was antidepressant use. Retired/unemployed participants recorded longer TST and were more likely to record long sleep compared to employed participants. Fair/poor self-rated health and separated/divorced participants were more likely to record short sleep. Those reporting moderate or high physical activity were less likely to record short or long sleep, respectively, compared to those reporting low physical activity. Participants reporting a limiting disability were less likely to record long sleep. Average TST was within recommended guidelines; however, a significant subset of older adults recorded sleep duration outside of the guidelines. Independent demographic and health correlates of suboptimal sleep were identified, many of which are modifiable. Patients and clinicians should be aware of factors potentially influencing sleep patterns. Longitudinal analyses to confirm directionality of relationships with potential risk factors are warranted. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:120-128, 2019.

Prevalence of suboptimal sleep in Australia and receipt of care: Results from a national survey

Introduction The National Sleep Foundation's sleep duration recommendations and quality indicators enable trichotomous classification of sleep parameters as ‘appropriate’, ‘may be appropriate’ or ‘inappropriate’, with the latter representing ‘suboptimal’ sleep. This study reports the prevalence of self‐reported suboptimal sleep and associated demographics in a population sample of Australian adults. Also reported are rates of suboptimal sleep assessment by health care clinicians/services and receipt of and desire for sleep care, and their associations with suboptimal sleep. Methods A descriptive study (N = 1265) was undertaken using data derived from a cross‐sectional telephone survey of Australian adults, undertaken in 2017. Descriptive statistics summarised the prevalence of suboptimal sleep, and chi‐square and multivariable logistic regression analyses explored associations between suboptimal sleep, demographics and receipt of/interest in sleep care. Results Almost half of participants (42%) were considered to have suboptimal sleep: 19% met criteria on one parameter, 13% on 2, 11%% on ≥ 3. The highest prevalence of suboptimal sleep was seen on measures of sleep duration (20%–23%). Participants who were single, female, middle‐aged (26–64) and of low socioeconomic status were more likely to experience suboptimal sleep (ps < 0.05). Rates of assessment and treatment are currently suboptimal: 52% of participants in recent contact with a health care service reported their sleep had been assessed and 33% received at least one element of sleep care, mostly commonly pharmacotherapy (43%). Conclusions Suboptimal sleep is prevalent in Australia and rates of assessment and treatment are currently low. A coordinated population health strategy to improve the sleep health of Australians is required.

The Relationship between Sleep Duration and Perceived Stress: Findings from the 2017 Community Health Survey in Korea.

Sleep is exceedingly important for our physical, physiological, psychological, and social health. Currently, few Koreans get the recommended daily amount of sleep. Stress can also have a major impact on our physiological, neurological, and mental health. In this study, we explored the correlation between sleep duration and perceived stress. The study used data from the Community Health Survey (CHS), 2017, which included 133,444 responses from Koreans. Sleeping time and stress were measured by self-diagnosis. The relationship between sleeping time and stress was analyzed using the chi-square test and multivariable regression. Both men and women felt the most stress when they slept for an average of 6 h a day. The results of the subgroup analysis showed that even when they sleep for the same time, younger people felt more stressed than older people. In the group that slept for an average of 6 h a day, women were the most stressed. We observed a correlation between sleeping time and stress in Korean adults. We found that about 16.7% of Koreans were sleeping for less than 5 h. This is less than the 7–9 h of sleep recommended by the National Sleep Foundation (NSF). In addition, stress was found to increase when sleep was insufficient. In particular, it was also observed that young people who slept for less than 8 h felt stressed more easily.

Association of LEP-rs7799039 and ADIPOQ-rs2241766 polymorphisms with sleep duration in preschool age children

ObjectivesTo evaluate the association of leptin rs7799039 and adiponectin rs2241766 gene polymorphisms on daily sleep duration in 4-5-year-old children. MethodsData were obtained from the Predictors of Maternal and Infant Excess Body Weight - PREDI Study, a cohort study conducted in Joinville – Brazil. The current study is a cross-sectional study, which was carried out in the homes of the participants between July 2016 and August 2017. Total sleep time was self-reported by the mothers. The average total sleep time was classified according to the recommendation of the National Sleep Foundation for children aged 3–5 years: ≥10 or <10 h of sleep/day. Genotyping analysis was performed in blood samples by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique. ResultsOf the 216 children included in the study, 167 (77.3%) and 49 (22.7%) had ≥10 and <10 h of sleep/day, respectively. There was a significant decrease in the average total sleep time as the number of risk alleles of the two polymorphisms increased (LEP: GG = 11 h18, GA = 10 h42, AA = 10 h15; ADIPOQ: TT = 11 h00, TG + GG = 10 h28). Interaction analysis showed a progressive increase in the odds of children sleeping <10 h/day at preschool age with an increasing number of risk alleles of the LEP and ADIPOQ polymorphisms (OR = 7.44, 95%CI, 2.45–22.55). ConclusionsWe found a progressive increase in the odds of 4–5 year old children sleeping less than 10 h/day as the number of risk alleles of the LEP-rs7799039 and ADIPOQ-rs2241766 polymorphisms increased, even after adjustment for other maternal and child characteristics.

Sleep characteristics in Brazilian children and adolescents: a population-based study

Objective/backgroundTo evaluate sleep characteristics in Brazilian children and adolescents aged 0–19 years and determine the prevalence of sleep disturbances (SDs) and their association with regional differences and socioeconomic status (SES). Patients/methodsThe target population was divided into three age groups: 0–3 years, 4–12 years, and 13–19 years. An online questionnaire based on Brazilian versions of instruments for sleep assessment was made available to participants from 2014 to 2017. Sleep habits were characterized following the recommendations of the instruments and of the National Sleep Foundation. Data were evaluated by bivariate analyses and logistic regression analyses (p ≤ 0.05). ResultsA total of 1180 respondents were included, representative of all Brazilian regions and SES levels. Inadequate bedtime habits and total sleep time below the recommended levels were observed in all age groups. Overall SD prevalence was 25.5%. Increased risk of SDs was associated with a current health problem in children aged 0–3 years, with hospitalization after birth and sleeping in parents' bed in children aged 4–12 years, and with medication use and playing video games/using the cell phone before sleep in adolescents. There was no significant difference in SD rates between the regions. There was an increased risk of SDs in children with low SES (0–3 years), lower middle SES (4–12 years), and high SES (13–19 years). ConclusionsBrazilian children and adolescents overall present inadequate sleep habits and sleep duration lower than recommended. SDs increased with age, reaching a peak in adolescence, with an influence of SES on these disturbances.

Reducing late evening bedtime electronic device intentions and use among young adults

ObjectivesWe examined (Study #1) the association of attitudes, subjective norms (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC) with intentions to reduce late evening electronic device (e-device) use and (Study #2) the impact of a brief theory-driven message on reducing the use. MethodsYoung adults aged 18-30 years participated in Internet surveys to assess sleep quality, attitudes, SN, PBC, and intentions to reduce and patterns of late evening e-device use. In Study #1, participants (n = 160) were randomized to receive a Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)–driven message based on information from the National Sleep Foundation and were assessed for intentions to decrease late evening e-device use immediately afterward. In Study #2, participants (n = 148) were given the same message but were assessed for behaviors 24 hours–1 week afterward. ResultsIn Study #1, regressions indicated that less supportive attitudes and higher PBC were associated with higher intention to reduce e-device use at baseline (P < .01); intentions and PBC were associated with current use (P < .01). Participants receiving the message were more likely to reduce late evening e-device use intentions (adjusted odds ratio: 2.30, 95% confidence interval: 1.06-4.99). In Study #2, those receiving the intervention with attitudes consistent with limiting use were more likely to reduce use 24 hours–1 week after the intervention (adjusted odds ratio: 3.13, 95% confidence interval: 1.10-8.91). ConclusionAttitudes and PBC were associated with intention to reduce late evening e-device use, and our brief TPB-driven message benefited young adults with attitudes inconsistent with use. TPB-based interventions can decrease late evening e-device use and promote better quantity and quality of sleep.

Sleep Measurement in Toddlers From Low-income Families.

(1) To examine toddler sleep in a low-income sample by comparing sleep diaries and actigraphy and (2) to assess whether toddlers are meeting the National Sleep Foundation recommendations (11-14 hours of sleep/24 hours and bedtime before 9 PM). A convenience sample of mother-toddler dyads was recruited from 2 health care sites serving low-income communities. An actigraph was placed on the toddler's ankle and was worn for 3 days and nights. Mothers concurrently completed a sleep diary. Bedtime, nighttime sleep duration, nap duration, and 24-hour sleep duration were collected by both measures. Actigraphy data were analyzed using a combination of manufacturer's scoring algorithm and manual editing. Descriptive statistics and paired samples t-tests were conducted to examine the differences between sleep estimates by a sleep diary and actigraphy. Twenty toddlers (aged 13-42 months) were included in the analyses. Based on actigraphy, 1 toddler went to bed by 9 PM on all 3 nights. Six toddlers achieved 11 to 14 hours of sleep measured in a 24-hour period for 1 of the 3 days, but when sleep was averaged across the study, none achieved this goal. Compared with actigraphy, sleep diaries underestimated bedtime by 1 hour, overestimated nighttime sleep duration by 2.5 hours, and overestimated 24-hour sleep duration by 2.3 hours, on average for all 3 nights. Mothers reported significantly earlier bedtimes and longer sleep durations for their toddlers compared with actigraphy, suggesting that objective measures differ from sleep diaries in assessing sleep in toddlers from low-income families. Findings should not be generalized to populations of low-income families without replication.