National Security Services Research Articles

Targeted Economic Sanctions and WTO Law: Examining the Adequacy of the National Security Exception

Individual states increasingly rely upon targeted economic sanctions to achieve their foreign policy goals. The legality of such unilateral sanctions remains debatable in public international law. However, their proliferation and possible negative repercussions encourage targeted states to question their legality before international tribunals, including the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system. Against this backdrop, the article analyses three types of recently enacted unilateral targeted sanctions. In particular, sanctions imposed on human rights grounds (‘Magnitsky-style sanctions’), those targeting perpetrators of cyber-attacks, and sanctions impacting trade in information and communications technology and services (ICTS) (e.g.,Huawei sanctions) are discussed. The subsequent analysis focuses on the possible WTO-inconsistency of these economic restrictions. Following this, the possibility to justify such sanctions under the national security exception of Article XXI(b)(iii) of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is explored. The conclusion emphasizes that the national security exception cannot be used to justify all types of unilateral economic sanctions, even if these measures are introduced to address national security concerns. This conclusion not only demonstrates inevitable boundaries of the national security clause but also reinforces the general tendency of questioning the legality of unilateral economic sanctions. economic sanctions, national security, WTO, Magnitsky-style sanctions, cyber sanctions, information and communications technology and services, Huawei sanctions

Survey on the Actual Condition of Ready-Made Reading Glasses

Purpose : In this study, in order to find out the necessity of using reading glasses according to the correct prescription, the variables of the users of the ready-made reading glasses were measured and analyzed for those who are using the ready-made reading glasses. Methods : A total of 50 subjects over 45 years of age were selected, and refraction tests, maximal accommodation, near addition, and near PD were measured. In addition, the distance between center points of the ready-made reading glasses frames and the distance between the optical center points of the glasses were measured. Results : As a result of checking the clearest distance according to the purchase period of the ready-made reading glasses, the clearest distance became longer as the period of purchase increased. As a result of comparing the distance between the reference points of the glasses frames and the distance between the optical center points of the ready-made reading glasses, the larger the distance between the reference points of the frames, the larger the distance between the optical center points. It was found that 71.00% had a difference of 2 mm or more. In addition, as a result of confirming the inducing prism affecting binocular vision, BO △ was induced in 80.00%, BI △ was induced in 16.00%. Conclusion : This study was able to confirm the eye strain caused by the different refractive power and PD between the ready-made reading glasses and the actual prescription glasses for near vision use. Therefore, standards for selling ready-made reading glasses, including online and it is necessary to improve the quality of national security services by strengthening the expertise of optometrist to prevent the use of ready-made reading glasses which may adversely affect eye health.

Sigurnosno osjetljivi podaci država članica u praksi Suda Europske unije

Praksa Suda EU-a nije pratila normativnu izdvojenost koncepta nacionalne sigurnosti u odnosu na pravo Europske unije. Sud EU-a tim se pitanjem bavio prvo posredno, a zatim izravno, balansirajući interese nacionalnih sigurnosti država članica s jedne strane te prava koja jamči pravni sustav Europske unije s druge. Važan je zaključak prakse Suda EU-a u takvim slučajevima bio da činjenica da se neka odluka tiče nacionalne sigurnosti države članice ne dovodi sama po sebi do neprimjene prava Europske unije. Najnovijom praksom Sud EU-a prekoračio je dodijeljene mu ovlasti te lišio učinka treću rečenicu čl. 4/2. UEU-a prema kojoj nacionalna sigurnost posebice ostaje isključiva odgovornost svake države članice. Umjesto da se vodio praksom ESLJP-a i postavio određene uvjete nacionalnim zakonodavstvima koja uređuju prikupljanje podataka i postupanja sigurnosnih služba, Sud EU-a praktički je onemogućio učinkovito izvršavanje obveza država članica u vezi s očuvanjem nacionalne sigurnosti.

Thoughts on the evolution of national security in cyberspace

Nowadays, the vast majority of the threats to our security come from cyberspace, resulting in a significant transformation of national security systems. Behind these changes, we can find some organisational and capability responses to technological developments, seeing that the function of national security is inseparable from the social environment and its processes. The study examines certain impacts of cyberspace on national security as a system, addressing some features of the changing external environment. The topic is related to the research on the relationship between the information society and security in the 21st century. Therefore, the study explores some processes visible at the international level and reviews some external environment trends in connection with national security. The changes affect the future of national security thinking and the development of principles and methods. It is the task of national security services operating under strict legislation to respond effectively to various threats in a changing environment. All this is only possible through the continuous monitoring of changes in the environment and long-term strategic thinking.

ՀԱՆՐԱՅԻՆ ԿԱՌԱՎԱՐՄԱՆ ՔԱՂԱՔԱԿՐԹԱԿԱՆ ՈՒ ՔԱՂԱՔԱԳԻՏԱԿԱՆ ԿԱԶՄԱԿԵՐՊՄԱՆ ՀԻՄՆԱԽՆԴԻՐՆԵՐԸ

CIVILIZATION AND POLITOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE ORGANIZATION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Logically, according to historical experience, the security of the statehood of each country (nation), the efficiency of public administration are conditioned by the degree of development of the political-state administrative thought and by the level of civilization achieved. If the former is inferior to the latter, then under the influence of that factor the efficiency of public administration is significantly reduced. The statehood, the fate of the people, the possibility of living safely in its homeland are endangered. Therefore, it is necessary to prioritize the increase of public administration efficiency, in particular, to introduce scientific principles in the system of state and local selfgovernment, to develop the political culture of the society and the level of analytical thinking, to attach essential importance to the training of personnel in the fields of political science, diplomacy, international law, to conduct scientific reasearch in those areas with the aim of using the results obtained in making strategic management decisions to clarify the distribution of powers between the branches of government, and to enshrine in the necessary restraint and counterbalance structure. The so-called deep state is a guarantee of state security, effective management in the conditions of generalization, a counterbalancing factor directing the activities of the civil society. In the Republic of Armenia such a role can claim the Armenian Apostolic Church, the intellectual-mature business elite, the high-ranking officers of the army and the National Security Service.

СПЕЦИАЛИЗИРОВАННЫЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЕ СУБЪЕКТЫ ПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЯ ЛЕГАЛИЗАЦИИ ИМУЩЕСТВА, ПОЛУЧЕННОГО ПРЕСТУПНЫМ ПУТЁМ/SPECIALIZED STATE SUBJECTS OF PREVENTION OF LEGALIZATION OF PROPERTY OBTAINED BY CRIMINAL MEANS/ՀԱՆՑԱՎՈՐ ՃԱՆԱՊԱՐՀՈՎ ՍՏԱՑՎԱԾ ԳՈՒՅՔԻ ՕՐԻՆԱԿԱՆԱՑՄԱՆ ԿԱՆԽԱՐԳԵԼՄԱՆ ՄԱՍՆԱԳԻՏԱՑՎԱԾ ՊԵՏԱԿԱՆ ՍՈՒԲՅԵԿՏՆԵՐԸ

The article examines the system of specialized state entities for preventing the legalization of property obtained by criminal means (money laundering) operating in the Republic of Armenia (RA), their structure, functions and powers. No research on this topic has been published in our country before. We think that the specialized state entities that provide anti-money laundering in the RA are: the central bank, reporting entities, internal monitoring bodies, the RA interagency commission on the fight against money laundering, terrorism financing and financing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the National Security Service, the police, Special Investigation Service, Anti-Corruption Commission, Investigative Committee, State Revenue Committee and RA prosecutor's office. From the point of view of compliance with international standards for combating the legalization of property obtained by criminal means and the legislation of the Republic of Armenia, the provisions of the charter of the financial intelligence unit-financial monitoring center of the central bank of the Republic of Armenia, related to the prohibition of interrogating its employees as a witness in criminal proceedings, are also considered․

Lessons Learned from Military Intelligence Services Reform in Hungary

IntroductionNational Security ServicesGenerally, we distinguish between two types of national security services. One is the internal intelligence service (or counterintelligence), which collects and manages information about a country’s internal

Fuzzy Association Rule Classification System For Human DNA profile Identification

Recently, numerous identification methods are adopted in human identification systems particularly for forensic affairs. These methods are used to reduce the human efforts, related errors, cost, and consumed time in addition to increase the accuracy of human identification systems. The definition of STR DNA profile of a person’s, is associated to the reduction or detection of criminal investigation associated to the identification of the suspect, or to an investigation in counter terrorism as well as in the National Security Service. DNA is used for disaster victims or suspected individuals as a main means of identification. It possesses a high degree of verification in the courts when there is biological evidence, and is also used to identify persons accused and innocent people in criminal investigation with incredible accuracy. This thesis proposes a forensic human identification system based on Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) classification. This system is depend on the concept of fuzzy logic and data mining in identification, that play role important in established a plenty of effective applications in DNA profile analysis and human identification, and reduce error or prevent and so they are chosen for their high accuracy. The main contribution of the presented system is, used association rules for classification the DNA motifs in addition to the fuzzy inference to correct errors, that can offer a high range of useful information. This information is permanently used to solve the crimes and identify damaged bodies. Additionally, this overcomes the lack problem in database information. It is important to note that the proposed system includes DNA based human identifications to cover all investigation cases. The aim of this thesis is to build a forensic human identification system that uses data mining techniques to access dataset by enforce particular algorithms for discovering advisable information or good patterns from present datasets for certain objective. To improve the data mining work, fuzzy logic is used to increase the flexibility for supporting DNA profile forensic human identification in making decisions. It utilizes sixteen Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) DNA loci used in identification methods for Population. It is important to note that the proposed system has been verified In terms of matching of provided samples with the samples stored in the database through conducting several experiments. The results were satisfactory and characterized by large percentage and high accuracy. Finally, performance of this system is evaluated and in turns the proposed system proves its capability in forensic human identification and scalability to handle huge amounts of data.

Új kihívások a nemzetbiztonsági szolgálatok tagjainak toborzása során, az információs társadalom tükrében

For members of society, cyberspace has become an indispensable scene of their communication and everyday interaction, thus contributing to the emergence and functioning of the global information society. Depending on the stage of their lives in which the members of each generation have encountered ICT tools, different qualities, skills, abilities and expectations can be observed in them. The members of the Y, the Z, and now the alpha generation have a completely different set of values and adaptability than their predecessors. From the point of view of the national security services, it is important to examine the main characteristics of these generations and social groups, since among other things, the newly recruited members of the national security services are members of society. In order to ensure the operation of effective national security services based on traditional values, knowledge and age specifics, it is necessary to optimize recruitment systems that meet the needs of the next generation and are able to attract their attention and measure their suitability. The aim of this publication is to identify the main groups of challenges and to formulate possible solutions that can support the efficiency of both selection and recruitment activities for each national security service.

Radioactive Target Detection Using Statistical Method

Radioactive materials are extremely dangerous as it threatens the earth survival. They contaminate the environment with a lot of damages. Nowadays revealing radioactive material become an important topic for public health, national security, and environmental services. This paper discusses a statistical method to detect and identify an unobserved radioactive source, where the counts of radiation particles received by those detectors are spatially distributed of Poisson distribution. Also, each count composed of a signal and a background. This paper provides a numerical method to estimate the strength and location of unobserved radioactive source based on the physical law of signal degradation with distance. Based on these estimates, a likelihood ratio statistic is used to test the existence of the source. Simulation results show that the proposed statistical method is efficient for revealing the unobserved radioactive source

Oversight mechanisms, regime security, and intelligence service autonomy in South Sudan

ABSTRACT Statutory oversight mechanisms for South Sudan’s intelligence service are weak and ineffective. The weakness of these mechanisms is directly related to the sense of security that the regime experiences. Internal threats facing the regime after South Sudan’s independence have resulted in an increase in the autonomy and influence of the National Security Service to counter opposition. Democratic principles, such as independent legislative oversight and respect for human rights have become subordinate to the political survival of the regime and its leaders.

The Contours of Speaking Out

Abstract This article discusses the vexed relationship between women’s activism, state security, and feminist empowerment by focusing on the Department of Homeland Security’s Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) initiative, a program that seeks to build partnerships between government agencies and Muslim communities to prevent homegrown terrorism. From its inception, CVE has been controversial among Muslim and non-Muslim leaders within Southern California’s civil rights communities. While some suggest that American Muslims must play a leading role in countering domestic terrorism by working with government agencies, others feel that these partnerships are only meant to extend surveillance into Muslim communities. In this article, the authors critically examine how women are incorporated into local counterterrorism measures via CVE to think about the impact of such incorporation on their intimate, familial, and community relationships in the local politics of the War on Terror. The authors are interested in how liberal feminist discourses of motherhood and empowerment are appropriated in the service of national security and how such articulations of feminism domesticate and delink critique from the politics of racial solidarity and empire in the increasingly xenophobic sociopolitical landscape of the United States. Based on ethnographic research in Southern California’s Muslim communities, the authors trace the complex contours of women’s agency and the transnational politics of “Muslim America.” The authors draw on intersectional and anti-imperialist theories, as well as a body of feminist securitization scholarship to think about the ways that women’s activism, communal resistance, and national security are interlinked in the construction of the discourses around counterterrorism and their affiliated policies.

Különleges eszközök a rendszerváltást követő időszakban

A magyar nemzetbiztonsági szolgálatok és rendvédelmi szervek a rendszerváltás idejében új jogi szabályozás mentén végezték titkos felderítéseiket és nyomozásaikat. Az 1990-ben megalkotott jogszabályok a tervek szerint egy pár hónapos, rövid, átmeneti időszakra szóltak, a kormányzat tervei szerint még abban az évben megszülettek volna a teljes szektor tevékenységét szabályozó véglegesnek szánt törvények. Ezzel szemben az átmeneti szabályok a rendőrség esetében az 1994-ben elfogadott rendőrségi törvény, a nemzetbiztonsági szolgálatok esetében az 1995-ös nemzetbiztonságról szóló törvény hatálybalépéséig tartottak. A szerző a tanulmányban azt a kérdést járja körül, hogy az átmeneti szabályozás milyen alapokat biztosított a szolgálatok titkos tevékenységeinek elvégzéséhez, és végül arra a megállapításra jut, hogy a szolgálatoknak az átmeneti időszakban tanúsított visszafogott magatartása elsősorban nem a törvényi szabályozás által kialakított rendszer minőségének, hanem a szerveket működtetőknek volt köszönhető.

A Katonai Nemzetbiztonsági Szolgálat szakmai fejlődésének legfontosabb sajátosságai az elmúlt években

In my professional writing I strive to conclude the developments of the years since the foundation of the Military National Security Service, taking also into consideration the period before the integration. I review the effects of the changes of the legal environment on the organisation, the different reorganisations, the ways of system-development, the appearances of the new security policy, national security and other factors, as well as the decisions that affected most significantly the operational and operations support areas. At the end, I put some key work areas in the limelight, as well as some systems modernisation tasks executed. All these in order to help the reader understand how a modern national security service is executing its legal tasks and duties.

Az alapvető jogok korlátozása a nemzetbiztonsági tevékenység során 1.

Az első demokratikus államok megalakulása óta kérdésként vetődik fel, hogy az állam hogyan és milyen mélységben korlátozhatja az alapvető jogokat. Napjainkban a számtalan terroristacselekmény és titkosszolgálati botrány közepette e kérdés reneszánszát éli. A szerző kísérletet tesz az e szolgálatokra ható alapvető jogi kérdések ismertetésére, egyúttal igyekszik megvilágítani a jog- és az államtudomány közötti kapcsolat hatásait is.

A koordinációs folyamatok intézményi hátterének evolúciója a magyar nemzetbiztonsági igazgatásban

In Hungary, due to historical and political reasons a split system of national security institutions was established following the disintegration of the state security organisation. Until now, this characteristic feature regarding the structure of the domestic secret services remained the same throughout the implemented structural transformations. Having said that, the question of effectiveness of the coordination processes within the national security sector has been a reoccurring topic of political and professional discussions in the last three decades. The study, while provides a brief review on the institutional resolutions between the period of 1990 and 2018, primarily aims to focus on the concept of tasks delegated to the civilian national security services and on the ideas related to the coordination of the governmental information system supporting decision-making processes. The periodical review also intends to examine the often conflicting professional concepts and approaches, which provided orientation to the development of the currently existing coordination mechanisms used in the domestic national security sector.

Public morality as an object of national security of Ukraine: theoretical and legal aspect

The article examines the expediency of introducing spiritual and moral and ethical values as an object of protection by the National Security Service of Ukraine in accordance with the draft Law on Amendments to the Law of Ukraine "On the Security Service of Ukraine" to improve organizational and legal principles. activities of the Security Service of Ukraine. It is established that as an object of national security, public morality can be interpreted in a narrow and broad sense. In a broad sense, such an object of public morality can be interpreted as a system of state values, such as sovereignty, language, territorial integrity, health, honour, dignity, inviolability of the person and so on. In the narrow sense, the object of social morality is the spiritual state of each individual, because a person according to the Basic Law of Ukraine is the highest value. It is clear that public morality cannot be "programmed" even by interpreting the practice of past world experience, and thus moral values are more appropriate to lay in the legal field to be protected. In our opinion, public morality as an object of protection by the security service of Ukraine should include in its structure values and ideas related to the life of society, as well as requirements and practices corresponding to these values. The current legislation of Ukraine, which is designed to protect human rights and freedoms, unfortunately, does not contain an interpretation of the concept of "morality" and "public morality". Even though everyone can understand good and evil, useful and harmful, he is also subject to his own ideas of good and bad. Under the law, a basic amount of responsibilities is created, the standard of moral behaviour necessary for the proper functioning of society. Thus, although the law cannot express the will of everyone and cannot correspond to the moral idea of justice of everyone, it is in democratic, legal states that the law creates a personal space of man, in which he harmoniously coexists with his own considerations of morality. Morality as a specific object of the national security service of Ukraine should form a kind of code of appropriate and positive for society, regulate behaviour, have a special spiritual dimension and perform in society several socially significant functions that will promote harmonization of person and society. Although the law cannot express the will of everyone and cannot correspond to the moral notion of justice of everyone, it is in democratic, legal states that the law creates a person's personal space in which he harmoniously coexists with his own considerations of morality. Morality as a specific object of the national security service of Ukraine should form a kind of code of appropriate and positive for society, regulate behaviour, have a special spiritual dimension and perform in society a number of socially significant functions that will promote harmonization of person and society. Although the law cannot express the will of everyone and cannot correspond to the moral notion of justice of everyone, it is in democratic, legal states that the law creates a person's personal space in which he harmoniously coexists with his own considerations of morality. Morality as a specific object of the national security service of Ukraine should form a kind of code of appropriate and positive for society, regulate behaviour, have a special spiritual dimension and perform in society a number of socially significant functions that will promote harmonization of person and society.

STATE CONTROL OF SECURITY EDUCATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND

Civil security is a newly formed field of education in Ukraine that was preceded by civil defense and civil protection fields. Nowadays, the sphere of population protection from emergencies in Ukraine is one of the most non-identified spheres in its categorical apparatus.
 The mentioned above and the necessity to examine civil protection’s condition in order to develop a new strategy in the shortest period of time, including training specialists in this field, initiated the necessity to find the best practices.
 The process of rapprochement with the European Union countries demands research on the state control experience of the neighboring countries. The last research has stopped on the Polish experience.
 Studying the Republic of Poland’s state control experience in training specialists for the security sector was not the subject of the previous research.
 The aim of the article is to represent the current condition of the state control of education in the security sector of the Republic of Poland through the professional qualifications occurrence and educational standards development.
 It is initial to be acquainted with the peculiarities of the system, regulatory enactments that control its work in order to analyze the state of training specialists for a certain system. In Poland such specificity is recognized by the two management in emergency situations state systems such as Population Protection and Crisis Management.
 All legislation and regulations mentioned in the article are the bases of the state regulatory policy in the sphere of training specialists for the security sector. Moreover, the state regulation occurs through the process of professional qualifications recognition. As for organization of specialists training for the security sector, it should be mentioned that the basic regulatory act is the higher education standard.
 It is worth noting that in Poland, at the University level, the specialization ‘Security Management’ at the Faculty of Management and Marketing, ‘Security Administration’ at the Faculty of Administration and ‘European Security’ at the Faculty of European Studies has occasionally appeared since 2003.
 And only in 2006 the Minister of Science and Higher Education introduced the new directions of education development and later, the new standards which allowed State Higher Educational Establishments to train specialists at the faculties of the first and second education levels in such specialties as National Security, Internal Security, Safety (Security) Engineering and Emergency Medical Service (Care).
 In addition, since 2011 the new Higher Education National Qualification Framework has been introduced with the demand to the academic results (knowledge, skills, social competence) for general academic specialization and for practical specialization in the fields of education, and in regard to security, in the field of humane sciences. The context of these educational standards is analyzed in the article.
 Taking everything into consideration, we can arrive at the conclusion that similar to Ukraine there is an open status issue on discrepancy between the requirements of the job market and the number of specialists trained for the security sector. The arrangement of the number of educational establishments that train specialists in the sphere of civil protection and the estimation of the job market needs in their services would be rewarding for Ukraine to gain from Poland’s experience.

A Call to Action: Moving Forward with the Governance of Artificial Intelligence in Canada

The Government of Canada has committed to accelerating the growth of the country’s world-class artificial intelligence (AI) sector. This emerging technology has the potential to impact nearly every segment of Canada’s economy, including national security, health care, and government services. To prepare for the key challenges and opportunities that AI will give rise to, we offer an innovative governance model for Canadian governments to adopt. This model recognizes the uncertainty ahead and prioritizes oversight and accountability while also encouraging a flexible policy-first approach. This approach fosters responsible AI innovation and supports Canada’s emergence as a leader in AI technology and governance.

Quality procedures and complaints: nursing homes in Portugal

Purpose In most European countries there is a range of quality control system mechanisms, however, poor quality and institutional violence can be found in the residential sector. Taking Portugal as an example of a country that uses an inspection-only approach, this paper focuses on the monitoring system for controlling the quality of care in nursing homes. The purpose of this paper is to analyse how mistreatment of older people is identified and dealt with by the national social security services. In particular it looks at what the indicators are with which to assess poor quality care and mistreatment (how it is perceived and defined), which factors affect mistreatment of older people and intervention outputs (i.e. what are the sanctions to prevent and combat this). Design/methodology/approach An exploratory approach was based on a mixed method, using a database of 3,685 complaints reported to the social security inspection services. To understand the context of the complaints and the assessment of institutional violence, focus groups were carried out with inspectors from the National Inspection Service. Findings The focus groups identified severe situations of poor care, mistreatment of older people and loss of human rights and dignity. Some indicators were found in key areas of care and the factors associated with this were based on Kamavarapu’s typology (2017): physical conditions of facilities; closed organisational models; difficult working conditions; and perceived concerns of residents. Monitoring and inspection systems are still based on minimum standards focusing on structural and process quality, devoting little attention to the human rights situation of older persons and clinical issues. Research limitations/implications The number of participants in the focus groups was limited in size but the uniqueness of this exploratory method draws a dark picture of non-licensed nursing homes in Portugal. Originality/value An exploratory analysis was useful to identify institutional violence and discuss potential implications, in terms of effectiveness of quality care control, which calls for special attention by policy makers and researchers when monitoring the human rights of older persons.