Role In National Security Research Articles

China-US 5G Competition: Narrow Economic Competition and Broad Security Competition

Currently, China and the United States are competing in various fields. Among them, science and technology, especially the field of 5G, is the primary area of competition between the two countries. It not only involves science and technology but also plays a decisive role in national security in the economic, political, military, and other fields. This paper explores whether the China-US 5G competition is economic or security competition from offensive realism. Besides, this paper also examines the role of economic ties and the international community in providing flexibility in the formulation of China-US 5G security strategies. This paper validates the underlying assumptions of offensive realism and supplements the literature that has previously neglected this theoretical perspective and the flexible factors of security competition. These findings suggest that with survival as the goal, great powers continuously take steps to maintain national security and maximize their survival prospects. The research results show that the China-US 5G competition is a broader national security competition based on economic competition.

Joint feature selection and classification of low-resolution satellite images using the SAT-6 dataset

The modern industries of today demand the classification of satellite images, and to use the information obtained from it for their advantage and growth. The extracted information also plays a crucial role in national security and the mapping of geographical locations. The conventional methods often fail to handle the complexities of this process. so, an effective method is required with high accuracy and stability. In this paper, a new methodology named RankEnsembleFS is proposed that addresses the crucial issues of stability and feature aggregation in the context of the SAT-6 dataset. RankEnsembleFS makes use of a two-step process that consists of ranking the features and then selecting the optimal feature subset from the top-ranked features. RankEnsembleFS achieved comparable accuracy results to state-of-the-art models for the SAT-6 dataset while significantly reducing the feature space. This reduction in feature space is important because it reduces computational complexity and enhances the interpretability of the model. Moreover, the proposed method demonstrated good stability in handling changes in data characteristics, which is critical for reliable performance over time and surpasses existing ML ensemble methods in terms of stability, threshold setting, and feature aggregation. In summary, this paper provides compelling evidence that this RankEnsembleFS methodology presents excellent performance and overcomes key issues in feature selection and image classification for the SAT-6 dataset.

Theoretical Perspective on the Sensing Mechanism of a Pyrazinium‐Based Fluorescent Probe Towards 2,4,6‐Trinitrophenol

ABSTRACTRapid detection of chemical explosives plays a critical role in national security and public safety. An in‐depth study of the sensing mechanism is particularly urgent for the development of highly efficient, sensitive, and selective chemical sensors for the precise detection of chemical explosives. Density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT approaches were used in this work to examine the sensing mechanism of a novel fluorescent probe 1‐benzyl‐3,5‐di (thiophen‐2‐yl)pyrazin‐1‐ium bromide (BTPyz) for the detection of 2,4,6‐trinitrophenol (TNP). A comprehensive theoretical exploration was carried out, and a different interaction mode between the probe and TNP from that in the original experiment was proposed. The π–π stacking was established to be the recognition interaction between BTPyz and TNP anion, and the active site was determined from the three potential sizes according to the Gibbs free energy analysis results. The rationality of the reaction mode and the π–π stacking product between the BTPyz and TNP (BTN) was further confirmed by the fluorescence properties (absorption and emission spectra). According to the findings of frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), photoinduced electron transfer (PET) is the intrinsic mechanism through which TNP quenches the probe's fluorescence.

Twenty Years on, Which Theoretical Approach to Security Is Most Suited to an Analysis of 9/11 and Its Aftermath?

More than 20 years have passed since the 9/11 attacks, and people from all walks of life have conducted extensive discussions and research on the event. These discussions involve multiple fields, especially analyzing this historical event within the framework of international relations theory. Therefore, this paper will analyze the three major international relations theories of realism, liberalism, and constructivism, and determine which theory is most suitable for explaining the background, impact, and subsequent development of the 9/11 attacks. Specifically, this paper will argue that realism is the most appropriate theory as it emphasizes the role of national security and power, and can explain the tough military response taken by the United States after the 9/11 attacks. Meanwhile, this paper will also briefly explain why liberalism and constructivism are not suitable for analyzing the 9/11 attacks. Through this comparative analysis, this paper aims to reveal the unique advantages of realism in understanding and interpreting the 9/11 attacks.

The Influence of Strategic Procurement on the Performance of the European Naval Defense Industry

ABSTRACT The naval defense industry plays a crucial role in national security, particularly in the context of global rearmament and shared threats. However, the industry’s performance in Europe has been hindered by factors such as decreased fleets, shrinking industry capabilities, and increasing production costs. This study of 102 large surface vessels (frigates and destroyers) from eight European countries found that production time is positively correlated with technical variables such as weight and speed. A small but significant learning effect also existed, with a 1.5-month decrease for each marginal increase of one unit in the batch. Regarding strategic sourcing, the study found no effect of the share of US subsystems on production time. However, European cooperation led to an increase in production time, likely due to higher coordination costs. Conversely, importing subsystems from a European ally tended to reduce production time. The study’s findings highlight the challenges facing the naval defense industry in Europe and suggest that strategies such as increasing batch size and cooperation with European allies can help to improve performance.

Russia’s Declining Satellite Reconnaissance Capabilities and Its Implications for Security and International Stability

Satellite-based intelligence has played a crucial role in national security and international stability. This article explores the persistent decline in Russia’s satellite reconnaissance capabilities since the Cold War’s end, challenging hopes for recovery and highlighting systemic issues. It delves into the impact on Russia’s military actions in Ukraine, where the absence of satellites contributes to indiscriminate shelling and higher military casualties. Furthermore, it examines the repercussions on nuclear arms control and the peaceful use of space, critical for global stability. As Russia struggles with reconnaissance gaps, its pursuit of antisatellite weapons poses a threat to the principle of space for peace. This analysis aims to deepen insights into the intelligence decline during the Russia–Ukraine conflict and its potential ramifications for international stability.

A sustainable method for high-efficient exploitation of low-grade vanadium-bearing shale ore by oxidation roasting pretreatment

Vanadium (V), as a strategic metal, plays an important role in national security, economy, and infrastructure construction. The V-bearing shale ore should be vigorously developed in China because its’ vanadium reserves of 87% of the total. To solve the problem of environmental issues and high production cost problems in the traditional V extraction method for shale ore, oxidation roasting pretreatment with efficient and clean properties was proposed in this work. A V2O5 leaching efficiency of 94.33% was obtained under the pretreatment conditions of a roasting temperature of 700 °C, roasting time of 2 h, and particle size with −74 μm fraction of 80 wt%. The muscovite crystal was destroyed and the V was released from Al-O octahedral in the oxidation roasting process. Additionally, cracks and holes appeared on the surface of ore particles, which are conducive to the following acid leaching. The leaching residue was suitable for making silica fumes as a building material. Based on this study, a sustainable and high-efficient exploitation method was provided for the comprehensive utilization of V-bearing shale ore resources.

The combined application technology of solar heat utilization and ground source heat pump

Energy issues play an increasingly important role in national security and economic development. The country has put forward the policy of building energy-saving and land-saving buildings. The application of the comprehensive utilization of renewable energy in the construction field has gradually become a need for technical progress and industry development. With the official promulgation and implementation of the Renewable Energy Law in 2006, the application of solar energy, geothermal energy, and other related renewable energy in the construction industry has attracted more and more attention. However, the scope of practical application is currently limited to solar energy alone to supply domestic hot water, power generation, or ground source heat pump system heating and cooling. The actual engineering cases of the combined operation of the two are relatively few, and the unreasonable joint operation mode leads to low system efficiency. In this paper, the combined application system of solar heat utilization and ground source heat pump is elaborated and analyzed in detail, from the technical feasibility, system efficiency, and other aspects of the analysis. It emphasizes the necessity and development prospect of the comprehensive utilization of renewable energy.

Переоцінка значення місцевого самоврядування для забезпечення національної безпеки та територіального суверенітету

This study delves into the underexplored realm of local selfgovernment’s role in national security and territorial integrity, particularly under the unique challenges posed by the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation. It scrutinizes the legal and practical shifts in local self-government post the implementation of martial law, emphasizing the necessity of a nuanced understanding of their capabilities and limitations in the context of national defense. The research methodologically analyzes current practices, legal frameworks, and the evolving responsibilities of local self-government bodies in the face of extraordinary security threats. It underscores the urgency of developing legislative amendments and policies to enhance the effectiveness of local self-government in national security measures. The findings aim to contribute significantly to scholarly discourse and policy-making, advocating for a more inclusive approach to national security that integrates local self-government’s potential.

The Gendered Peace Premium

AbstractThe adage that “only Nixon could go to China” suggests hawkish leaders face fewer domestic political barriers to pursuing conciliation with foreign adversaries. Since hawks are viewed as less ideologically predisposed to peace than doves, their efforts at rapprochement are more likely to be perceived as in the national interest. We explore how this conventional wisdom intersects with prominent gender stereotypes about women’s role in national security. Do gender stereotypes that women are inclined toward peace make it more difficult for women leaders to pursue conciliation? In a series of survey experiments, we find evidence of a gendered peace premium—a penalty women leaders face for pursuing peace. When women leaders seek rapprochement with foreign adversaries, they are perceived as acting “according to type.” Consequently, women’s conciliatory policy proposals are viewed as less likely to be in the national interest than identical policies pursued by male leaders. Partisanship dynamics significantly moderate the gendered peace premium, and policy success can attenuate women leaders’ disadvantage. While this discriminatory dynamic does not make it impossible for women leaders to seek and achieve peace, it does make it more difficult and politically costly than some perspectives assume.

Investigating the Geopolitical Location of Badakhshan and its Role in National Security

Investigating the Geopolitical Location of Badakhshan and its Role in National Security

From the Great Wall to the Great Firewall: A Historical Analysis of Surveillance

This article delves into the historical development of surveillance practices in China, tracing their roots from the construction of the Great Wall to the contemporary cyber surveillance system known as the Great Firewall. The study explores the strategic importance of the Great Wall as an early warning system and its significance in shaping China's modern national security strategies. Additionally, the article examines the evolution of surveillance techniques throughout China's dynastic history, the impact of Western influences, and the emergence of a modern surveillance state under the People's Republic of China. The analysis then shifts its focus to the development, implementation, and objectives of the Great Firewall, highlighting its role in both domestic control and international cyber warfare. Lastly, the article addresses the ethical debates surrounding surveillance and privacy in China, along with the future implications of emerging technologies and trends in the country's national security strategy. Through this historical lens, the article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of China's long-standing relationship with surveillance and its crucial role in national security, while also shedding light on potential future developments and global implications. Keywords: Chinese national security, Cyber surveillance, Cyber surveillance, Great Wall of China, History of surveillance in China. Jel Codes: F50, H56, H56, P25, P37.

From the Great Wall to the Great Firewall: A Historical Analysis of Surveillance

This article delves into the historical development of surveillance practices in China, tracing their roots from the construction of the Great Wall to the contemporary cyber surveillance system known as the Great Firewall. The study explores the strategic importance of the Great Wall as an early warning system and its significance in shaping China's modern national security strategies. Additionally, the article examines the evolution of surveillance techniques throughout China's dynastic history, the impact of Western influences, and the emergence of a modern surveillance state under the People's Republic of China. The analysis then shifts its focus to the development, implementation, and objectives of the Great Firewall, highlighting its role in both domestic control and international cyber warfare. Lastly, the article addresses the ethical debates surrounding surveillance and privacy in China, along with the future implications of emerging technologies and trends in the country's national security strategy. Through this historical lens, the article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of China's long-standing relationship with surveillance and its crucial role in national security, while also shedding light on potential future developments and global implications. Keywords: Chinese national security, Cyber surveillance, Cyber surveillance, Great Wall of China, History of surveillance in China.

The evolution of strategic communication: practices and reflections in Nigeria

Strategic communication, an intentional and purpose-driven communication aimed at achieving specific goals, is gaining traction in Nigeria. This paper examines the growth and development of strategic communication in Nigeria across three historical epochs. While previous studies on communication management in the country have been limited to the colonial era, this study traces the origin of strategic communication in Nigeria from the precolonial era to the present day. Despite the Western-centric view of strategic communication, this study highlights the various communication strategies, such as rhetoric, symbolography, town-criers, Roko, Ewi, proverbs, idiophones, and music, that were utilized in precolonial times. The arrival of colonialists only modernized the process and introduced new mediums of communication. Modern factors such as WWII, nationalism, regional politics, civil war, Boko Haram Insurgency, and politics have also influenced the development of strategic communication. The paper recommends more research and courses on strategic communication in Nigeria to continue building a better understanding of its role in national security and conflict management.

Contemporary Value Assessment of Marxist Ideology under the Context of Deep Learning.

As a conceptual superstructure, ideology plays a very important role in national security, social stability, and healthy economic development. As a result, ideological work is critical to the Party's success, and the current focus of ideological work is to increase ideological risk prevention. The focus of ideological risk avoidance is gradually shifting to cyberspace as the Internet becomes the primary arena and forum for information interchange, value dissemination, and ideological exchanges. Deep learning, as a data processing technology, is characterized by deep data analysis and full generalization and can have an impact on ideological security work: on the one hand, it helps work subjects evaluate and count the process and effect of work in order to grasp the trend of public opinion; on the other hand, it helps work subjects understand and reflect on the inner logic and contemporary value of Marxist theory through diversified work platforms and diverse work methods and promotes work subjects' understanding of Marxist theory. On the other hand, through diversified working platforms and various working methods, we help the working targets to understand and reflect on the inner logic and contemporary values of Marxist theory and promote their true identification with socialist core values. Based on the impact of deep learning on work subjects and work objects, this paper proposes that Marxian ideological security workers can use it to effectively achieve good communication and contemporary value assessment among different work subjects, set specific indicators according to the division of labour, adopt different working methods according to the groups to which the learning bjects belong, and establish a long-term evaluation mechanism in the process.

Study on Economic Significance of Rare Earth Mineral Resources Development Based on Goal Programming and Few-Shot Learning.

Rare earth is one of the most important strategic minerals in the world today. The wide application of new products and technologies in the global market has made the world's demand for rare earth resources grow rapidly. As an important basic resource of high technology, rare earth plays a significant role in national security and strategy. As rare earth mineral resources are irreplaceable in civil, military, and nuclear industries, they have become national strategic resources of various countries in the world. Although China's rare earth industry has occupied a leading position in the world, with the continuous expansion of the scale of the rare earth industry, the pollution problem of “three wastes” produced in the recovery of rare earth mineral resources is becoming more and more serious. From the perspective of resource endowment, China is rich in rare earth resources, but the declining trend of resource reserves is obvious, and the advantages and disadvantages of resources are more prominent. Based on the goal planning and few-shot learning, this paper studies the economic significance of rare earth resource development, aiming at solving some problems in the development of rare earth mineral resources in China, and thus promoting the scientific and healthy development of the rare earth industry.

A Study on Response to Cyber Threats using Artificial Intelligence

Purpose: This article examines the impact of the science and technology development and artificial intelligence on cyber threats in the era of the 4th industrial revolution and consideration of national-level defense response to the cyber threats. Method: The theoretical approach referred to monographs and papers published in academic journals, and technical and current data were studied through the Internet and literature research. Results: The development of artificial intelligence has provided efficiency, speed, and convenience of mission performance in cyberspace, but threats from unspecified forces in cyberspace are becoming more covert, advanced, and intelligent. Impairment of mission performance and damage to property has emerged as a national crisis. It has become a new security issue that must be dealt at the national security level. In response to cyber threats, the development tasks include nurturing cybersecurity experts, developing artificial intelligence-based security control management highlighting hacking and malicious code breaches based on artificial intelligence, and improving cybersecurity awareness. Conclusion: Defense, which plays a pivotal role in national security, is expected to serve as an opportunity to strengthen cybersecurity capabilities as a game-changer to respond to cyber threats on the battlefield along with the 4th industrial revolution and the innovative development of artificial intelligence.

The Role of Social Logistics for the National, Economic and Social Security

Logistics continuously expands its application areas. In modern conditions, there is a need to apply logistics in areas not related to its traditional applications such as military and business spheres, resulting in the identification of a third area with the name social logistics. Social logistics aims to introduce a social (human) factor into the systems and to apply logistic principles and methods in solving the problems of society. Social logistics can be defined as a set of actions that ensure the effective functioning of social systems (such as a set of social phenomena, processes and subjects), applying the principles of logistics. For the purposes of this paper, a number of scientific approaches and methods have been applied, such as system approach, comparative analysis, critical analysis, synthesis and others. Social logistics plays an important role in national security, including economic and social security. The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of social logistics in enhancing national security, including economic and social security.

Forest ecological security in China: A quantitative analysis of twenty five years

Forest Ecological Security (FES) is an essential component of ecological security and plays an important role in national security. In this study, the Delphi method was used to construct a multi-index comprehensive evaluation system, and indicators were weighted using the entropy weight method. Based on data from 31 provinces, this study evaluated the status of FES in China from 1994 to 2018 and identified the influencing factors of FES. The results showed that indicators such as forest stock volume per unit land area, forest coverage rate, population density, and population per unit forest area contributed the most to the evaluation indicator system. Forest quantity and quality, as well as population pressure, were especially important factors affecting FES. In terms of spatial distribution, FES varied greatly between regions and the developments were unbalanced. Provinces in the northeast, southern and southwest forest regions, such as Jilin, Heilongjiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Yunnan, etc., had better FES due to their rich forest resources. The provinces in northwest China (Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, and Ningxia) and north China (Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing, and Tianjin) had worse FES than other provinces. With the reference of temporal variation, the national average FES increased from 0.543 (1994–1998) to 0.593 (2014–2018). Furthermore, 51.6% of the provinces (Hainan, Fujian, Heilongjiang, Beijing, etc.) had continuous upward trends in their evaluation value of FES ( V FES ) during the study period, while the other provinces (Inner Mongolia, Shanghai, Shandong, etc.) exhibited fluctuating V FES . In general, the V FES of all provinces increased during the whole study period, and the average level of FES improved significantly, which indicated that China’s FES situation has shown continued improvement.

Practical cyber security for small and medium sized enterprises

This paper presents practical examples of cyber security policies for small and medium-sized businesses. The security of small and medium-sized enterprises plays an important role in national security. The goal is to bring a simplified cyber security model for micro enterprises in the context of the National Cyber Security Strategy “Cyber Resilient Bulgaria 2020”.