National Park Area Research Articles

A zoning-based solution for hierarchical forest patch mosaic in urban parks

Urbanization has led to the loss, fragmentation, and degradation of habitats, as well as that of biodiversity in cities. Urban parks play a key role in conserving biodiversity. Despite the advantages of complex vegetation structures for insect and bird diversity, a simple vegetation structure is favored in urban parks worldwide. The trade-off between human recreation and biodiversity conservation is challenging. Zoning strategy may be an effective countermeasure informed by the national park and natural scenic area; a zoning-based solution was introduced in this study, including preserved core zones and surrounding recreation zones. Guangyanggu Urban Forest Park was found to be advantageous for biodiversity and in terms of the feasibility of a small hierarchical forest patch (HFP) in the center of Beijing, which can serve as a model for core zones. The park had higher species richness of plants, insects, and birds than did six control sample parks. The Gleason richness indices of insect and bird species significantly correlated with the ratio of multilayered vegetation area to total sample area (r = 0.757 and 0.867 respectively; p < 0.05). The HFP mosaic model was used to develop the core zone in the urban park. Nine scenarios were defined for the HFP mosaic pattern, quantitatively delineating the typical spatial patterns of HFPs in parks. These results will improve the design and management of the current urban park paradigm. A bio-friendly park model characterized by HFP can optimize professional designing and maintenance guidelines for future urban parks.

Partisipasi Masyarakat Desa Malasari dalam Pengembangan Ekowisata Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak (Tnghs)

Malasari village is a village located in the Halimun Salak Mountain National Park. During this time the community utilizing the national park area for the sake of livelihood of particularly with regard to forest products. Later in its development with the potential of nature, the tour is an alternative solution for the people of the village of Malasari. The purpose of this research is to know the form of participation by the village of Malasari in the development of Ecotourism Halimun. This research used the qualitative approach with the descriptive-analytical method. The collection of data using interviews and observations in the field. The data collected was then analysed qualitatively the results showed that the participation of the community of the village of Malasari was formed in 4 stages, namely the participation in decision-making, implementation and utilization as well as evaluation. Based on the results of such research, then there is a need for more research on how the level of community participation and efforts for its increase in the ideal pattern of development of ecotourism Village Malasari

Habitat Characteristic of The Long-Tail Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) at Natural Tourism Park (NTP) Pengsong Mount, West Lombok

Pengsong Mount Natural Tourism Park (NTP) is a habitat for long-tailed monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in West Lombok. This study aims to determine the habitat characteristics of Macaca fascicularis in Pengsong Mount Natural Tourism Park (NTP), West Lombok. The object of this research is the long-tailed monkey (Macaca fascicularis) and all vegetation observed in the habitat of this species. Habitat characteristic data was collected using the plot method placed on an observation transect. Vegetation data taken includes vegetation at the level of seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees. Data on the physical conditions of the habitats collected included air temperature, air humidity, soil moisture, and soil pH. The data on the activity of the long-tailed monkeys studied were the daily activities of the monkeys in their habitat. The results showed that the habitat characteristics of long-tailed monkeys in Pengsong Mount Natural Tourism Park (NTP) is overgrown by 25 types of plants belonging to 15 families, has an average air temperature of 27.670C, an average air humidity of 650C, an average soil moisture of 55.67%, and the average pH of 5.2. The value of plant diversity in the Pengsong Mount Natural Tourism Park (NTP) area is 2.623 so that the value of plant diversity is classified as moderate. The value of plant evenness in the Pengsong Mount Natural Tourism Park (NTP) area is 0.815 so that the value of plant evenness is high.

Space Adequacy Analysis Based on Population Pressure National park Area (Case Study : Putri Betung Sub District, Gayo Lues, Aceh)

The land requirement for Putri Betung Sub District in Gunung Leuser National Park (GLNP) area kept increasing along with the population growth. The population density in the Putri Betung Sub-district was driven by the need for cultivation and residential area along the GLNP conservation boundary. This study aims to analyze the space adequacy for Putri Betung Sub-District in the GLNP area based on the population pressure prediction for 20 years. The research method was conducted by field survey using remote sensing, interviewed the residents, and analyzed the population pressure index using the Soemarwoto formula. The Population Pressure Index (PPI) for the cultivation area was determined from 13 villages in Putri Betung Subdistrict and shows that 12 villages had a PPI 1 value (population pressure was over the land carrying capacity limits). Only one village had PPI 1 (population pressure less than the land carrying capacity. Based on data surveys obtained, the cultivation area set in the Putri Betung area was no longer sufficient for population, resulting from the expansion in the GLNP area of 4,776.97 ha. Meanwhile, predictive analysis on space adequacy for people living decently in Putri Betung Sub District for 20 upcoming years is 6117.15 ha. In conclusion, 12 out of 13 villages in the Putri Betung SubDistrict have PPI 1 value, which is inversely proportional to the land carrying capacity. The PPI values could result in other pressures on the ecology and biodiversity conservation in National Park. It is suggested that the government need to surpass the pressure by making new policy on people’s resettlement, expanding the cultivation area, or shifting people's livelihoods

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Before it was made into the Aketajawe Lolobata National Park, the forest was a forest that was used by local people to meet their needs and survival in farming. Communities inside and outside can not be separated from the National Park area because in reality these communities have first lived in the area around the forest. This research was conducted with the aim to find out the perception of the Ake Jawi Village Community on the Existence of Aketajawe Lolobata National Park (TNAL). This study used descriptive qualitative method. The data used are primary data and secondary data. The data source is 22 families that directly border TNAL. Data collection techniques are observation and interviews. Respondents were selected by purposive sampling. Data analysis techniques using descriptive qualitative (data collection, data reduction, data display, verification / drawing conclusions). Based on data analysis, namely (1) Perception of a small percentage of people who have a good perception of the existence of a national park that the community considers that TNAL has a positive impact. It is hoped that the existence of a national park will continue to benefit from forest resources and maintain its sustainability for the foreseeable future. The public perception is not good, namely the presence of TNAL, does not provide anything but only reduces the area of their arable land that enters the TNAL area, which makes the community disturbed by the presence of TNAL. This is the case of many Ake Jawi Village respondents who have received elementary and secondary education. (2) The perception of the people of Ake Jawi Village is caused by external factors, namely the low level of education, lack of participation in socialization, lack of experience and lack of community knowledge about national parks and functions for the next life.

Area-based conservation planning in Japan: The importance of OECMs in the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework

To reframe the imperfect review processes of nation-scale actions on area-based conservation through protected area (PA) networks, we first created novel infrastructure to visualize nation-level biodiversity information in Japan. We then assessed the performance of the existing PA network relative to land exploitation pressure and evaluated conservation effectiveness of PA expansion for the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. The Zonation software was used to spatially prioritize conservation areas to minimize biodiversity loss and the extinction risk for 8077 Japanese vascular plant and vertebrate species under constraints of the existing PA network and land use. The spatial pattern of the identified priority areas, which were considered candidate areas for expansion of the current PA network, was influenced by land-use types according to the mask layers of non-PAs, and low-, middle-, and high-ranked PAs. The current PA network reduced the aggregate extinction risk of multiple species by 36.6%. Indeed, the proportion of built-up areas in the existing PAs was generally smaller than that in the areas surrounding PAs. Notably, high-ranked PAs effectively restricted the built-up pressure (0.04% every 10 years), whereas low-ranked PAs in national park and wild-life protection areas did not (1.8% every 10 years). Conservation effects were predicted to substantially improve by expansion of high-ranked (legally strict) PAs into remote non-PAs without population/socioeconomic activities, or expansion of medium-ranked PAs into satoyama which have traditionally been used for agriculture and forestry, and urban areas. A 30% land conservation target was predicted to decrease extinction risk by 74.1% when PA expansion was implemented across remote areas, satoyama, and urban areas; moreover, PA connectivity almost doubled compared with the existing PA network. In contrast, a conventional scenario showed that placing national parks in state-owned and non-populated areas would reduce extinction risk by only 4.0%. Conservation prioritization analyses demonstrated the effectiveness of using a comprehensive conservation approach that reconciles land-sparing protection and land-sharing conservation in other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) in satoyama and urban green spaces. Our results revealed that complementary inclusion of various PA interventions related to their governance and land-use planning plays a critical role in effectively preventing biodiversity loss and makes it more feasible to achieve ambitious conservation targets.

Implementation of Community Service in The Introduction of History in the Sembulungan Peninsula, Banyuwangi Regency, East Java Province Indonesia

One of the relics whose existence must be preserved and preserved is in Banyuwangi Regency, precisely in Alas Purwo National Park (TN Alas Purwo), a national park located in Banyuwangi covering an area of 43,420 hectares. In addition to having a diversity of flora and fauna in the Alas Purwo National Park area, there are also many objects and buildings of the past, especially on the Sembulungan peninsula, which was formerly known as an entry and exit route for colonial trade commodities. However, let alone the student community who are academics who are not very familiar with the relics on the Sembulungan peninsula, the method used in this service is qualitative analysis by coming to the location directly and conducting observations and collecting data through structured interviews with a triangulation approach. The results show that students' insight has increased by looking at the relics of the Japanese military in maintaining power in the form of bunkers, cannons, and military strategies developed on the Sembulungan peninsula for maritime security.

Outbreak of type c botulism in aquatic birds on the Nahuel Huapi Lake and National Park area, Argentina

An outbreak of avian botulism type C occurred at the Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus) colonies located at the Nahuel Huapi National Park and lake area in Argentina, at the end of the breeding season, during austral summer 2020. While conducting fieldwork, birds were observed with paralysis of the lower and upper limbs, and dead birds were found in a sitting down position with no signs of having been attacked. We collected blood and tissue samples from eight Kelp Gulls and one Ashy-headed Goose (Chloephaga poliocephala) for toxicological analysis. One sample of Ashy-headed Goose resulted positive for botulinum toxin type C. Diseases like botulism are usually lethal for wildlife and have important effects on bird populations. Though the impact on the Kelp Gull colonies did not seem to be of great concern (~2.3% of the population affected), specific research into the source of the toxin and the initiating conditions are required to understand the potential threats to the environment and to different bird populations that live in this area. This would be key for aquatic bird species such as the Ashy-headed and the Upland Goose (C. picta), both considered threatened in Argentina.

Evaluation of tourist reviews on TripAdvisor for the protection of the world heritage sites: Text mining approach

Collecting and analyzing online tourist reviews on destinations is important for sustainable tourism. These analyses can give insight into the extent to which natural and cultural assets in the destination are protected. These evaluations should be considered by the authorities as objective and realistic assessments. In this study, 4183 TripAdvisor reviews of foreign tourists visiting “Göreme National Park and Cappadocia Rocky Area”, which is listed in the World Heritage Site, were evaluated. The data set consisted of English reviews of foreign tourists visiting the region between the years of 2018 - 2020. Dictionary-based sentiment analysis, one of the text mining methods, was used in the study. According to the analysis results, the positive perceptions of the tourists about the churches, fairy chimneys, valleys and underground cities in the World Heritage Site were found to be significantly high (75%). Negative evaluations were found to be low (33%). In tourist reviews, 63% positive and 10.49% negative evaluations were made about the protection of the region. In addition, the awareness of the tourists about whether the locations they visit are World Heritage Sites was 30.6%. Tourists explained their negative opinions about the locations they visited with the words "extra_payment", "crowded", and "steep". Another finding of the study was that the area is adequately protected. There were, however, some concerns related to protection. The most striking aspects of protection concerns were those in which the words "painted" and "drawn" were used, an important indicator of visitor sensitivity to the protection of frescoes in rock churches. Since the destruction of natural and cultural assets in the region is unacceptable, recommendations are made to take the necessary measures to prevent such damage.

Impact of livestock guardian dogs on livestock predation in rural Mongolia

AbstractMuch like subsistence farmers the world over, Mongolian herders depend directly on their herds for food, materials, and income. Consequently, any loss of livestock through predation from wild carnivores (including wolves, foxes, snow leopards, and birds of prey) is a major challenge. With a lack of non‐lethal mitigation methods currently available to them, herders in Mongolia frequently manage conflict with predators with retaliatory hunting, negatively impacting populations of wild predators. Livestock guardian dogs (LGDs) are an increasingly popular non‐lethal means worldwide for discouraging livestock predation. However, empirical evaluations of the efficacy of using LGDs in contemporary landscapes are rare throughout Asia. Evaluating these human–wildlife conflict prevention strategies are especially important in areas used to produce globally traded commodities, such as cashmere in the case of Mongolia. We implemented longitudinal structured interview‐based surveys to evaluate the use and effectiveness of LGDs as a conflict mitigation strategy for semi‐nomadic herders in three locations across Mongolia. Sixteen herders in Nomgon, Ömnögovi, Undur‐Ulaan, Arkhangai, Khustain Nuruu National Park area, and Gorkhi Terelj National Park area were surveyed between 2015 and 2019, throughout the process of receiving and training LGDs. Our analysis suggested herders experienced a significant reduction in the annual losses of livestock to predation after receiving LGDs (Wilcoxon signed‐rank test, Z = −3.329, p = .001, n = 16), including when accounting for background predation rates. Consequently, we consider LGDs likely to be a viable method for livestock protection alongside the conservation of predators in Mongolia, and potentially elsewhere in Asia. We finish by exploring important considerations should this approach be used more intensively throughout the country and beyond.

Characteristics and the appearance of new whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) as a unique phenomenon in the Kwatisore waters within the Cenderawasih Bay National Park area, Papua

Research on whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) was conducted from September 1st to December 20th, 2020 in Kwatisore waters. Kwatisore waters are within the conservation area of the Cenderawasih Bay National Park and have specifications for the number of whale sharks and the appearance of new individuals. The appearance of whale sharks individuals takes place every day around the boat life net area that is anchored in Kwatisore waters. This study aims to assess whale shark aggregation, particularly the total appearances and number of individual appearances in eight boat life net units. The number of appearances and the number of individual whale sharks is very dependent on the catch of anchovies by each boat life net unit and the feed of anchovies given by the fishermen. The results showed that there were 499 appearances of whale sharks consisting of 15 individuals, of which 13 individuals were identified, while 2 were new individuals who had not been identified. The new individual for ID 182 is named Yan Maruanaya and ID 183 is named Bram Maruanaya. The percentage of whale sharks appears during the period of September to December 2020 is 100% male with a length of 3 to 6 m.

POTENSI SUMBERDAYA DANAU DEPATI EMPAT BERBASISKAN ADO-ODTWA DI TAMAN NASIONAL KERINCI SEBLAT

Kerinci Seblat National Park (TNKS) is a conservation area with an area of ​​1,389,509,867 hectares. The form of utilization in the national park area that is considered to be able to provide sustainable benefits in increasing the income of local communities and preserving the area is maintained ecotourism. Depati Empat Lake is one of the tourist areas in the Kerinci Seblat National Park. Lake Depati Empat has the potential for diversity of flora and fauna around the lake, the potential of lake waters such as fish species and the potential of environmental services (landscapes) with aesthetic value which is very potential to be developed as an ecotourism area. Therefore this study aims to analyze the potential resources of Lake Depati Empat by using ADO-ODTWA analysis. The method of collecting data is done through field observations, questionnaire interviews and literature studies. The results showed that Lake Depati Empat was based on the ADO-ODTWA assessment results in the Lake Depati area. Four assessment components that received high potential value included tourist attraction, supporting facilities and infrastructure, carrying capacity of the area and the availability of clean water while accessibility and accommodation gained potential value, so that Lake Depati Empat gets very potential criteria to be developed as a natural tourism destination (ecotourism).

Social Participation of the Ranu Pane Village Community in the Village Tourism Area Development

Ranu Pane Village is an enclave village located in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park area. This village still maintains the traditional Tengger culture which has natural potential in the form of Lake Ranu Pane and Lake Ranu Regulo. Located in a national strategic area of 10 priority tourist destinations, Ranu Pane village is directed to become a tourist village. Tourism development in the perspective of local independence is the embodiment of a community order that is carried out independently. Community participation is very decisive in the development of tourist villages, so as not to be separated from the cultural values of the local community and the decline in environmental quality, so that tourism management will be able to create a prosperous society together with nature conservation. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with direct observation techniques and library data collection. The purpose of this study was to determine the participation of the Ranu Pane village community in the development of a tourist village. through a SWOT analysis obtained a strategy for the development of tourist villages. In general, it is necessary to increase the participation of the village community so that it is better.

Leaf traits of sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn.) populations selected from different regions of Bangladesh

This study investigated the variation in leaf traits of Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn.) by collecting leaf samples from the natural populations of Sal distributed in Madhupur National Park, Cumilla and Dinajpur areas of Bangladesh. Soil samples were collected at 0 - 10 cm depth near the base of the tree trunk of the respective plants selected for the collection of leaf samples. Soils were analyzed for moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity, available N, total P, and organic C contents. Data showed a range of variation in the responses of leaf traits of the three populations. However, none of the morphological and physiological traits showed significant differences except chlorophyll content (p = 0.0047). Conversely, significant difference appeared in most of the leaf anatomical properties such as stomatal pore index (p = 0.0369), open-close behavior (p = &lt; 0.0001) and stomatal density (p = 0.0008) among the three forests. Stomatal density, pore index, and percent open stomata were higher in the Madhupur forest, while closed stomata were significantly higher in the Dinajpur forest. Thus, the present study indicated that although all leaf traits did not show a similar trend of response, leaf stomata were more responsive to different geographical distribution, which could be attributed to the variation in soil moisture conditions.&#x0D; Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 30(2): 317-324, 2021 (July)

Integration of tetrapod ichnofaunas and coastal dynamics for paleocommunity reconstruction in the Curtis and Summerville formations (Jurassic), eastern Utah

ABSTRACT The transition between the aeolian Moab Member of the Curtis Formation and the marginal marine upper tongue of the Summerville Formation, in the area of Arches National Park, Utah, facilitated the registration of the distinctive theropod-dominated Moab Megatracksite complex, which is something of an ichnological cause célèbre. The complex reveals three interpenetrating ichnofaunas each with distinctive ichnofacies characteristics. The present study focuses on the small theropod-dominated assemblages from the coastal dune facies and applies Walther’s Law of Facies to the sequence relationship between onshore ichnoassemblages, the late pulse of transgression by the Summerville sea, and the development of the shallow marine Pteraichnus ichnocoenosis. Together, these spatio-temporal facies relationship between onshore terrestrial, shoreline and shallow marine facies and their contained ichnofaunas shed useful light on the Late Jurassic tetrapod ecology of the region, in an area entirely lacking tetrapod body fossils. The small theropod dune ichnofauna has obvious precursors in other Jurassic dune facies. The shoreline and shallow marine ichnocoenosis also fit certain ichnofacies models, despite the lack of comparable ichnofaunas in the area. Abundant trackway size frequency data yield body mass estimates which allow testing of recently proposed palaeobiological theories on theropod ontogeny and community structure based on the skeletal record.

Smallholder livelihood adaptation capacity to the risk of climate change disasters in the buffer area of Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park (TN BABUL) South Sulawesi

The number of smallholders’ farmer around the forest areas in Indonesia are about fifteen million households, and facing the risk of climate change disaster in their activities on the various national park area in Indonesia. This paper discussed about the role of management decentralization of National Park Zonation toward enhancement livelihood adaptation strategy of smallholder farmers, facing the risk of climate change disaster using spatial analysis (GIS) and content analysis. The result describing proprietor’s devolution at the resort level in the management of special zone and traditional zone that is a basic strategy to provide access to smallholders manages the land to develop agroforestry patterns that are resistant to climate variability. While in the jungle zone and utilization zone, devolution is only authorized user rights until the claimant right to collect non-timber forest products grown naturally to ensure resource sustainability. Pseudo de-concentration by the SPTN is required to monitor and ensure proprietors devolution rights, authorized user right, or claimant right in the management of traditional zone, special zone, jungle zone, and utilization zone between resort institution, the village head, and smallholders’ farmers. The implementation of devolution that produces anonymous adaptation supported by planned adaptation from village institutions and government can enhancement the adaptation capacity of smallholder farmers in managing rice fields and their PLKCS land or in conservation forest areas with the availability of irrigation water sources.

Diversity of insect pollinator on farmland near to mount Ciremai National Park

The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity and abundance of insect pollinator and to determine the correlation of insect pollinator to the distance between farmland and the conservation area of Mount Ciremai National Park (MCNP). The method used is scan sampling. Traps were installed sequentially at intervals of 100m, with 5 observation points (100 m, 200 m, 300 m, 400 m, and 500 m) with 3 replications. There are 573 individual insects found, with a value of H '= 3.285 (moderate diversity). There are 94 individuals (relative abundance = 16.4%) were insect pollinator, consisting of 3 orders, 7 families, and 8 species. The pollinator species found were: Anopilus, Athyma perius, Campsomeris plumipes fossulana, Erynnis tages, Pison spinolae, Syrphus ribesii, Vanessa sp, and Xylocopa. The order of Hymenoptera was most found followed by the order of Lepidoptera and Diptera. The distance between farmland and the MCNP area has a positive correlation (r = 0.592) with the amount of pollinator, meaning that the amount of pollinator increases as the distance between farmland and the MCNP area increases. The distance between farmland and the MCNP area has a negative correlation (r = -0.576) with the amount of insect species, meaning that the distance the farmland to the MCNP area increasingly, more insect species are found.

Community readiness on managing agroforestry of candlenut and coffee

Local communities around the Lore Lindu National Park have practiced agroforestry, including candlenut and coffee, which benefited not only for the livelihood of the communities but also for conservation of the national park area. This study aims to analyze the community readiness by the actors of each agroforestry system as a reference for the development of the two agroforestry systems. Based on the CRM approach, the community of candlenut agroforestry actors had a higher level of readiness (6.2 and 5.1) compared to coffee agroforestry actors have (4,9 and 4,7). The t-test analysis shows the difference between the five CRM dimensions. Those indicate that knowledge is significantly different between the readiness level of both the candlenut and coffee agroforestry communities. The value of the knowledge dimension in the candlenut agroforestry community is greater than the readiness value of the coffee agroforestry community. The knowledge factor is the most critical dimension to get attention in the agroforestry development effort.

Peran Operator Wisata Bahari dan Wisatawan Terhadap Pelestarian Terumbu Karang di Pulau Menjangan Kawasan Taman Nasional Bali Barat

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Menjangan Island is a small island located 5 miles northwest of the island of Bali and is part of the West Bali National Park area. Activities that can be carried out by tourists visiting Menjangan Island, namely diving, snorkeling, jungle tracking, walking around Menjangan Island. The condition and condition of good coral reefs on Menjangan Island is certainly inseparable from the role of a person or group in preserving and conserving coral reefs in this island. This study aims to determine how the role of Marine and Tourist Tourism Operators on coral reef preservation on Menjangan Island.This research used a qualitative method with qualitative data analysis techniques. Sources of data from this study come from primary data and secondary data. The results of this study indicate that marine tourism operators and tourists are very instrumental in preserving coral reefs on Menjangan Island because it can be seen from the efforts made to maintain the beauty of the underwater world on Menjangan Island. The form of preservation carried out in the form of providing education to tourists related to how to do snorkeling and diving activities so as not to damage the coral reefs.&#x0D; Keyword: Roles, Marine Tourism Operators, Tourist, Coral Reef Conservation, Menjangan Island&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Performance of Tourism Competitiveness in National Park Area of Indonesia

Essentially tourism Indonesia has certain excellence natural attraction wealth, one of them is the largest tropical forest products after Brazil and having 54 national parks. This country also has a nature property and the diversity of culture, typical living culture and a bonus of demographic to participate in tourism. Nowadays, Indonesian government is setting a tourism sector as one of a priority program. Measuring the performance of the tourism sector is not only measured by the number of tourists visit but the impact of the tourism sector is also to be able to become income sources and income in the region. Therefore, we present an assessment regarding to a potential correlation and characteristics of the tourism competitiveness through a non-tax income receipts on the site of a national park, and local government revenue, and tourist arrival at districts with its national park in Indonesia. We employ method of clusters and canonical correlation analysis. As results, we formed 3 (three) clusters of areas that have a national park based on the characteristics of potential tourism competitiveness. From these clusters, the tourism competitiveness, the most superior factor is security purchasing power parity, price competitiveness, tourist service infrastructure, openness indicator, environment indicator, and social development indicator. We conclude finally that none of the competitiveness of tourism in the region has a strong correlation in the non-tax income on the site of a national park, and local government revenue, and tourist’s arrival in districts with its a national park in Indonesia.