National Mining Research Articles

Characteristics of coal resources in China and statistical analysis and preventive measures for coal mine accidents

In the process of green and smart mine construction under the context of carbon neutrality, China's coal safety situation has been continuously improved in recent years. In order to recognize the development of coal production in China and prepare for future monitoring and prevention of safety incidents, this study mainly elaborated on the basic situation of coal resources and national mining accidents over the past five years (2017–2021), from four dimensions (accident level, type, region, and time), and then proposed the preventive measures based on accident statistical laws. The results show that the storage of coal resources has obvious geographic characteristics, mainly concentrated in the Midwest, with coal resources in Shanxi and Shaanxi accounting for about 49.4%. The proportion of coal consumption has dropped from 70.2% to 56% between 2011 and 2021, but still accounts for more than half of the all. Meanwhile, the accident-prone areas are positively correlated with the amount of coal production. Among different levels of coal mine accidents, general accidents had the highest number of accidents and deaths, with 692 accidents and 783 deaths, accounting for 87.6% and 54.64% respectively. The frequency of roof, gas, and transportation accidents is relatively high, and the number of single fatalities caused by gas accidents is the largest, about 4.18. In terms of geographical distribution of accidents, the safety situation in Shanxi Province is the most severe. From the time distribution of coal mine accidents, the accidents mainly occurred in July and August, and rarely occurred in February and December. Finally, the "4 + 4" safety management model is proposed, combining the statistical results with coal production in China. Based on the existing health and safety management systems, the managements are divided into four sub-categories, and more specific measures are suggested.

MINE ACTION CENTER: MAIN ASPECTS OF ACTIVITY AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

Statement of the Problem. Ukraine is one of the ten countries with the most explosive contaminated territory, and this situation tends to worsen due to the scale of military operations and the use of so-called “mine warfare” tactics. Therefore, the сreation of an effective mine action system, taking into account the needs of safe demining of the territory of Ukraine from explosive objects, is a priority task at the national level.
 Analysis of recent research and publications. The analysis of professional literature has shown that the issues of creating an effective mine action system, improving the regulatory framework based on international experience, problems and ways to solve humanitarian demining, and the impact of explosive hazards on the environment are in the focus of attention of the scientific community. The issue of development and improvement of the mine action system has become even more urgent and requires further development taking into account the principles of international humanitarian law and measures to minimize the danger caused by explosive hazards.
 The purpose of the article is to study the activities and identify promising ways of development of the Center for Mine Action in the conditions of the legal regime of martial law.
 In Ukraine there is an effective mine action system with clear subordination to the National Mine Action Agency. In order to implement mine action measures in practice, the Mine Action Center was established, which has an effective mine clearance quality management system, including certification of mine action operators (Certification Agency) and control of demining quality (Inspection Agency).
 Within the framework of international cooperation, joint projects are implemented with foreign countries, international organizations and institutions, in which the Mine Action Center is an active participant. A system of training and advanced training of the Mine Action Center’s personnel involved in demining has been implemented.
 Promising ways of developing mine action within the competence of the Mine Action Center include the following: expanding the scope of accreditation of the Certification Agency; improvement of normative and legal acts of mine countermeasures (amendments to existing ones and creation of new ones); increasing the effectiveness of mine action tasks by conducting applied and fundamental research within the authority of the scientific research laboratory.

Development, effectiveness, and deficiency of China's Coal Mine Safety Supervision System

Coal mine safety is closely related to the stable development of China's economy. Coal mine safety supervision system provides a powerful guarantee of coal mine safety. A comprehensive review of the reform process of China's coal mine safety supervision system is important for exploring its impact on coal mine safety production. This study focuses on the reform process of China's coal mine safety supervision system from the establishment of the State Administration of Coal Mine Safety (SACMS, later renamed the National Mine Safety Administration (NMSA) in 2020) in 1999–2022. The safety status and safety supervision systems of the coal mining industry and the construction industry are compared to verify the importance of the establishment of the SACMS. It is found that the coal mine safety status has improved significantly, and the number of fatalities has decreased steadily, which is in sharp contrast with the accident trend in the construction industry. Finally, this study compared the coal mine safety status between the United States and China. Results show that there is still a gap between the two countries in coal mine safety levels. Coal mine geological conditions, coal mining technology, safety training, and coal mine safety supervision forces are the influencing factors of coal mine safety. Based on the advanced experience of the United States, this research puts forward suggestions for China's safety supervision. In addition, the law enforcement activities of the NMSA are also reflected in this study. The outcomes are significant for understanding the containment effect of coal mine safety supervision on coal mine accidents. Besides, the research also provides professional materials for coal mine enterprises and other production industries, which is conducive to promoting the safe production of various industries to a certain extent.

The Impact of Environmental Protection Tax on Corporate Green Innovation under the Double Carbon Target

The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to promote the major transformation of the socialist economic model, implement the national comprehensive energy-saving plan, actively develop green and low-carbon industries, encourage green consumption, and promote the establishment of a green and low-carbon economic production mode and life mode in society. Since the implementation of the Environmental Protection Tax Law on January 1, 2018, the hearts of enterprises to " seek green " have gradually increased. Taking Jiangxi Copper Industry Group as an example, this paper describes and analyzes the development of the national mining industry under the dual carbon goals, explores the role of environmental protection tax on green innovation of enterprises, and puts forward corresponding measures and suggestions.

Objective classification of high‐resolution geophysical data: Empowering the next generation of mineral exploration in Sierra Leone

AbstractIn 2019, a nationwide airborne geophysical survey of Sierra Leone was flown at 150 m nominal line spacing and 50 m nominal terrain clearance. Contractual deliverables included magnetic, radiometric and supporting data streams. The primary aim of the geophysical survey was to provide a national geoscientific benchmark for resource management by the National Minerals Agency and to encourage foreign investment in the rich mining potential of Sierra Leone. Geophysical interpretation is often highly subjective. This can be helpful when an interpreter is skilled in the project area and exploration targets being sought but can be constraining and even dangerous when exploring new areas, and for new commodities. Objective classification tools can challenge interpretive bias and enhance geological understanding, both locally and regionally. We present self‐organizing maps and neural network products generated from the Sierra Leone geophysical dataset which both confirm and challenge the validity of conventional, subjective interpretation workflows. We demonstrate the usefulness of self‐organizing maps as a tool for inferring complementary geological information and show some initial results of convolution neural network classification of a reduced‐to‐equator grid to locate magnetic lineaments in plan and in depth. Moreover, we show initial results of self‐organizing map clustering as a tool for joint analysis of multiphysics datasets and construction of a pseudolithological cluster map.

Formalization beyond legalization: ENAMI and the promotion of small-scale mining in Chile

This article explains how ENAMI, the Chilean National Mining Company (ENAMI), has legalized and formalized artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM). The experience reveals how promoting formalization strategies that provide much broader support for ASM, beyond mining licenses and tenure rights (i.e., legalization), defined as formalization (e.g., geological data, mining equipment, and skills transfer programs), is vital. Information gathered from secondary sources and semi-structured interviews reveals that while legalization of ASM has been largely successful in Chile, there are still challenges in terms of formalization, especially improvement of exploration and production. Furthermore, ENAMI needs to modernize its own installations and development model to afford ASM greater opportunities of becoming a sustainable and competitive business activity.

Characteristics and Genesis of Laterite Bauxite in Sompak District and Surrounding Areas, Landak Regency, West Kalimantan

West Kalimantan has very large bauxite resources, reaching 2.07 billion tons, equivalent to 57.32% of the total bauxite resources in Indonesia with bauxite reserves of 0.84 billion tons or equivalent to 66.77% of the total national mineral reserves. The researched area covers Sompak District and surrounding areas, Landak Regency, West Kalimantan. This research aims to determine geological conditions, laterization, and characteristics of laterite bauxite in the studied area. Methods used in this research are geological mapping, lateritic mapping, and petrographic and geochemical analyses. The lithology of the researched area is composed of granodiorite, porphyry quartz diorite, granite, porphyry andesite, porphyry basalt, alluvial, and swamp deposits. Laterite profiles in the researched area generally consist of topsoil, latosol, bauxite, and clay zone. The laterite bauxite derived from granodiorite is classified as a medium grade, laterite bauxite from porphyry quartz diorite is classified as high-grade bauxite, laterite bauxite from andesite porphyry is classified as low-medium grade bauxite, and laterite bauxite from porphyry basalt in the studied area is classified as high grade bauxite. Laterite bauxites in the researched area were formed from weathered parent rocks which were intermediate - alkaline igneous rock.

СУЧАСНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ЧЕРГОВОСТІ ГУМАНІТАРНОГО РОЗМІНУВАННЯ ТЕРИТОРІЙ

The problem of mine danger has existed for several centuries, and its scale is constantly growing. With the start of a full-scale war, according to the UN, Ukraine became the most mined country in the world. Such a situation comprehensively worsens the level of security, the state of the environment, and makes it impossible to restore the economy.Estimated costs for demining the contaminated territory of Ukraine are estimated at 400 to 900 billion dollars. None of the countries that were faced with the need to demine territories after the end of hostilities could solve this problem on their own, only at the expense of budget funds.Current proposals for demining territories are determined based on the instructions of the National Mine Action Authority and local authorities.To substantiate the sequence of demining territories using geo-informational tools and decision support systems.The experience of support systems for decision-making on the priority of demining territories on the example of Western Sahara and Afghanistan is considered. Freely available sources of geospatial data, criteria for working with spatial data are given. The state of the National Geospatial Data Infrastructure, its integration into the European Union Geoinformation Space(INSPIRE) and its capabilities for humanitarian demining are revealed.It is advisable to supplement the studies carried out in Ukraine on determining the optimal directions of land use with humanitarian demining data and materials of the National Infrastructure of Geospatial Data. This will allow optimizing the processes of demining territories, speeding up the recovery of the economic situation and the possibility of attracting larger amounts of donor aid

Identifying Ethiopian National Mining Cadastre System post implementation success factors: the case of Ministry of Mines of Ethiopia

Identifying Ethiopian National Mining Cadastre System post implementation success factors: the case of Ministry of Mines of Ethiopia

ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ НОВІТНІХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ СПОРУДЖЕННЯ СТВОЛІВ ТА СВЕРДЛОВИН ДЛЯ ПОВОЄННОЇ РОЗБУДОВИ ВУГІЛЬНОЇ ГАЛУЗІ УКРАЇНИ

Purpose Analysis of production experience, scientific and technical developments and assessment of prospects for the use and development of the latest technologies for the construction of vertical mine shafts and wells for the post-war development of the coal industry of Ukraine. Methods. The methods of analysis of the accumulated production experience of drilling shafts and wells, first, in the leading mining countries and in Ukraine, as well as scientific and technical literature, were use. Findings. The classification of technologies of vertical shafts and wells construction methods was consider. It’s tested and promising ones for Ukraine were analyze, in relation to the restoration and creation of mining capacities, technological schemes and equipment for the construction of vertical openings mainly with mechanical destruction of rocks in the hole, the production experience of the Donetskshakhtoprokhodka and Spetsshakhtoburinnia trusts was summarize. from the point of view of use, in particular, during the construction of new coal blocks of PJSC «Mining Management «Pokrovske», large-scale investment projects. The possibility of using a modified parallel technological scheme for traditional blasting technology is substantiate. The prospects of mechanized boring of shafts in Ukraine – by drilling and with the use of shaft boring combines of leading world manufacturers – were evaluate. These opportunities can be realize in case of acceptance and implementation by Ukraine's partners of a modern analogue of the "Marshall Plan" after the victory over the aggressor. Originality. The results of the analysis of technological schemes and methods of drilling vertical shafts and wells, the accumulated production experience and scientific and technical developments are summarize, the trends and prospects of the development of mine construction technologies – the driver of the development of the national mining industry – are considered. Practical implication. The analysis of technological schemes and methods of drilling vertical shafts and wells was perform based on domestic and foreign production experience. Key words: vertical shaft, borehole, sinking technology, mechanical fracture, rodless boring, shaft-borehole machine, pilot borehole.

The research framework and main topics of the modernization of national mineral resources security strategic management driven by big data

The research framework and main topics of the modernization of national mineral resources security strategic management driven by big data

“Unity is strength?”: Representing unions at the British national coal museums

Coal mining was central to the disputes between the British government and unions in the 1980s; a heritage recalled today in the national coal mining museums of Great Britain. Unions were long a social bedrock for British mining communities. After the National Union of Mine Workers’ strike contributed to an election loss for the Conservative Party in the 1970s, it was a prime target of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's anti-union efforts in the following decade. The 1984–1985 Strike was a pivotal moment for British unionism, with violent clashes between strikers and police transfixing the country. The end of the once dominant coal industry in Britain is inextricably linked with the 1984–1985 strike and wider union conflict. This paper explores representation of unions and related issues at the Big Pit National Coal Museum in Wales, National Coal Mining Museum for England, and the National Mining Museum Scotland. It analyzes the discursive themes about unions revealed in interpretive material, reflecting on the reasons for similarities and differences between the museums. Visitor reactions to the museums are investigated using user-generated content on TripAdvisor. The implications of a significant disconnect between the prominence of union heritage in museum narratives and audience engagement are considered.

Automatic Laboratory Martian Rock and Mineral Classification Using Highly-Discriminative Representation Derived from Spectral Signatures

The optical properties of rocks and minerals provide a reliable way to measure their chemical and mineralogical composition due to the specific reflection behaviors, which is also the key insight behind most automatic identification and classification approaches. However, the inter-category spectral similarity poses a great challenge to the automatic identification and classification tasks because of the diversity of rocks and minerals. Therefore, this paper develops a recognition and classification approach of rocks and minerals using the highly discriminative representation derived from their raw spectral signatures. More specifically, a transformer-based classification approach integrated with category-aware contrastive learning is constructed and trained in an end-to-end manner, which would force instances of the same category to remain close-by while pushing instances of a dissimilar category far apart in the high-dimensional feature space, in order to produce the highly discriminative feature representation of the rocks and minerals. From both qualitative and quantitative views, experiments are conducted on the laboratory sample dataset with 30 types of rocks and minerals shared from the National Mineral Rock and Fossil Specimens Resource Center, and the spectral information of the laboratory rocks and minerals is captured using a multi-spectral sensor, with a duplicated payload of the counterpart onboard the Zhurong rover. Quantitative results demonstrate that the developed approach can effectively distinguish 30 types of rocks and minerals, with a high overall accuracy of 96.92%. Furthermore, the developed approach is remarkably superior to other existing methods, with average differences of 4.75% in the overall accuracy. Furthermore, we also visualized the derived highly discriminative features of different types of rocks and minerals by projecting them onto a two-dimensional map, where the same categories tend to be modeled by nearby locations and the dissimilar categories by distant locations with high probability. It can be observed that, compared with those in the raw spectral feature space, the clusters are formed better in the derived highly discriminative feature space, which further confirms the promising representation capability.

Intelligent identification of rock mass structural plane and stability analysis of rock slope block

The blocking problem caused by structural plane cutting is often the primary problem in evaluating the stability of rock mass engineering. The geometric parameters of the block structural plane are important research bases for analyzing block stability. In order to solve the problems of low efficiency, heavy workload, and high subjectivity in the traditional acquisition of structural plane occurrence information, taking the slope at the entrance of Suichang Gold Mine National Mine Park as the research background, this paper studies the rapid extraction method of structural plane information based on three-dimensional laser scanning data, and puts forward the process and data processing method of using a 3D laser scanner to collect slope block structural information to obtain point cloud data. Based on the coordinate projection principle and MATLAB, the rock slope block stability analysis CPG program was developed, which realized the whole process from data acquisition to block stability analysis. The research results are essential for identifying structural plane and block stability analysis and can provide theoretical and technical support for practical engineering applications.

Research on the measurement of contribution value of scientific and technological talents in China’s mining industry——Innovative application based on “Cobb Douglas production function method”

This paper aims to determine the contribution value of scientific and technological talents from Mining to national economic development, with data collecting on the correlations between the national Mining and the national economic development from 2005 to 2019, comprising the added value, the capital formation and the total wages and growth rate of the Mining. Through the Cobb-Douglas production function method, the contribution index of Mining talents was confirmed. Combining this index with high-tech talents, the contribution value of Mining science and technology talents was calculated and determined by using big date and informatization method. The results show that in 2005, the contribution value of scientific and technological talents in China’s mining industry in enterprise scientific and technological research and development was 2288.4 yuan / person year, which increased to 3821.1 yuan / person year in 2018, with an average annual increase of 4.01%, 16 years average 7011.1 yuan / person year. This value is much lower than the contribution of capital, and its output elasticity (index) is only 7.42% of capital. However, this is the result of the scientific and technological talents in the mining industry with the value of selfless dedication. It is the real motivation and purpose of the author to write this paper: appeal to the state, society and enterprises to increase the scientific and technological investment in the mining industry and constantly improve the conditions and treatment of scientific and technological talents in the mining industry.

Motel Builders of the Modern West

Motel Builders of the Modern West

Red Jacket Bathed Here: Creating Race and Nation at Early National Mineral Springs

Beginning after the American Revolution, bourgeouis white northern Americans began to tell Indian origin stories about their mineral springs and spa towns. Appearing in guidebooks, periodicals, fiction, poetry, travel narratives, and scientific discourse, these origin stories had some identifiable roots in Native American practices but were largely an invention of elite white culture. They served as a neat intellectual resolution to some of the central problems of national legitimacy and national identity formation that faced the most privileged Americans. They imagined alternative non-British origin stories for shared Anglo-American cultural practices, which enabled elite white northerners to construct an alternative elite American national identity. They also established the legitimacy of white claims to an American landscape that was still in the process of being expropriated from Indians, and served to explain and deny the continued presence of Indians in white leisure spaces. The cultural script of Indian origins for Anglo-American summer leisure practices at mineral springs resolved a complex and interconnected set of cultural ambivalences through the simple, emblematic figure of an Indian at a spring.

Study on the Landscape Space of Typical Mining Areas in Xuzhou City from 2000 to 2020 and Optimization Strategies for Carbon Sink Enhancement

The continuous extraction of mining resources has led to the destruction of landscape space, which has had a great impact on the human living environment and pristine ecosystems. Optimizing the ecological spatial networks of mining areas can restore and enhance the damaged ecological environment. However, there are few cases of ecological spatial network optimization in mining areas, and there are still some shortcomings. Therefore, in this study, we propose an ecological spatial network theory and a synergistic enhancement of ecological functions and carbon sink optimization model (SEEC) for urban restoration in mining areas, emphasizing the functional and carbon sink nature of ecological sources. We selected a typical mining area in Xuzhou City as the study area, explored the changes in the nature and function of the ecological spatial network from 2000 to 2020, and selected the ecological spatial network in the mining area of Xuzhou City in 2020 as the optimization study case, adding 27 ecological stepping stones and 72 ecological corridors. Through the comparison of robustness before and after optimization, we found that the optimized ecological spatial network has a stronger stability and ecological restoration ability. This study provides strategies and methods for ecological restoration projects in national mining cities and also provides references and lessons for ecological restoration in other mining areas in the future.

Mineral Exploration Scenario in India: Prospect, Promise and Policy Reforms

Abstract India is endowed with unique geological and tectonic setting conducive to host potential mineral resources. A look at the mineral resource status of selected minerals in India indicates abundant and/or adequate resources of iron, chromite, manganese, bauxite, coal, limestone, dolomite, mica, zinc, graphite but deficient to scarce resources of nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, copper, sulphur, potash, apatite, rock phosphate, gold, PGE’s, diamond etc., in spite of the vast obvious geological potential (OGP) blocks that exist in India. The OGP blocks have been estimated to around 1 lakh Km2 for gold, 3 lakh Km2 for diamond, 1.6 lakh km2 for base metals, 8000 km2 for PGEs and 5000 km2 for iron ores. By a rough estimate only 10% of this is explored and less than 2% is mined. The Reserve to Resource ratio which, as per mineral exploration practice, should be over 50% is woefully low for most of the minerals. For instance it is 17% for bauxite, 14% for copper, 24% for iron 14% for lead-Zinc, 8% for limestone and 30% for chromite etc. This calls for highly focused exploration strategy at high confidence level. India need to take a leaf out of strategies of many other countries and frame her own policy based on OGP areas to trigger the mining growth by accelerating mineral exploration programme. Benefits that flow from the mineral exploration/mining sector have huge impact on local populace, industry especially mineral dependent industries, employment and overall prosperity. Recent amendments in the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulations) Act-1957 in the year 2021, have sought to bring out the potential of the mineral sector such as to increase the revenue of the State, escalate employment, maintain the continuity of mining operation, increase production, time bound operationalization of mines, increase the speed of exploration and auction of mineral resources and lastly to resolve the long pending issues that have decelerated the growth of this sector. This is an encouraging step and likely to bear fruits. These legislative and policy reforms in the mineral exploration and mining sector have laid down a sustainable road map that aims to boost mineral output by 200% in the next 7 years and raise the GDP contribution to 2.5%. Mineral laws Amendments Act 2020 are transformative and investor friendly. Mining is now defined as legal entity and hence seamless transfer of mining lease is possible. New auction mechanism instituted will ensure transparency, eliminate discretion, reducing bureaucratic delay and easier trading of mineral rights. Setting up of District Mineral foundation (DMF) will work for the interest and benefit of mining related operations and overcome the local resistance to the mineral exploration and mining activities. The National Mineral Exploration Trust (NMET) will focus on extending more financial assistance to government and also the private sectors to augment advance technology and will surely give fillip to exploration initiatives. The paper deals with such ideas in relation to the required thrust in mineral exploration sector in Indian context.

An Insight into the Indian Diamond Exploration and Mining: Past and Present

Abstract Indian diamond mining was known the world over for ages, for the production and trading of gem-quality diamonds till the beginning of the 18th century. The ancient Indian writings and the earlier reports of the Geological Survey of India (GSI) provide a wealth of information on the distribution of diamond host rocks, mining, quality, and trade of diamonds. Both primary (kimberlites & lamproites) of Mesoproterozoic age and secondary Neoproterozoic diamondiferous (Neoproterozoic diamondiferous placer conglomerate & gravel) type diamond are confined to the four cratons of Peninsular India, namely the Dharwar, Bastar, Bundelkhand, and Singhbhum Craton. Since 1950s GSI brought out significant results in terms of diamond resources and their grades. The National Mineral Policy paved the way for the entry of Indian and foreign companies into diamond exploration and exploring the known areas. However, diamond rich areas in Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are yet to be exploited, till such time India will continue to depend on import.